大断面海底隧道CRD法绝对位移控制基准建立及应用研究

隧道位移控制基准的建立是确保隧道安全施工的一项重要内容。以厦门－翔安海底隧道陆域浅埋暗挖段CRD法施工为工程背景,陆域浅埋段总长约2 525 m,主要穿越全、强风化花岗岩地带,含水率高、自稳能力差。依据全站仪非接触量测获得初期支护三维绝对位移分布规律,确定三维绝对位移基准控制指标,同时对86个围岩位移监测断面的监测数据进行变形正常断面和变形异常或险情断面的位移量统计分析,最终确定CRD法（center cross diaphragm method,交叉中隔壁法）三维绝对位移控制基准。研究结果表明,将CRD1、CRD3部拱顶竖直位移和上中隔墙、下中隔墙水平位移作为CRD法位移控制指标;CRD1部和CRD3部拱顶下沉极限位移分别为200 mm和130 mm;CRD3部拱顶竖直位移约为CRD1部的0.5～1倍;上中隔墙水平极限位移约为100 mm,下中隔墙水平极限位移约为15 mm。通过现场97个断面应用,共发现58次异常和险情,由于发现及时,处置有力,保证了施工安全。     

半硬半软岩层小净距隧道洞口段监测分析

针对雷公浦小净距隧道后行左洞洞口段具有半硬岩层半软岩层的特点,在开挖过程中,按照新奥法对隧道地表沉降、拱顶下沉、水平收敛、中间岩柱的位移、锚杆轴力、围岩压力和钢拱架应力等项目进行监测。监测结果表明,采用预留核心土法可以较好地控制围岩变形和应力;后行洞的拱顶沉降大于先行洞,且软岩一侧的下沉量更大;中间岩柱较薄弱,开挖初期往先行洞方向移动;降雨对围岩变形和压力影响较大,施工中应引起重视。研究结论可为类似条件下工程的设计、施工和监测提供借鉴。     

软弱黄土隧道变形规律现场测试与分析

为分析软弱黄土隧道的变形规律,以西宁过境高速大有山黄土隧道为依托,采用精密水准仪和收敛计对隧道地表下沉、拱顶下沉和水平收敛进行了系统现场测试。结果表明：软弱黄土隧道拱顶下沉远大于水平收敛,变形时间长,变形量大,累计拱顶下沉值最大为950.6 mm。在临界埋深范围,围岩变形比深埋、浅埋时都大,且变形量离散性高;围岩变形速率在二衬施作时较大,软弱黄土隧道中作为围岩-支护系统稳定性判据的变形速率宜适当提高;围岩变形随时间变化符合指数函数规律,可利用指数函数预测围岩的最终变形;软弱黄土隧道变形分为急剧变形、持续增长和缓慢增长3个阶段,最终趋于稳定。隧道断面的初次开挖对地表变形影响显著,隧道轴线沉降最大,并沿横向逐渐减小。软弱黄土隧道预留变形量在不同位置处不宜统一设置,西宁地区软弱黄土Ⅴ级围岩建议拱顶预留700～800 mm,边墙预留300～350 mm,拱顶与边墙之间以曲线过渡。     

基于台阶法的极破碎软岩隧道开挖进尺优化研究

为探明极破碎区域软岩隧道在采取不同台阶间距情形下,隧道变形及结构内力的分布及变化规律,寻求其合理开挖进尺,本文结合“5.12”特大地震发震断裂——龙门山断裂带附近杜家山隧道的实际施工过程,根据隧道采取的三台阶+预留核心土方法,以现场试验段采取的3种开挖进尺为依托,对不同工况下隧道变形及结构受力进行对比分析,初步认为:F1及F2工况为极破碎区域软岩隧道的最优进尺.在此基础上对l、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5m开挖进尺,采用数值模拟手段对现场试验进行补充验证,通过对开挖后隧道变形、支护受力与现场监测值的对比分析,进而对不同工况下隧道施工后结构的稳定进行评价,综合分析表明,对于软岩隧道,循环进尺应在l～2m间合理选择.现场试验段的成功运用也论证了这一方案的合理、有效性,其成果可供类似工程施工参考.     

硬塑-流塑浅埋黄土隧道变形特性及合理预留变形量模型试验研究

开展硬塑-流塑浅埋黄土隧道室内大型三维YTLH岩土联合地质模型试验,对比分析了硬塑、软塑、流塑3种状态,12 m和24 m两种埋深下的围岩内部位移、预收敛变形、掌子面挤出位移和径向围岩压力。结果表明:硬塑、软塑和流塑条件下围岩内部位移差率均呈现出"拱顶极小、两侧边墙极大"的特征,拱顶位移差率小于20%、两侧边墙位移差率大于91%;拱顶设计4.5 m长锚杆抗拉效果甚微,边墙围岩内部位移差利于锚杆抗拉效应的充分发挥;硬塑、软塑、流塑预收敛率分别接近65%、70%、80%,开挖对掌子面前方影响范围分别为0.5D、0.6D、0.8D,且呈现出直立型、鼓出型、滑塌型不同失稳破坏模式;应力释放率关系为硬塑<软塑<流塑,软流塑态拱顶应力释放率最大约70%,实际工程应避免软流塑态瞬时应力释放过渡而失稳。双线浅埋黄土隧道合理预留变形量建议取值:硬塑(拱顶55～70 mm、边墙15～20 mm),软塑(拱顶166～180 mm、边墙40～50 mm),流塑(拱顶290～300 mm、边墙125～140 mm),且拱顶和边墙之间按曲线过渡非等量留设。     

城市浅埋软岩隧道施工沉降分析及对策

浅埋软岩隧道施工沉降变形控制是浅埋地下工程面临的关键难题,其中最基础的内容是对开挖引起的沉降变形规律的掌握。通过对新建龙岩至厦门铁路石桥头隧道地表沉降变形观测分析,将地表沉降变形划分为三个主要阶段:初始沉降阶段、加速沉降阶段和减速沉降阶段;结合隧道拱顶沉降监测结果,得出浅埋软岩隧道地表沉降与拱顶沉降正相关的结论。隧道开挖对掌子面前后纵向地表沉降的主要影响范围分别为1.5D和3D(D为开挖跨度);横向地表沉降影响范围包括隧道中线两侧各4D的范围,地表建(构)筑物受到较大影响包括隧道中线两侧各2D的范围。针对地表和拱顶沉降过大,采取全断面超前预注浆方案进行处理,监测结果显示全断面超前预注浆能有效控制拱顶下沉和地表沉降量,收敛值减小则不显著,说明该方案达到了控制沉降变形的目的。     

拉张盆地不同埋深复合地层中隧道围岩变形破坏数值模拟研究

不同埋深的软硬岩层叠置复合地层变形破坏形式复杂而使得软岩大变形和硬岩岩爆位置相关关系不够明确。在拉张盆地中自重应力为主,侧压系数一般较小且多数在1.0以内。本文以在水平和铅垂叠置复合地层中TBM开挖圆形断面隧道为例,采用有限差分程序FLAC^3D对拉张盆地中不同埋深、不同叠置型式复合地层中TBM开挖后的三维弹塑性位移变形、主应力和塑性破坏分布变化特征展开数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明,围岩变形主要发生在软岩层地层中,埋深超过800 m后沿隧道轴向软岩大变形藕节状分段开始显现;随埋深增加,硬岩稳定性变差,顶拱位移增加尤其明显;随埋深增加,软岩和硬岩地层之间主应力差异变小,硬岩中储能明显;埋深越大塑性区分布范围越大;埋深较小时岩层以拉张破坏为主,埋深较大时以剪切破坏为主,两种状态的转换埋深(临界深度)约为800 m。由此对拉张盆地中深埋界限值给予了理论验证。     

走马岭隧道复杂围岩施工力学及稳定性分析

采用三维弹塑性有限元数值仿真模拟,对隧道围岩内部位移监测成果进行了深入的分析.分析认为,围岩的初期支护结构基本达到极限强度,但围岩的屈服区厚度较小,松动圈所在深度小于0.5m;下台阶开挖对拱腰收敛位移影响较大、对拱顶下沉位移影响较小.同时,测点距掌子面1倍洞径和1.5倍洞径时,拱顶下沉位移及水平收敛位移分别趋于稳定.     

软岩浅埋隧道施工工法比选

目前在高速公路软岩浅埋隧道施工中均不同程度地出现了围岩坍塌、地表产生大面积沉降等问题。广福隧道某浅埋段,地质条件复杂,断面大、岩性差,受构造影响比较严重,而且顶板厚度比较薄,易发生坍塌、冒顶现象。为确保浅埋段隧道的施工安全,尽量减少隧道开挖引起的地层沉降和围岩变形,采用FLAC3D对4种施工工法全断面法、短台阶法、单侧壁导坑法和双侧壁导坑法进行模拟,分析了4种工法下地表沉降、隧道围岩周边位移和塑性区的变化特点,选出一种技术可行、经济合理的施工工法,得出一些有意义的结论。     

城市地下软弱围岩超大断面隧道施工工法

如何保障超大断面隧道的稳定性是当前国内外地下工程亟需解决的技术难题,而超大断面隧道在穿过软弱围岩地带时更容易发生变形失稳破坏等现象.选择合理的开挖工法对隧道施工时的安全性以及围岩的支护控制效果都具有重要意义.以深圳侨城东路北延通道工程东路隧道标准段为研究背景,针对超大断面隧道、地质条件复杂、围岩多为Ⅳ至Ⅴ级的复杂特征,通过原位钻探和室内岩石物理力学实验,获得隧道围岩关键参数,分析隧道围岩大变形机理;利用FLAC3 D数值模拟软件建立隧道模型,模拟全断面法、CRD法、三台阶法和三台阶七步预留核心土法4种不同开挖工法对隧道软弱围岩稳定性的影响;通过揭示其位移应力变化规律,结合室内相似比物理模型试验结果,总结大跨度隧道围岩的应变特征.研究表明:三台阶七步开挖法为侨城东路隧道标准段的最优开挖工法.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.