基于扫描电镜图像和微观渗流模型的云冈石窟砂岩风化特征分析

风化作用、岩石微观结构、岩石微观渗流特性定量关系的研究是石窟文物有效保护的重要基础,砂岩风化作用严重影响了岩体上石窟文物的有效保护。本次研究使用扫描电镜（SEM）获得云冈石窟不同窟体砂岩的微观图像,根据图像增强和图像分割技术得到了岩石中颗粒和孔隙的数字特征参数,从微观角度建立了反映孔喉连接特性的渗流模型,得到了不同窟体岩石的局部水力传导系数,分析了数字特征参数、水力传导系数、风化作用之间的关系。结果表明,风化作用对石窟砂岩微观结构具有很大影响;砂岩孔隙平均长轴长度大小对应的风化程度分别是全风化或强风化、中等风化、微风化或未风化,长度分别为大于40 μm、25～35 μm、15～25 μm;风化程度越高、水力传导系数越大,随着风化程度的增高、水力传导系数的范围为1 × 10?9～1 × 10?4 cm/s;水力传导系数与孔喉尺寸、孔喉连通性密切相关;孔喉半径比增大时、水力传导系数也增大。     

海积软土固结过程中微观结构变化特征分析

本文通过不同固结压力下海积软土所得的SEM照片，采用结构单元体和孔隙的大小、形态及定向性参数，分析了海积软土在固结过程中微结构的变化特征。发现随着固结压力的增大，不同类型的孔隙反映不同，含水类型也随之改变，孔隙形状变得细长，但定向性变化不大；结构单元体在固结过程中不断变大，平面形状以扁椭圆形为主，定向排列越来越明显。     

靖安古玉器的环境扫描电子显微镜表征

采用环境扫描电子显微镜（配置能谱仪）对3件靖安古玉器样品的表面微结构及微形貌特征、主要化学成分进行了观察与测试,结果表明,样品均为透闪石质软玉,其外观特征与结构有一定关系。样品G47具有亚透明这一罕见、不同于软玉的外观特征,其透闪石的质量分数最高,晶体较粗大,定向排列,为显微柱状变晶结构;样品G36具典型的油脂光泽、半透明外观特征,其透闪石晶体细小、紧密交织,为显微纤维交织变晶结构;样品G21中受沁较轻的灰白色部分的结构较疏松,有孔洞,其透闪石晶体呈细长纤维状,结晶程度低,为显微纤维一隐晶质变晶结构,受沁较严重的褐色部分则表现为显微粒状微形貌特征。     

基于因子分析的岩石可钻性指标分析

岩石可钻性级别的准确划分是提高钻进效率的有效措施之一,但因其指标极多,故这项工作至今没有圆满解决.传统的方法是通过直接测定岩石的各项物理力学性质来综合判定岩石的可钻性,但这种方法有两大缺陷.首先,各项数据之间数量级和量纲的差距极大;其次,各项数据之间存在很高的相关性,直接使用原始数据判定可钻性会带来误差.用标准差化的方法对原始数据预处理可以消除数量级和量纲的差距.利用多元统计中因子分析模型则可以将原始数据分类构成少数综合因子,再利用数学变换将综合因子转化为综合指标,最终不仅达到降低原始数据维数,简化分析计算的目的,而且综合指标之间的低相关性也避免了原始数据间高相关性带来的误差.     

松辽盆地庆深气田火山岩储层的微观结构研究

松辽盆地营城组火山岩是庆深气田主要的储层。火山岩储集空间主要有4种组合类型,其中溶蚀孔+微孔隙型最为常见。孔隙是主要的储集空间,裂缝平均孔隙度为0.101%,主要起连通作用。通过火山岩样品的压汞分析,将毛细管压力曲线分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ类。最大孔喉半径为4.9 μm,分选系数为0.3～2.6,孔喉歪度为粗歪度。综合储层微观结构研究成果和试气结果分析认为：(1)火山通道相的火山角砾岩和角砾熔岩、喷溢相上部亚相的气孔流纹岩和侵出相内带亚相的球粒流纹岩和珍珠岩为好储层;(2)研究区储层孔隙结构以微孔喉为主、孔喉比大、孔喉的连通性及渗流能力较弱等特点,储层以Ⅱ、Ⅲ类孔喉为主,大部分气井需大型压裂改造,才能达到工业气流。     

水泥固化软土的微观结构特性

我国广泛分布着软土,由于地基处理过程中经常采用水泥进行加固,水泥加固软土效果差异较大,甚至在一些高有机质含量的软土地区,工程中出现了加固失败的现象,因此,为有效地研究水泥加固软土的效果,文章利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术,从土体微观结构特征出发,对江门某公路段中高有机质水泥加固土体粒度成分、结构单元体成分、孔隙特征及结构特征进行了定量分析,从SEM图像定量分析中可以看出,研究路段的水泥加固土体,其微观颗粒结构单元体和孔隙的定向性均较差,粒内微小孔隙发育,样品具有各向同性的特点。     

基于Bootstrap方法的岩土体参数联合分布模型识别

小样本容量岩土体参数最优联合概率分布模型的识别是一个富有挑战性的问题。基于Bootstrap提出了小样本容量岩土体参数最优边缘分布函数和最优Copula函数识别方法。简要介绍了岩土体参数联合概率分布函数构造的Copula方法,采用AIC准则识别最优的边缘分布函数和Copula函数。将识别结果表示为不同备选边缘分布函数和Copula函数为最优边缘分布和最优Copula的权重系数集合,以基桩荷载-位移双曲线参数试验数据为例证明了所提方法的有效性。结果表明：基于小样本容量岩土体参数试验数据估计的样本均值、标准差和相关系数具有较大的离散性,这种离散性进一步导致了统计量AIC值存在较大变异性。提出的基于Bootstrap的最优边缘分布函数和最优Copula函数识别方法不仅可以有效地考虑统计量AIC值的变异性,而且能够综合地反映不同备选边缘分布函数和Copula函数为最优边缘分布和最优Copula函数的概率,为小样本容量岩土体参数最优边缘分布函数和最优Copula函数的识别提供了一条有效的途径。     

基于扫描电子显微镜的重矿物物源分析方法对比

重矿物继承了源岩特征,能够揭示沉积盆地与源区之间的源汇联系。扫描电镜(SEM)及自动矿物识别技术的发展,使得重矿物从人工显微镜下鉴定逐步走向自动化定量分析。本文在传统显微镜识别的基础上,分别应用扫描电镜-能谱仪/背散射成像(SEM-EDS/BSE)技术及综合矿物分析系统(TIMA)进行重矿物的鉴定和统计,对比总结不同分析方法的特点和适用性,并对准噶尔盆地西北缘中生代物源区进行初步探讨。结果表明,基于SEM的两种分析方法都可以很好地对各种重矿物进行厘定和统计：其中SEM-EDS/BSE对矿物的统计更加灵活;TIMA能够快速、准确得到多种矿物信息,但需注意蚀变矿物对原生矿物统计的影响。根据重矿物组合、重矿物成熟度(ZTR指数)及前人报道的U-Pb年龄、古水流数据,认为准噶尔盆地西北缘中生代物源主要来自扎伊尔山,其中晚三叠世—早侏罗世哈拉阿拉特山隆升并开始为克拉玛依与白砾山地区提供物源。     

扫描电子显微镜下放射虫化石制样方法的探讨

讨论了为获得放射虫化石的高质量的二次电子图像所采用的试样制备方法。通过多次试验,认为放射虫化石的表面导电处理应采用碳 金双层镀膜法。在放射虫化石表面先蒸镀一层１０～２０ｎｍ厚的碳膜,然后根据放射虫化石的形态和表面结构的不同,溅射厚度不同的金膜;钟罩形、塔形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在６０～８０ｎｍ,带刺的球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在８０～１４０ｎｍ,球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在１４０～２００ｎｍ。     

扫描电子显微镜在黄土微结构研究上的初步应用

本文是我们借助扫描电子显微镜,对中国黄土石英颗粒表面特征、黄土微结构及黄土钙质结核结构等进行系统研究的同时,在工作方法上的初步总结。大量资料表明,扫描电子显微镜在黄土微结构研究中有重要作用,合理、有效地运用扫描电子显微镜是获取黄土微结构翔实资料的可靠保证。文章重点介绍扫描电子显微镜下进行黄土微结构等研究的主要方法和步骤,包括样品的制备、观察方法及图象解译及结果等内容。     

饱和软土微结构分形特征的试验研究

分形几何学是研究具有自相似性的不规则曲线、具有自反演性的不规则图形、具有自平方性的分形变换以及具有自仿射的分形集等内容的一种理论,是岩土微观结构力学研究和应用的新的生长点。将分形几何学的理论运用于饱和软土微结构研究,关键是获得微结构的参数。利用液氮真空冷冻制样技术、扫描电子显微镜技术和计算机图像处理技术,对广东科学中心饱和软土颗粒分布分维值和孔隙分布分维值等微结构分形参数进行了提取,采用回归分析的方法,对颗粒分布分维值、孔隙分布分维值和孔隙度的关系进行了分析,明确了颗粒分布分维、孔隙分布分维等微结构参数的分形特征的宏观本质。     

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy: A fast and reliable tool for diamond prospecting

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy is introduced as a faster, reliably and cost-reducing alternative to conventional electron microprobe analyses on kimberlite indicator minerals. The method is based on conventional scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, but due to extended counting times, optimised settings and computer-controlled particle recognition valid data can be obtained on a low amount of operator and machine time. A comparison of the results between both methods yields that computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy is able to investigate major and minor element concentrations in indicator minerals with almost the same precision as the electron microprobe.     

西南煤系地层软岩地区坡麓相斜坡软土特性研究

在我国西南内昆、株六、水柏及六盘水枢纽等铁路勘察与施工中,在煤系地层软岩地区的山麓斜坡上常遇到一种特殊罕见的"坡麓相斜坡软土"(笔者简称),它是"陆相的饱水堆积物"而非"水相的水下沉积物".这种土的物理力学特征与一般软土相似,同样具有天然含水量高(但一般不大于液限)、孔隙比大、高压缩性、低强度性、流变性、触变性等特点,并具有弱-中等膨胀性;常隐蔽于山麓斜坡地表较厚的硬壳层之下,非钻探或开挖揭露难以发现,且具有不连续、透镜状或鸡窝状分布、厚度变化较大、底部横坡较陡等特点;最突出的工程地质问题是天然地基的不均匀性及非稳定性,对工程的危害较大.工程施工中常发生路堤基底滑移沉陷、路堑边坡滑坡与坍塌、桥涵地基承载力不足、基坑边坡溜坍等地质灾害或工程病害,整治难度较大.笔者结合工程实例,系统论述西南煤系地层软岩地区坡麓相斜坡软土的分布、成因、定义、分类、物理力学特征及其工程特性,并对其命名问题进行探讨,对指导工程实践,防止工程病害具有重要意义.     

An investigation by transmission electron microscopy of planar deformation features in naturally shocked quartz

We have investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) the planar deformation features(PDF) in quartz from various sites where shock metamorphism has been detected optically: impact sites; the Vredefort complex (South Africa) and the K/T boundary at Raton Basin (Colorado). PDFs are straight narrow bands of glass or microtwins or huge densities of dislocations. Such contrasting microstructures must reflect different shock scenarios. In the Vredefort complex the post-shock thermal history has strongly overprinted the shock-induced defects. In the Raton Basin samples very tiny bubbles have precipitated on the dislocations, strongly suggesting a lengthy annealing at moderate pressure and temperature. This new information should be taken into account in any model of the origin of the K/T transition. In any case, observation of PDFs by optical microscopy alone is not sufficient to unambiguously conclude on their origin.     

Complex speleothem growth processes revealed by trace element mapping and scanning electron microscopy of annual layers

Closely-spaced transects measured by excimer laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ELA-ICPMS) at 5 and 32 μm spatial resolution are used to generate trace element composition maps (Ba, Sr, Mg, U, Na, P and Al) from MND-S1, a previously studied modern stalagmite from southwest Australia (Treble et al., 2003: EPSL216: 141). Rainfall at the site is highly seasonal, and trace elements in MND-S1 show strong seasonal variation. Trace element maps show that Ba, Sr, U and Na concentrations coherently follow annual growth layers identified from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The SEM images also reveal that stalagmite growth did not proceed uniformly: growth layers vary in thickness and locally pinch out. Highly preferential crystal growth, determined by nucleation sites left by the previous year’s growth, may be responsible for this uneven growth layering. Differential crystal growth apparently causes variability of trace element concentrations along each annual layer, although additional disequilibrium processes affect Mg, which is less distinctly banded than Ba, Sr, U and Na. Uneven and discontinuous growth layers influence the number of annual cycles, their wavelengths and seasonal amplitudes measured in any one transect. This has clear implications for studies that use annual trace element cycles as chronological markers, growth rate or seasonality proxies.     

Analysis of structure-localized mercury in Ottawa river sediments by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis technique

Sediment samples of Ottawa River were examined using a relatively new technique, electron microscopy/energy dispersive (EM/ED) microanalyzer, to identify and document the binding sites for mercury on sediments and biota. Samples were deposited on a Nucleopore filter, dried, and then mounted on an aluminum stub for EM/ED analysis. Better images for documentation were obtained by depositing the samples directly on a carbon planchet, thus eliminating the insulation from the filter and the x-ray emmission from the aluminum stub. The salient features of ED x-ray microanalyzer, such as identification of most major and minor elements in a single analysis, and simple spectrum of x-ray energies versus atomic number of elements, are listed. Pitfalls in the methodology of the positive identification of elements resulting from peak shifting and peak overlap in the complex spectra of environmental samples are discussed. Remedies for successful resolution of broad spectra into individual elemental peaks are clearly outlined. Analyses of sediment samples revealed the presence of a variety of structures in aquatic environments with varying elemental compositions. Data gathered on mercury-bearing structures in the present study showed that mercury binding is on sulfur sites but never in a stoichiometric ratio; not all sulfur sites accumulated mercury. Possible reasons for sulfur sites void of mercury are (1) uneven distribution of binding sites, (2) concentrations of mercury too low to saturate all the binding sites, or (3) possible desorption of mercury from the binding sites by either chemical or biologic processes.     

扫描电镜—能谱在单个包裹体物质组成研究中的应用

利用扫描电镜－能谱对四川冕宁稀土矿床早期萤石的单个流体－熔融包裹体的成分进行了分析,发现包裹体内流体相离子以Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｂａ为主,阴离子以ＳＯ４、Ｆ、Ｃｌ米,有意义的是在包裹体中发现了Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｎｄ等稀土元素,其中矿化元素素铈的含量最高,研究结果进一步证明四川冕宁稀土矿床是一个与盐熔体有关的热液矿床。     

Autoradiography and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) in the service of geochemical exploration

The importance of the identification of the mineral phases in the heavy fractions of geochemical samples is emphasized. A knowledge of the chemical composition with information about the anomalous contents of the economically interesting metals in the samples is not sufficient, it is also essential to know the mineralogical source of the metals especially when the exploitation possibilities of the searched-for deposits are being estimated. A version of autoradiography suitable for the location and quantitative determination of radioactive minerals in the heavy fractions of geochemical samples is described. Furthermore, the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) in the identification of the heavy minerals is also described. An example of the use of SEM-EDS identification of radioactive minerals, located by the autoradiography, is described.     

Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and nanoindentation investigation of the crack tip process zone in marble

This study explores the interaction between crack initiation and nanomechanical properties in the crack-tip fracture process zone of Carrara marble. Specimens with preexisting cracks were loaded in a uniaxial testing machine until the process zone appeared at the tips of the preexisting cracks. ESEM analysis reveals an increase in microcrack density in the process zone with increased loading of the specimen. Nanoindentation testing comprised of lines and grids of single nanoindentations located both near and far from the process zone shows a decrease in both indentation modulus and indentation hardness near grain boundaries in intact material, and with closeness to the process zone. Ultimately, the study confirms that the crack-tip process zone manifests itself as an area of reduced indentation hardness and indentation modulus in marble.