伊洛河流域的土地覆盖与景观动态分析

此项研究以洛宁为例，运用景观生态学的方法，分析了黄河中游地区的伊洛河流域在1984～1999年间由于人类活动产生的森林景观变化情况。在15a间，森林覆被变化较大，斑块数增加，景观破碎度增大。这些变化产生了空间上不同的景观，它反映出该区域人类对可持续的资源利用和经济条件。     

沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响

以红壤丘陵区沩水流域为研究区域,运用GIS空间分析及统计分析的方法,探讨了流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响。结果表明：① 林地面积百分比与电导率(COND)、综合污染指数(Pr)相关性指数分别达-1.000、-0.997,呈显著负相关;耕地面积百分比与COND、总磷(TP)及土地利用程度综合指数(La)与COND、Pr呈显著正相关。② 斑块数量(NP)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)与COND、Pr相关性指数均在0.997以上,呈显著正相关;平均斑块面积(AREA_MN)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)与COND、Pr及最大斑块指数(LPI)与TP呈显著负相关。③ 从时间上看,所选用的大部分土地景观格局指标与pH值、溶解氧(DO)在丰水期与枯水期的相关性状态相反,且枯水期土地景观格局对河流水质的影响较丰水期更为显著。     

三工河流域两种农田景观的差异及其成因

从宏观与微观视角,对比分析三工河流域两种经营模式下的农田景观特征,探讨形成这两种景观的原因。得出以下结论:①三工河流域农田扩张过程中,1989-1999年地方的农田增长起主导作用,1999-2007年兵团的农田扩张比地方更为明显,地方与兵团农业发展中的灌溉技术差距是决定两地农田规模扩张差异的主要原因;②土地使用制度的不同导致地方农田表现出小斑块、高密度的特点,而兵团农田则具有大斑块、低密度的特点;③兵团作物种植受宏观调控影响显著,这与地方农户自主选择作物种植类型不同,由此两地农田内部景观格局也形成一定的差异;④撂荒地这一特殊农田景观在地方与兵团也存在差异,兵团撂荒地是地方的2.49倍,主要以连片形式分布于绿洲边缘与荒漠戈壁相邻的区域,地方的撂荒地分布较为零散。     

基于地理探测器模型的疏勒河流域景观生态风险评价及驱动因素分析

疏勒河流域地处河西走廊最西端,是典型的干旱内陆河流域,生态环境极其脆弱,也是我国重要的生态屏障之一。借助Fragstats软件从斑块和景观2个尺度,结合2000—2018年土地利用数据,评价分析疏勒河流域景观生态风险时空变化特征,利用地理探测器定量分析了该流域景观生态风险驱动因素。结果表明:(1)疏勒河流域主要景观类型为未利用地和草地,其斑块个数(NP)、景观形状指数(LSI)、最大斑块指数(LPI)和聚集度指数(AI)值均较高;2000—2018年蔓延度指数(CONTAG)值下降、香农多样性指数(SHDI)和香农均匀度指数(SHEI)值缓慢上升,流域景观破碎度严重。(2)疏勒河流域景观生态风险空间分布呈现北高南低,2000—2018年呈现流域景观生态风险逐渐下降趋势,其中较高风险和高风险地区面积下降明显。(3)人为干扰度是影响景观生态风险空间分布的主要因子,归一化植被指数(NDVI)次之,人口密度影响最小;景观生态风险的影响均为双因子增强或非线性增强,无显著差异大多表现在自然和自然因子间,自然和人为因子之间存在显著性差异。因此,对流域进行景观生态风险指数评价和驱动因素分析至关重要。     

策勒河流域荒漠类型特征研究

策勒河流域荒漠类型多样,在干旱区具有典型代表性。基于Landsat5的TM遥感影像数据、数字高程模型（DEM）数据,利用GIS技术,结合野外调查、样品采集及实验室粒度、有机质、盐分分析,对策勒河流域荒漠类型分类,并编制荒漠类型分布图。据地貌类型、物质组成、植被盖度等指标将流域内荒漠分为2个一级类,7个二级类,14个三级类,建立策勒河流域荒漠类型分类系统。流域荒漠自下游向上游具有依次是沙漠、砾漠、岩漠、土漠和寒漠空间分布的规律;荒漠总面积2 416.76 km²,占流域总面积的70.45%,砾漠占荒漠总面积的45.52%,为最大一类,泥漠所占比重最小。可为流域环境保护、荒漠化防治提供依据,为其他干旱区荒漠类型研究提供参考。     

辽代西拉木伦河流域聚落分布与环境选择

辽代西拉木伦河流域及毗邻地区的聚落是分析论证农业开垦范围与环境扰动的重要依据,作者将这一地区的聚落分为两类,其中之一为散居在各处的基层聚落,规模小,人口少,围绕聚落形成的耕地范围也有限,不是造成环境扰动的主要方面。另一类以府、州城为中心形成的聚落,人口集中,耕地范围大,且大部分州治城邑属契丹历史纪念地,而不是农业垦殖适宜地;个别州治城邑地处沙地中部,不具备农业开垦的条件,由于人口集中,这些农田插花地不但范围大,而且是引起环境问题的关键地区。     

萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组砂丘砂沉积特征

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley includes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that： 1） Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2） They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz,σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3） The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4） Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.     

基于径流还现的洮河流域径流变化特征研究

河川径流还现计算是准确反映区域水资源状况的基础,同时也是水资源规划和决策的重要依据.选取甘肃省洮河流域李家村、红旗2个代表水文站长系列径流资料作为基础数据,在还原计算的础上,对洮河流域径流进行还现计算,同时对径流变化特征进行研究.结果 表明:1956—2016年洮河流域李家村、红旗多年平均实测径流量分别为39.52×1...     

三工河流域绿洲土地利用对土壤特性的影响

Understanding the effect of human activities on the soil environment is fundamental to understanding global change and sustainable development. In the process of transformation of tropical rain forests and semiarid grasslands to farmlands, land degradation usually occurs. But the transformation of arid desert landscape to oasis is found to have quite different consequences. Taking an alluvial plain oasis in the north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains as a case study, we investigate oasis soil properties related to different land-use systems during the transformation of arid desert to oases. Selected land-use systems con- sisted of an annual crop field less than 3 years old, annual crop field 3-6 years old, annual crop field more than 6 years old, perennial crop field less than 4 years old, perennial crop field of 4-6 years old, perennial crop field more than 6 years old, abandoned farmland more than 3 years old, woodland field more than 6 years old, ecological forestation field, natural shrubbery field, desert grass land, and saline or alkaline field. Different land-use systems affect significantly the distribution of sand, silt and clay. Sand content in oasis soil tends to decrease with cultivation years but silt and clay contents tend to be increased in the oasis soils. Soil fertility is higher in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Oasis soil nutrients also tend to increase with cultivation years. Soils have a significantly lower salinity in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Soil organic matter and nutrients of the annual and perennial crop systems in the oasis tend to increase with cultivation time with the oasis soil acting as a carbon sink. These results show that soils are not degraded and the soil quality is gradually improved under rational land use and scientific management patterns, including uniform exploitation of land resources, effective irrigation systems, sound drainage systems, balanced ferti     

长江中下游阻隔性河段作用机理

阻隔性河段能够阻隔上游河势调整向下游的传递,对稳定河势起到关键性作用。本文以长江中下游34个单一河段为研究对象,在系统总结长江中下游河道演变规律的基础上,归纳出阻隔性河段控制要素包括：单一微弯的河道平面形态、河段中上部无挑流节点;河相系数小于4;河道纵比降大于1.2?;凹岸黏粒含量高于9.5%;床沙中值粒径大于0.158 mm等。从Navier-Stokes方程出发,推导出河湾水流动力轴线弯曲半径的表达式,进而分析了各控制要素对水流动力轴线摆动及阻隔性河段形成的作用。阻隔性河段的判别条件为：不同流量级下水流动力轴线摆动力与河道边界条件约束力的比值始终小于1;阻隔性河段作用机理在于：即便上游河势发生调整,本河段的河道边界始终能约束主流摆动幅度,归顺上游不同河势条件下的主流平面位置,为下游河道提供了相对稳定的入流条件,从而阻隔上游河势调整向下游传递。     

Relationship between sand-dust weather and water dynamics of desert areas in the middle reaches of Heihe River

Sand-dust weather has become an international social-environmental issue of common concern, and constitutes a serious threat to human lives and economic development. In order to explore the responses of natural desert sand and dust to the dynamics of water in desertification, we extracted long-term monitoring data related to precipitation, soil water, groundwater, and sand-dust weather. These data originated from the test stations for desertification control in desert areas of the middle reaches of the Heihe River. We used an algorithm of characteristic parameters, correlations, and multiple regression analysis to establish a regression model for the duration of sand-dust weather. The response characteristics of the natural desert sand and dust and changes of the water inter-annual and annual variance were also examined. Our results showed: (1) From 2006 to 2014 the frequency, duration, and volatility trends of sand-dust weather obviously increased, but the change amplitudes of precipitation, soil water, and groundwater level grew smaller. (2) In the vegetative growth seasons from March to November, the annual variance rates of the soil moisture content in each of four studied layers of soil samples were similar, and the changes in the frequency and duration of sand-dust weather were similar. (3) Our new regression equation for the duration of sand-dust weather passed the R test, F test, and t test. By this regression model we could predict the duration of sand-dust weather with an accuracy of 42.9%. This study can thus provide technological support and reference data for water resource management and research regarding sand-dust weather mechanisms.     

石羊河上游林区景观空间邻接特征及生态安全分析

在干旱区山地,荒地斑块特征可反映植被的破碎化及退化状况,农田斑块特征可反映自然植被景观受农田开垦的威胁程度,而其它景观类型与这两种类型斑块的邻接特征可间接反映这些类型潜在的植被退化风险大小或受农田开垦的威胁程度。以Landsat/TM及林相图作为数据源,在桌面GIS下解译出石羊河上游的哈溪林区各景观类型,计算了各景观类型与荒地和农田的空间邻接长度和数目比例,并利用缓冲区分析方法计算了荒地和农田对各景观的影响面积。在此基础上通过计算各类型植被退化风险大小和受农田开垦的威胁程度,定量分析了研究区各景观类型的生态安全性。结果表明：灌丛和草地与荒地的邻接边长和数目较大,由放牧活动引起的植被破碎化和退化的风险较大,而乔木林种与农田的邻接长度、数目较大,受农田开垦的威胁较为严重;景观整体植被退化的风险（0.28）高于受农田威胁程度（0.11）;各类型植被退化风险值的差别不明显,但灌丛草地相对较高,而各乔木林种受农田开垦的威胁程度明显高于灌丛和草地;基于景观类型空间邻接的生态安全评价分析可以初步反映干旱区山地景观受人类活动影响的威胁程度。     

都市区视角下长江中游城市群发展的思考

本文首先对都市区、城市群概念、标准进行界定,并将城市群建立在都市区基础上,从而为城市群的认定划分提供了具体的指标依据;进而用近两次人口普查和2011年区域经济统计年鉴数据,对社会经济意义上的长江中游地区湖北、湖南、江西、安徽四省进行实证研究。结果表明,2010年长江中游地区共有都市区22个,比2000年新增2个;长江中游城市群由四省内部相对独立的四个小城市群,沿东北-西南和西北-东南十字形轴向组合而成。最后根据长江中游城市群大分散、小集中的特点和区位价值的提升等提出四点发展建议。     

长江中游新石器时代遗址规模的分布特征

运用ArcGIS软件建立了长江中游地区9.0~4.0 ka BP文化遗址的空间数据库,采用叠加分析和统计学方法,对文化遗址的规模、海拔分布、坡度、距河流远近等特征进行了系统分析。结果表明：① 由新石器时代早期到晚期,遗址的数量、规模和分布范围等均呈现增长或扩大趋势,叠置型遗址个数增加;② 遗址一般具有低海拔、平缓地形和距河流较近的选址倾向,晚期的文化遗址大体保持该倾向,但对海拔、坡度及距河流远近等的选择开始出现分化。③ 新石器时代晚期不同规模的文化遗址在选址上存在一定分异。小型遗址多分布在坡度为6°~15°的缓坡地,中型及以上规模的遗址更倾向于坡度为2°~6°平缓地;中小型至大型遗址的海拔分布均以30~50 m为主,特大型遗址的海拔分布以50~100 m为主;特大型遗址在距河流1000 m以内的分布比例高于其他规模遗址;④ 新石器文化在早中期受气候、水源、地形等自然环境因素影响较大,晚期文化的适应能力有所增强。     

黄河中上游流域夏季异常降水的变化特征及环流分析

 从中国气象局信息中心提供的全国地面台站逐日观测资料中选取黄河中上游流域66 个台站资料,结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用小波分析等统计方法,对黄河中上游流域夏季降水异常的变化特征、周期分布及影响降水的因子进行分析,研究结果表明：（1）流域旱涝年夏季降水空间分布上差异显著,易涝区位于河套平原,易旱区位于黄土高原东北部;（2）1960-2008年,流域夏季降水量线性趋势变化不明显,但年际间波动较大,多雨年少雨年相间出现,近50 a中降水整体呈现平稳—少雨—多雨—平稳—多雨—少雨的过程;（3）黄河中上游流域降水变化周期复杂多样,总体以2 a周期振荡为主,异常少雨年多表现为9 a周期振荡,异常多雨年多表现为15 a周期振荡,且流域主周期的空间分布可能与地形地貌、海拔高度及流域分布等地理因素有关;（4）丰、枯雨年环流形式差异显著,影响流域降水的环流系统有季风,西太平洋副高,温带气旋及贝加尔湖低压。     

汾河上游土地利用变化对生态经济协调发展的影响

汾河上游流域是黄土高原生态脆弱区独立的流域单元,是山西省太原市惟一的供水之源,也是重要水源涵养区,其土地利用方式直接影响着流域乃至山西省的生态安全。参照Costanza生态系统服务价值计算方法及生态经济协调度模式,定量分析汾河上游1990-2008年土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值和生态经济协调度的变化趋势。结果表明,近20 a间,汾河上游流域生态系统服务价值呈现出先减少后增加的趋势;其中林地面积的增加对生态系统服务价值贡献较大,但水域面积的减少带来生态服务功能价值减少,生态环境存在潜在危机;总体上,流域内生态经济协调度有所改善,但仍处于低协调度的边缘,尤其是流域范围内的宁武县、岚县和静乐县。     

Assessment and exploitation of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water. The Yangtze River, the longest river in China, is not only rich in waterfront resources, but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality. Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map, the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as the stability, the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction, are assessed in this paper respectively on the basis of the overall investigations. The results show that: (1) the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront; (2) there exists an obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze; (3) the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; (4) the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port, warehouse and industrial purposes; and (5) the waterfronts near important cities are highly used, especially the high-quality waterfronts. In addition, some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

基于多源地理数据融合的黑河中游土地多功能性时空格局与权衡研究

土地多功能利用是提高土地利用效率、缓解人地矛盾、促进区域可持续发展的重要途径。研究构建了“生产-生活-生态”功能的土地多功能性评价指标体系,基于3 km×3 km格网,融合了遥感、统计、POI等多源地理数据,利用投影寻踪模型对黑河中游土地多功能性进行评价,通过变量相关分析和双变量局部空间自相关分析,揭示了土地多功能权衡与协同关系,并采用RGB三通道合成与二阶聚类分析相结合进行土地功能分区。结果表明:(1)黑河中游在不同利用方式下呈现不同功能,在走廊平原区土地功能以生产功能为主导,生活功能和生态功能为辅。生产功能在走廊绿洲农业区优势明显,生活功能高值区集中于城镇等基础设施条件较好的地区,祁连山、龙首山发挥着生态屏障作用。(2)研究时段内,土地多功能性稳中增强。土地多功能性与一级功能的空间格局保持稳定,土地功能间协调性普遍增强,不同功能在空间上日益重叠。(3)按照主导利用方向,土地可划分为以农业生产与城镇空间为主体的重点开发区、优化开发区和适度开发区,以及以生态空间为主的生态屏障区、生态缓冲区和生态修复区。(4)土地多功能利用仍有提升空间,尤其要加强对非主导功能的关注,协调功能间的固有矛盾;统筹推进生态修复,关注自然资本增值,从构建区域绿水青山的格局挖掘土地价值新的增长点。