安顺市2015—2019年冰雹时空特征 及雷达临近预警指标研究

利用安顺市2015-2019年降雹个例、Micaps常规观测资料以及贵阳雷达资料,分析总结了安顺市冰雹时空分布特征及雷达临近预警指标。结果表明：安顺市冰雹以直径20 mm以下的小冰雹为主,冰雹站次呈北多南少特征;冰雹天气主要发生在春季,4月最多,5月次之;2015—2019年期间,2019年安顺市冰雹站次最多,2017年最少。直径10 mm以上与直径10mm以下冰雹对应的雹云相比,其强回波值更强、降雹概率更高、强回波中心平均升降次数更多、上升幅度及最高上升高度更高（须在0 ℃层高度以上）、对应的径向速度场有明显特征（逆风区、辐合/辐散、旋转）的比例更高、径向速度特征（逆风区、辐合/辐散、旋转）出现时间较降雹时间提前量更多。此外,强回波中心上升高度（0 ℃层高度以上）越高,冰雹直径越大。以上雷达回波特征均可作为安顺市冰雹预警指标,有利于提高安顺市冰雹预警准确率及提前量。     

文山州两次强冰雹天气的环流背景和雷达产品对比分析

该文通过对2012年8月5日和2012年8月12日2次强冰雹天气的天气背景及多普勒雷达回波强度、径向速度、垂直液态水含量、冰雹指数等雷达产品的对比分析,总结出在大范围水汽条件不是很有利的环流背景下,文山州8月冰雹天气在多普勒雷达产品上的表现特征和一些定量指标:回波强度≥55 dBz、≥50dBz的强回波垂直伸展高度≥6 km,垂直液态水含量VIL≥25 kg/m2时,容易产生冰雹天气,注意发布强对流天气预警;强对流降雹天气与逆风区和风的辐合有关,超级单体所在区域均对应着逆风区或是辐合线;冰雹指数产品对冰雹预报有很好的指示作用,降雹概率和强降雹概率达到100%时发布冰雹预警,但是冰雹最大直径与实况偏大,只能作为参考。     

南疆塔里木盆地西部一次强冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料和CINRAD／CC新一代天气雷达资料以及对流云数值模式等,对2011年6月17日发生在南疆塔里木盆地西部麦盖提垦区的一次强冰雹天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：大气不稳定层结的存在和有利的高低空环流形势配置的动力作用,是触发这次南疆西部局地强对流天气产生降雹的主要原因。在冰雹天气发展过程中,探测到了如钩状回波、弱回波区、悬挂回波和中气旋等典型的冰雹云回波特征,这对冰雹天气邻近预报具有一定指示意义。数值模拟结果显示,冰雹云具有低层辐合、中层有一对涡旋、高层辐散的结构特征,这种结构有利于冰雹云的发展和维持。     

太行山东麓一次强对流冰雹云结构的观测分析

利用“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验示范”项目在冰雹发生区获取的综合观测资料,从强对流单体出现的天气背景、降雹特征、雷达回波演变、大冰雹的形成机制及动力结构等方面对2018年5月12日下午发生于太行山东麓的一次强对流单体降雹天气过程进行了分析。结果显示,午后不稳定能量的增大形成了有利的热力条件,低层风场的辐合扰动以及中层的冷空气侵入是产生本次强冰雹过程的触发因素。通过对雹云降雹时段雷达回波具有超长“悬挂回波”和对应大雹形成特征分析表明,云中存在着上、中、下相互衔接的0线（域）,主上升气流2次逆时针转弯增加了雹胚再入主上升气流区继续长成大雹的机会,据此勾画出了云体主上升气流框架及大冰雹的形成机制,表明冰雹在雹云中的生长有多种模式。      

榆林新一代天气雷达冰雹云识别指标分析

利用2005-2007年5—9月榆林雷达站观测资料和同期的常规高空、地面观测资料及榆林市境内的冰雹灾情资料,对其中的14次冰雹天气过程分析,重点考察冰雹产生过程中冰雹云在新一代天气雷达图上的演变特征。通过对地面降雹资料和相应的雷达产品资料分析,结果表明：榆林新一代天气雷达对责任区内的冰雹预报预警具有较好的指示作用。冰雹云识别指标为：强反射率因子区（回波强度≥50dBz）在-20℃层高度附近及以上,且强回波强度越强,高度越高,愈有利于大冰雹的产生;反射率因子剖面图上出现有界弱回波区（BWER）或弱回波区（WER）,区域的大小影响降雹的持续时间和冰雹的大小;垂直累积液态水含量VIL的大值区（≥40kg／m^2）代表降冰雹的潜势,VIL值越大。降大冰雹的潜势越大。三体散射现象可作为冰雹的预报指标。     

高层东风波引起的一次超级单体雹暴天气数值研究

利用WRF中尺度模式对2018年7月26日发生在浙中北的一次超级单体雹暴过程进行数值研究,结合自动站资料,天气雷达资料、NCEP再分析资料等分析冰雹天气发生的环流背景,冰雹云的雷达回波和流场结构特征,并探究冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:此次强对流天气是在高层东风波环流背景下,由地面辐合线触发的超级单体雹暴过程。雹暴发生在强的对流有效位能、上干下湿的层结和弱垂直风切变的环境场中。模拟试验成功地模拟出了雹暴云团的发展演变过程。0℃层位于5 km的高度,-20℃层位于8. 5 km的高度,且超过40 dBZ的强回波向上扩展至-20℃层以上,有利于冰雹的生长。雹云发展旺盛时呈现典型的低层辐合、高层辐散特征。雹云右侧出现悬垂回波和有界弱回波区。雹云中存在大量的过冷云水,冰雹粒子的核心生长区位于0℃层和-20℃层之间,主要由霰粒子转化而成,并通过不断碰并过冷云水和过冷雨水增长。     

滇西北一次降雹过程的多普勒天气雷达回波特征分析

利用丽江新一代天气雷达回波资料,结合Micaps 常规观测资料,对2011 年6 月14 日下午出现在滇西北高原丽江市一区三县的区域性冰雹过程进行分析。结果表明: 区域性冰雹过程发生在青海附近“Ω”环流及前部有切变东移、丽江高层为西北气流控制、低层受辐合区影响、地面配合回流冷空气及丽江东部独特地形影响等环境条件下;冰雹云回波在基本反射率因子图上呈点状、线状排列,发展到强盛时出现钩状回波,在VCS(Vertical Cross Section)图上强回波核高度为6～10 km,并出现回波墙结构特征;冰雹云发展阶段在基本径向速度图上可见逆风区和中尺度辐合;垂直累积液态水含量(Vertically Integrated Liquid Water Content,VIL) 在降雹前均有不同程度跃增,跃增达到阈值35 kg ·m^-2后,地面降雹;高空偏北气流是丽江出现冰雹时垂直风廓线产品图(VAD Wind Profile ,VWP)中的主要特征,偏北气流越强,持续时间越长,受其影响出现区域性冰雹的可能性越大。     

青藏高原一次冰雹强对流天气过程的诊断及雷达回波特征分析

利用青藏高原第三次科学实验的C波段双偏振雷达（C-POL）的观测资料、ERA-Interim 0.125°（纬度）×0.125°（经度）气象再分析资料、常规气象探空资料,对2014年7月30日午后发生在西藏那曲地区的冰雹强对流天气过程进行了天气诊断及雷达回波特征分析。结果表明:1）此次冰雹强对流过程发生在有切变线伴随的高原低涡东移过程中,低涡尾部前倾的切变线为这次冰雹的发生提供了动力、水汽条件。2）强对流天气的水汽输送主要来自从孟加拉湾、印度及尼泊尔翻越喜马拉雅山脉的水汽,强对流发生前水汽输送显著增加,低层水汽集中在400 hPa以下,有明显的辐合及垂直输送。3）那曲400 hPa以下为假相当位温随高度递减区,也是水平辐合及垂直上升运动的重合区,有明显的对流不稳定能量集聚及动力抬升条件。4）雷达回波图上可看到,此次强对流天气主要由局地新生的多个中γ尺度孤立对流单体造成,其移动路径与切变线前西南气流一致。大部分单体水平尺度不大,生命史短,但仍有部分单体强度大,生命史较长。局地气流辐合扰动会导致新的单体产生,单体的发生、发展及维持离不开低层气流辐合提供的动力条件。5）在距离高度显示图上表现出了弱单体雹云特征,雹云云顶伸展至16 km,高于夏季平原地区普遍对流云高度,但未突破对流层顶,0℃层远低于平原地区,为深厚强对流降水;强降水中心位于云团下部,即有降雹也有降水,降雹以霰粒为主;垂直方向存在强烈的入流和上升气流,悬挂回波出现在入流上升气流之上,中层辐合区的气流下沉区对应降雹区;中层辐合区与上层的高空辐散区配合导致对流风暴的垂直增长和强烈发展。     

CINRAD／SA雷达产品在冰雹预警中的适用性分析

使用2003-2005年4—8月发生在宜昌境内17次冰雹个例资料和相应的多普勒天气雷达（CINRAD／SA）产品资料,采用雷达产品特征分析和参量相关分析方法,对反射率产品、速度产品、回波顶高以及其他主要导出产品对冰雹预警的适用性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）反射率因子出现前侧V型槽口时,上升气流强烈,出现冰雹的可能性大。（2）降雹一般发生在正负风暴平均相对径向速度（SRM）对出现且其辐合最强时。（3）回波顶高达到9km以上可作为冰雹发生的参考条件。（4）当垂直积分液态含水量（VtL）密度超过4g·m^-3,出现直径超过2cm大冰雹的可能性极大。（5）冰雹指数（HI）对冰雹预警有一定指示意义;中气旋（M）出现可发布雷雨、冰雹、大风等强天气警报;龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）出现,可考虑发布冰雹和大风的强天气警报,但需参照反射率和速度产品进行具体定位。     

多普勒雷达产品人工防雹应用技术指标

利用2005-2006西安多普勒雷达冰雹天气产品资料及渭南冰雹实况资料,对渭南19个典型雹日回波资料分析。得出指标：降雹时反射率因子（R）〉50dBz．组合反射率因子（CR）〉55dBz;降雹前垂直液态水含量VIL值有一个明显的“跃增”变化,降雹时VIL值在50kg／m^2以上;速度图上的对流辐合特征、“逆风区”、中气旋是有效识别冰雹雷雨大风的判据指标;云顶高度（ET）结合其它产品,可提前做出预警。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;