Regional Characteristics of Typhoon-Induced Ocean Eddies in the East China Sea

The asymmetrical structure of typhoon-induced ocean eddies(TIOEs) in the East China Sea(including the Yellow Sea)and the accompanying air–sea interaction are studied using reanalysis products. Thirteen TIOEs are analyzed and divided into three groups with the k-prototype method: Group A with typhoons passing through the central Yellow Sea; Group B with typhoons re-entering the sea from the western Yellow Sea after landing on continental China; and Group C with typhoons occurring across the eastern Yellow Sea near to the Korean Peninsula. The study region is divided into three zones(Zones Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ) according to water depth and the Kuroshio position. The TIOEs in Group A are the strongest and could reverse part of the Kuroshio stream, while TIOEs in the other two groups are easily deformed by topography. The strong currents of the TIOEs impact on the latent heat flux distribution and upward transport, which facilitates the typhoon development. The strong divergence within the TIOEs favors an upwelling-induced cooling. A typical TIOE analysis shows that the intensity of the upwelling of TIOEs is proportional to the water depth, but its magnitude is weaker than the upwelling induced by the topography. In Zones Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the vertical dimensions of TIOEs and their strong currents are much less than the water depths.In shallow water Zone Ⅲ, a reversed circulation appears in the lower layer. The strong currents can lead to a greater, faster,and deeper energy transfer downwards than at the center of TIOEs.     

南海季风试验研究

介绍了"九五"国家攀登项目"南海季风试验"外场观测系统和主要结果.该试验是一次旨在了解南海季风爆发,维持和变化主要物理过程的大气与海洋联合试验,是由十几个国家与地区参加的一次大型国际合作项目.通过1998年5～8月的外场观测试验,取得了大量和多种大气与海洋的加密观测资料,为南海和东亚季风及其与海洋的相互作用研究提供了比较完善的资料集.目前研究正在深入阶段.作者只是对这个试验的一般情况作了说明.     

气候态意义下的南海春季暖池

应用气候态月平均的Levitus和COADS(Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set)温度资料及COADS海面通量资料, 探讨了南海气候态意义下春季暖池(温度大于29.5℃的水体)的演变过程及其生消的动力学机制.研究发现, 在气候态意义下, 南海表层海温在5月份存在显著的增温, 在南海中南部形成了大面积、具有一定厚度(约15 m深)的春季暖池, 暖池面积在6月份迅速减小以至消失.对南海春季暖池的生消机制研究发现, 春季暖池的产生过程是由于在不断增长的海面净热通量的作     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part Ⅰ: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

The summer monsoon onset over the northern South China Sea (SCS) in May 16-20, 1998 was characterized by the abrupt onset of mesoscale convective activities and rapid increase of precipitation. The possible mechanism for formation of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and related rain belts were revealed through discussing their forming physical conditions under the large-scale background: (1) The high pseudo-equivalent potential temperature and the convective instability in the lower troposphere, the low-level southwesterly confluence and the high-level divergence over South China and the northern SCS provided the favorable large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic conditions for development of MCSs. The southwesterly flow from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) interacted with that to the western flank of the subtropical high, which constituted the major moisture channels, thus bringing about deep wet layers and strong moisture convergence;(2) triggered by several cold troughs from high and mid latitudes, the convectively unstable energy was released and the convective activities over the northern SCS broke out abruptly;(3)analysis of retrieved precipitation based on the dual-Doppler radar during South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) indicated that active convection influenced by the monsoon trough and corresponding wind shear line organized and formed continually some mesoscale convective rainbelts. During May 15-19,about 12 precipitation processes with 6-12-hour life span or more were observed;and (4) under the favorable synoptic conditions, establishment of the monsoon trough and shear line in the low levels, as well as production and development of mesoscale low vortex were all necessary conditions for the formation and maintenance of MCSs.     

南海季风爆发前后大气层结和混合层的演变特征

根据南海季风试验期间“科学1号”和“实验3号”在加密观测期间所得到的1天4次的探空观测资料,分析了南海季风爆发前后大气层结和混合层的演变特征。结果表明：（1）南海北部季风爆发的日期是5月17日,而南海南部季风爆发的日期是5月21～22日左右,季风爆发在南海北部表现出与南部明显不同的特征,其突然的爆发性更为显著。（2）南海季风爆发前后,混合层高度的变化在南海南部与南海北部有明显的不同。在季风爆发前,都存在着明显的混合层,但其厚度不同。南海南部混合层的高度变化在930～970hPa范围内,而南海北部偏高,约为900～980hPa。随着季风的爆发,混合层厚度减小,甚至消失。（3）南海季风爆发前后对流层中低层表现出明显不同的层结结构。季风爆发前,空气比湿较小,大气稳定,混合层顶高度较高,在对流层中存在一个明显的干层。随着季风的爆发,干层逐渐减弱,或趋于消失。这主要是由于季风爆发后,西南季风把大量暖湿空气输送到南海地区,对流活动增强,大气呈现不稳定层结并伴有降水发生的结果。     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998Part I: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

1. Introduction China is located in the East Asian monsoon re- gion. Every year's weather and climate in this region is deeply affected by the monsoon activities. Es- pecially, during flooding season (May to September), the summer monsoon controls large-scale precipitation patterns, the movement of seasonal rain belt and oc- currence of drought/flood disasters. The Asian mon- soon can be divided into two systems (Tao and Chen, 1987). As a major component and its unique location, the South …     

Marine-Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics over the South China Sea During the Passage of Strong Typhoon Hagupit

The structures and characteristics of the marine-atmospheric boundary layer over the South China Sea during the passage of strong Typhoon Hagupit are analyzed in detail in this paper. The typhoon was generated in the western Pacific Ocean, and it passed across the South China Sea, finally landfalling in the west of Guangdong Province. The shortest distance between the typhoon center and the observation station on Zhizi Island(10 m in height) is 8.5 km. The observation data capture the whole of processes that occurred in the regions of the typhoon eye, two squall regions of the eye wall, and weak wind regions,before and after the typhoon's passage. The results show that:(a) during the strong wind(average velocityˉu 10 m s-1) period, in the atmospheric boundary layer below 110 m, ˉu is almost independent of height,and vertical velocity ˉw is greater than 0, increasing with ˉu and reaching 2–4 m s-1in the squall regions;(b) the turbulent fluctuations(frequency 1/60 Hz) and gusty disturbances(frequency between 1/600 and1/60 Hz) are both strong and anisotropic, but the anisotropy of the turbulent fluctuations is less strong;(c) ˉu can be used as the basic parameter to parameterize all the characteristics of fluctuations; and(d) the vertical flux of horizontal momentum contributed by the average flow(ˉu ·ˉw) is one order of magnitude larger than those contributed by fluctuation fluxes(u w and v w), implying that strong wind may have seriously disturbed the sea surface through drag force and downward transport of eddy momentum and generated large breaking waves, leading to formation of a strongly coupled marine-atmospheric boundary layer. This results in ˉw 0 in the atmosphere, and some portion of the momentum in the sea may be fed back again to the atmosphere due to ˉu ·ˉw 0.     

南海季风爆发期间中尺度对流云带演变特征与持续性加强的机理研究

南海季风爆发与随后爆发的东亚季风,与夏季东亚地区旱涝关系密切,而相伴的南海对流活动与季风爆发的维持和发展存在何种相互关系,是需要探究的.为此,利用热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)的雷达(Precipitation Radar,PR)、微波成像仪(TRMM ...     

伴随南海夏季风爆发的大尺度大气环流演变

主要基于美国NCEP和NCAR的再分析资料（1980～1996年），针对南海夏季风爆发日期进行合成分析，研究了伴随南海夏季风爆发的大尺度大气环流演变。其结果清楚地表明伴随南海夏季风爆发，南亚和东南亚地区的对流层低层风场、对流层高层位势高度场以及大气湿度场和垂直运动场都有极显著的变化。南亚和东南亚850 hPa上涡旋对的发展和活动以及500 hPa副高从南海地区的东撤对南海季风爆发起着重要作用。伴随南海夏季风的爆发，在孟加拉湾到南中国海一带整层湿度和500 hPa垂直上升运动都出现了极明显的增加。对流层高层和对流层低层环流演变的特征也清楚表明，南海夏季风爆发既是全球环流冬夏演变的一个部分，又有显著的区域性特征。本文还指出南海夏季风在北部比中部和南部早建立的结论依据不足，进而补充给出了亚洲季风爆发日期示意图。     

南海海域海-气耦合模式及其数值模拟试验

在ＮＣＡＲ区域气候模式ＲｅｇＧＭ２和普林斯顿海洋模式ＰＯＭ基础上发展适用于区域海－气相互作用研究的区域海－气耦合模式,模式采用同步耦合、海洋模式将海表温度提供给大气模式,大气模式为海洋模式提供太阳短波辐射、感热能量、潜热通量。海洋与大气模式每１５ｍｉｎ交换一次通量。耦合过程没有使用通量校正。使用该模式对中国南海区域１９９５年５－７月大气和海洋进行了模拟试验,将模拟结果与ＣＯＡＤＳ通量强迫的模拟结果     

南海夏季风爆发与热带海洋海温和大气环流异常变化关系的研究

用合成和相关分析方法及SVD技术研究了南海夏季风爆发早、晚年份4～6月季风建立时期季风环流的异常及其与热带太平洋-印度洋海温的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风爆发与热带大气环流和海温变异密切相关。（1）当热带中、东太平洋—印度洋（主要在西南部）及南海海温低（高）,西太平洋—澳洲邻近海域海温高（低）时,南海夏季风爆发早（晚）。不同区域海温对季风的影响有明显的季节差异,印度洋主要为晚春至初夏（4～6月）,南海为5～6月,而热带太平洋从前冬一直持续到夏季。（2）不同的海温异常产生不同的季风环流型,南海夏季风爆发早、晚年大气环流的异常变化基本相反。南海夏季风的活动主要受印度季风环流变化的影响,与前期冬春季西太副高的强弱及位置变化密切相关。西太副高弱时,南海夏季风爆发早;反之,爆发晚。（3）热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常引起季风环流和Walker环流的异常变化可能是影响南海夏季风爆发早、晚的物理过程。     

大气对黑潮延伸区中尺度海洋涡旋的响应——冬季暖、冷涡个例分析

采用动态合成、带通滤波等方法,通过对冬季黑潮延伸区暖、冷两个中尺度海洋涡旋的分析,研究了大气对中尺度海洋涡旋的响应特征。结果表明,海表温度（SST）与近海面风速的正相关关系在涡旋的动态合成图上清晰可见,暖（冷）涡上空对应10 m风速的极大（小）值,即海洋对大气的强迫作用在日时间尺度上表现显著;SST高低值中心基本对应10 m风无辐散区,暖（冷）涡上空为异常正（负）涡度分布;暖（冷）涡上空潜热、感热通量增大（减小）,降低（增大）大气稳定度,从而加强（减弱）边界层垂直混合作用,使得海洋大气边界层增厚（变薄）。暖（冷）涡旋上空对应摩擦速度极大（小）值,反映了湍流粘性力在高（低）海温中心增大（减小）的特征,表明动量垂直混合机制在中小尺度海气相互作用中起着主要作用。中尺度海洋涡旋能够影响大气瞬变扰动,大气瞬变扰动强度在暖（冷）涡下游上空出现极大（小）值,该影响不仅表现在海洋大气边界层,在自由大气中低层也有较为清晰的反映。此外,从能量转换的角度入手,发现斜压能量转换在中尺度海洋涡旋影响大气瞬变扰动强度中贡献明显。     

南海北部大气气溶胶水溶性成分谱分布特征

通过对南海腹地岛屿测站和南海北岸测站气溶胶样品中水溶性成分的分析，以及与华南大陆清洁测点和城市测点的对比，结果表明:海岛测点气溶胶总质量与诸离子浓度均大大低于海岸与大陆测点。其分布以三峰型出现的比较多，海岛与海岸气溶胶中水溶性成分以SO2-4，Cl-与Ca2+，Na+为含量比重最大的离子成分；与华南大陆测点相比，Cl-，Na+比重显著增加而NH+4的含量比重有所下降。     

1998年南海夏季风的爆发与大气季节内振荡的活动

利用NCEP再分析及TBB资料,系统地研究了1998年南海夏季风爆发与大气季节内振荡活动的关系,结果表明,1998年南海夏季风爆发与南海及其临近地区30～60天低频振荡的发展有着极为密切的关系。南海及临近地区30～60天低频纬向风及低频动能的时间-经（纬）度剖面明显地反映出该地区的大气季节内振荡的加强是由于其临近地区（菲律宾以东）30～60天低频气旋发展及其向西扩展的结果,与孟加拉湾地区低频气旋的活动关系不大;同时,我们也看到了夏季风爆发前后南海地区为850hPa低频动能的大值区,而200hPa上为一弱区,反映了1998年南海夏季风爆发期间该地区大气季节内振荡有上弱下强的垂直分布特征。进一步分析表明,南海及其临近地区大气季节内振荡的活动主要为局地振荡型,夏季风爆发后才有明显的向北传播,成为南海夏季风爆发影响东亚大气环流和天气的重要途径之一。另外,1980和1986年南海地区30～60天低频动能的发展特征与1998年的类似,说明了南海及其临近地区大气季节内振荡的局地振荡特征并不是1998年所特有的,它对南海夏季风爆发有普遍的重要作用。     

Low-Frequency Vortex Pair over the Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean and the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset

In this paper,the relationship between a pair of low-frequency vortexes over the equatorial Indian Ocean and the South China Sea(SCS) summer monsoon onset is studied based on a multi-year(1980-2003) analysis.A pair of vortexes symmetric about the equator is an important feature prior to the SCS summer monsoon onset.A composite analysis shows that the life cycle of the pair of vortexes is closely associated with the SCS summer monsoon onset.The westerly between the twin cyclones is an important factor to the SCS summer monsoon onset process.     

南海西南季风多时间尺度变化及其与海温的相互作用

利用NCEP再分析资料和OLR、SST观测数据, 研究了南海地区西南季风的多时间尺度变化特征, 对比分析了强弱西南季风年大气环流的差异.南海西南季风的强弱变化与海表面温度 (SST) 之间存在显著的相互作用, 年际或以上时间层次变化主要表现为南海西南季风强弱与东太平洋海温、南海-阿拉伯海海温存在显著负相关.对月季时间层次, 东太平洋海温变化对西南季风强度变化的影响仍起重要作用, 南海-阿拉伯海海温与西南季风之间相互作用不但表现为西南季风对海温的作用 (西南季风强 (弱) 导致后期海温降低 (升高)), 同时海温变化对西南季风也起相当重要的作用, 前期海温正 (负) 距平有利于西南季风增强 (减弱).     

Comparison between the Response of the Northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea to Typhoon Megi(2010)

The upper-ocean responses to Typhoon Megi(2010)are investigated using data from ARGO floats and the satellite TMI.The experiments are conducted using a three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model(POM)to assess the storm,which affected the Northwest Pacific Ocean(NWP)and the South China Sea(SCS).Results show that the upwelling and entrainment experiment together account for 93% of the SST anomalies,where typhoon-induced upwelling may cause strong ocean cooling.In addition,the anomalous SST cooling is stronger in the SCS than in the NWP.The most striking feature of the ocean response is the presence of a two-layer inertial wave in the SCS—a feature that is absent in the NWP.The near-inertial oscillations can be generated as typhoon wakes,which have maximum flow velocity in the surface mixed layer and may last for a few days,after the typhoon's passage.Along the typhoon tracks,the horizontal currents in the upper ocean show a series of alternating negative and positive anomalies emanating from the typhoon.     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响Ⅰ.诊断分析

用1980～1996年OLR资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了南海夏季风持续异常的基本特征及其与全球环流的关系.对比分析结果指出,强弱南海夏季风期大尺度环流(副热带高压、局地 Hadley环流及 Walker环流等)变化基本相反.在南海地区出现强弱持续异常的季风活动时,该地区的对流活动不仅与大尺度热带和副热带流场有关,而且还反映出北半球西风带环流的调整.北半球中高纬大气环流对南海夏季风持续异常是有响应的.南海地区季风的强弱,特别是出现持续异常时,强弱季风所对应的动能差异是全球性的,其相应的大气热状态也截然不同.南海夏季风强烈而持续的对流活动明显通过改变大气热源的分布和大尺度垂直环流的结构,影响到更大范围地区的环流状况.     

南海海温异常影响南海夏季风的数值模拟研究

采用p－σ九层区域气候模式(p－σRCM9）模拟并研究了南海海温异常对南海夏季风的影响, 数值模拟结果表明, 5月份的南海海温对南海夏季风的爆发日期起关键作用: 5月份南海海温持续增温 (降温）, 南海夏季风爆发日期偏早 (偏晚）。南海夏季风爆发后, 南海异常增温, 同期的南海夏季风增强, 而后期的南海夏季风减弱; 南海异常降温, 则与之相反。机制分析表明, 南海海温正(负)异常增强(减弱)了海面与行星边界层之间的能量交换, 主要是潜热通量的输送, 并在大气中通过积云对流加热率的变化来影响对流层热量的分布, 进而引起对流层中低层辐合和高层辐散的变化, 然后使得环流场和风场作出相应地调整, 环流场和风场又会反过来影响积云对流加热率的变化, 这是一个正反馈过程。在5月份南海增温(降温)强迫下, 5月份南海地区的对流活动加强(减弱）, 使得对流层低层副热带高压提前(延后)撤出南海, 从而有利于南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚）。在南海海温异常强迫下, 中国东南部和南海地区的降水率异常主要是由积云对流所产生的降水率异常引起。     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响II.数值试验

利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验 ,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响。控制试验结果表明 ,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化 ,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统 ,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力。在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下 ,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布。南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常 ,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响 ,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播 ,即能量的传播 ,不仅影响我国长江流域降水 ,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构。这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整 ,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化。