论海域划界中的成比例概念

成比例概念在国际法院和仲裁法院的海域划界中得到了广泛应用,但成比例概念在司法运用过程中也存在许多问题和争论,如海岸线和海岸面积的难以确定和计算,能否在相对海岸使用成比例,以及理论上如何解释其双重作用的问题。尽管存在很多争议,但不可否认成比例作为判例法的发展。     

中日两国关于东海大陆架定义和划界原则的分歧

文章从海洋法和国家划界实践的角度分析中日东海争端的缘由,介绍两国关于大陆架定义的差异以及各自所坚持的划界原则.文章提出要在公平原则的基础上考虑自然延伸原则和相关情况原则,协商谈判,通过共同开发东海资源来解决当前东海大陆架争端.     

长江口区河海划界自然条件及方案探讨

河口是河流与海洋交互作用的过渡区域,河口水域河海划界是一个十分复杂而敏感的问题.通过对长江河口段自然条件的分析,选取了相对比较稳定的几个相关参数:水域性质、潮汐特征、盐水入侵、悬沙浓度、河槽特性和沙岛形成过程等,作为长江口区河海划界的指标.水域性质是宏观上确定河海划界范围最基本的自然参数.潮汐特征的沿程分布和变化是河海划界的重要要素.盐水入侵是河口地区的普遍现象.悬沙浓度的沿程变化从一个侧面反映了径、潮流共同作用的产物,也可作为河海划界的参数之一.南支以上河段,河床纵断面变化显著,深槽浅滩起伏分布;南支河槽在浏河口以下,水深变化不大,一般在20 m之内,床面较平坦、起伏甚小,至口门一带水深均在10 m之内,明显反映了径、潮流共同作用的结果,显示了这一带是河海过渡段的特点.河口沙岛是河海相互作用下的沉积地貌,其推进状况也是河海划界的重要标志之一.从历史的角度看,随着长江口沙岛的形成和推进,河海界线有不断下移的趋向.据此探讨性地提出河海划界的3种方案:方案Ⅰ位于河口段的中部,界线的中部走向基本上是长江口第一代沙岛(崇明岛)与第二代沙岛(长兴、横沙)的分界线;方案Ⅱ以浏河口-崇明岛上口-北支沪苏分界线;方案Ⅲ位于口门附近.推荐方案Ⅰ作为上海市(长江口)河海划界的界线,仅供有关部门参考.     

我国提交东海部分海域二百海里以外大陆架划界案有充分的科学和法律依据

2012年9月16日,外交部表示,我国政府决定向《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）设立的大陆架界限委员会（以下简称委员会）提交东海部分海域二百海里以外大陆架划界案。     

黄河口海域特征波浪要素比的分析

本文利用黄河口海域的风浪观测资料用统计方法分析了波浪要素的特征比,在统计意义下得到了不同波要素之间的比值关系和它们之间的相关关系。从比值关系看,它们的比值分散在一定的数值范围内。从相关关系看,特征波高之间的相关性较特征波周期之间的相关性好一些。特征波高之间的相关系数都大于０９;特征波周期之间的相关系数都大于０６。平均波高和平均周期的平方之间的比例系数为００３３８,大于石臼海区得到的结果,与“海洋水文规范”中规定的数字较接近     

大窑湾海域水化要素分布及相关关系的探讨

本文依据大窑湾的环境调查资料为基础，系统地阐述了水体中化学要素ｐＨ、盐度、透明度、ＤＯ、ＣＯＤ、ＴＯＣ、浊度、悬浮物、ＮＨ４－Ｎ、ＮＯ２－Ｎ、ＮＯ３－Ｎ、ＰＯ４－Ｐ、ＳｉＯ３－Ｓｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ａｓ、Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ、硫化物、六六六、石油等分布规律。诸要素主要是在潮流水动力支配下，形成扩散带。各要素中仅有无机氮和ＰＯ４－Ｐ两项含量超标，其余要素含量范围都是处于海水正常浓度水平，属于一类海水水质。文章并对各要素进行相关关系分析。     

河北南堡-曹妃甸海域工程地质条件及海底稳定性评价

本文通过土工实验分析,发现河北南堡-曹妃甸海域沉积物主要由淤泥、粉砂、黏土和粉土组成,约占总沉积物的85%,另含有少量的淤泥质黏土、粉质黏土、细砂和中砂。综合归纳南堡-曹妃甸海域的工程地质条件,根据影响研究区工程地质条件差异性最突出的因素即海底地形地貌、潜在地质灾害分布,结合海底土质类型及其物理力学性质等条件,将研究区划为4个工程地质区,分别为近岸水下岸坡混合土工程地质区（Ⅰ）、侵蚀平原、洼地砂质土工程地质区（Ⅱ）、侵蚀洼地混合土工程地质区（Ⅲ）、陆架堆积平原细粒土工程地质区（Ⅳ）。通过海洋环境因素、灾害地质条件、地震活动性、海底土体稳定性等方面对各工程地质区进行海底稳定性评价,4个工程地质区的稳定性分别为Ⅰ区:不稳定区;Ⅱ区:较稳定区;Ⅲ区:较不稳定区;Ⅳ区:稳定区。研究成果对该地区的海底工程建设和防灾减灾具有重要的指导意义。     

威海南部近岸海域表层海水化学要素时空变化及富营养化研究

为了客观评价威海南部近岸海域海水化学要素时空分布及富营养化状况,分别于2013年春季、夏季及秋季3个航次进行表层海水水质调查.样品分析表明:调查海域表层海水水质符合二类水质标准,其中DO含量为6.040~7.880 mg/dm~3,DIN含量为0.156~0.252 mg/dm~3,DIP含量为0.006~0.018 mg/dm~3,COD含量为0.670~1.730 mg/dm~3.DO呈现从海岸线向外海逐渐升高的趋势,DIN、DIP及COD均呈现从海岸线向外海逐渐降低的趋势.营养盐的时空变化趋势受外源污染物的输入、养殖生物的排泄输入、浮游植物及大型海藻生长的共同影响.N/P分析表明春季变化最大,夏季次之,秋季变化幅度最小,3个季节中均为磷限制,可以通过控制磷酸盐的输入控制浮游植物的生长,从而避免赤潮的发生.富营养化状态指数分析表明调查海域的富营养化状态指数从海岸向外海逐渐降低,其中2号站(靖海湾湾口)、11号站(乳山湾湾口)及12号站(乳山湾湾口)受外源污染物的影响较大,呈现富营养化.调查表明3个季节的富营养化状态指数逐渐升高,与外源污染物的输入加大及养殖活动的逐渐频繁密切相关.     

阿根廷海域重点盆地油气地质条件对比及勘探方向

阿根廷油气资源丰富,并且油气财税条款较为优越,与国外大型油公司和中国油公司均有油气勘探资产合作,适合我国海外油气勘探投资。阿根廷海域13个盆地以转换断层为界,可划分为南部盆地群和北部盆地群,南部、北部盆地群在早期裂谷盆地的基础上分别逐渐演化为前陆盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地。南北盆地群由于盆地类型不同、构造演化不同,导致其构造特征、地层充填特征和油气成藏条件等方面具有一定的差异性特征。通过对阿根廷海域南部前陆盆地群和北部被动大陆边缘盆地群构造演化、地层充填、烃源岩条件、储层条件和圈闭条件对比研究,对阿根廷海域盆地石油地质特征有了进一步的认识,指出南部的前陆盆地成藏条件要优于北部被动大陆边缘盆地。分析表明,南部盆地群中的马尔维纳斯前陆盆地为剩余有利勘探区,该盆地勘探程度低,已证实具有油气发现,推测盆地中南部为有利构造带,或许将成为阿根廷未来的勘探热点。     

地质环境分析在海域使用论证中的应用

在海域使用论证工作的实践基础上, 探讨地质环境分析在海域使用论证中的作用及编写内容的思路, 特别是针对不同的项目类型, 应重点介绍了海洋地质内容, 全面、透彻地分析了地质环境, 对论述开发项目所在地及周边的海洋资源状况、用海需求的满足程度、项目选址和海洋资源利用的合理性等内容起到事半功倍的效果。作者还介绍了海洋地质调查和分析的方法, 以有利于地质环境资料的获取和应用。     

国际海洋边界划定与目前状况

本文简要描述了国际海洋边界划定与目前状况，其内容包括海洋边界划定，边界划定与海洋法，世界海洋区域及美国、俄罗斯划界概况和专属经济区与大陆架等问题。文章呼呈我国应加速海洋立法过程，尽快划出专属经济区与大陆架边界。     

典型国际海洋划界案例相似性研究

简要研究了2012年国际法院最新判例——尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚领土和海洋划界案,总结了本案中国际法院关于海上争议岛屿主权判定把握的要点,国际法院受理该案件的理由和受理的内容。国际法院用三阶段方法确立尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚海上边界。提出了维护我国海洋权益必须研究国际最新判例相似性的建议。     

"3S"技术在省际间海域勘界中的应用

结合海域勘界的理论方法,在“3S”技术支持下,以天津、河北勘界为例,探讨了建立省际间海域勘界辅助决策信息系统的基本方法和关键技术。实践证明,利用“3S”技术建立省际间海域勘界辅助决策信息系统是一条可行的途径,“3S”技术是勘界工作的重要辅助决策手段。     

孟加拉湾海洋划界案初步研究

孟加拉湾划界案是国际海洋法法庭审理的第一起海洋划界案。法庭对盂加拉国与缅甸的领海、专属经济区及大陆架的划界纠纷进行了裁决。分析研究了该案中法庭对这种大陆架案件的管辖权、当事国双方对这一区域的权利主张以及法庭划界采用的法律与划界的方法(等距离/相关情况方法)。     

Geological structures of ridges with relation to the definition of three types of seafloor highs stipulated in Article 76

The ridge like seafloor highs with various geological origins can be classed into mid-ocean ridges,transverse ridges related to transform faults,hot spot/mantle plume originated ridges,microcontinent rifted from major continent,intra-plate arc formed by interaction of two oceanic plates,and tectonic ridges uplifted by later tectonic activity.Those ridges moved towards the convergent continental margins along with the underlain plate drifting and formed so-called accreted ridges commonly trending at a high angle to the continental margins.At divergent continental margins,the continental crusts were extended and thinned accompanying with magmatism,which formed high terrains protruding or parallel to the coastal line.The ridges worldwide have various origins and the crustal thicknesses and structures of them are diversity.The crusts beneath the microcontinents,and the transverse ridges along the transform margin,and the seafloor highs beside the passive continental margins are continental,while the crusts of other ridges are oceanic.Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has classed the seafloor highs worldwide into three legal categories,namely oceanic ridges,submarine ridges and submarine elevations,for the purpose to delineate the outer limit of the coastal States’ continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.To define the categories of the legal seafloor highs to which the ridges with various geological origins belong,the continuities in morphology and geology including the rock types,crustal structures,origins and tectonic setting of the ridges and the coastal States’ land mass with its submerged prolongation should be taken into account.If a ridge is continuous both in morphology and geology with the coastal States’ land mass and its submerged prolongation,it is a submarine elevation stipulated in Article 76.If it is discontinuous in morphology,the ridge should be regarded as oceanic ridges.If a ridge is continuous in morphology but discontinuous in geology with the coastal States’ land mass and its submerged prolongation,then it is a submarine ridge as stipulated in Article 76.     

南极普里兹湾暖水涌升陆架过程及在陆架上的时空分布特征分析

Hydrographic observations collected by conductivity-temperature-depth(CTD) and instrumented elephant seals on the Prydz Bay continental shelf during 2012 and 2013 are used to characterize the intrusion of modified circumpolar deep water.As a regular occurrence,modified circumpolar deep water(MCDW) intrudes onto the shelf mainly between 150–300 m layer of 73°–75°E and then turns southeast affected by the cyclonic gyre of the Prydz Bay.The southernmost point of the warm water signal is captured on the east front of Amery Ice Shelf during March 2012.In terms of vertical distribution,MCDW occupies the central layer of 200 m with about 100 m thickness in the austral summer,but when to winter transition,the layer of MCDW deepens with time on the central shelf.     

Measurement of the current and spectral analysis on the continental shelf in the East China Sea

Direct measurements of current velocity and water temperature were undertaken at the mooring Sta. M (125°29.38' N,31°49.70'E) on the continental shelf area in the East China Sea in June 1999 by R/V Xiangyanghong 14. The relationship between various time series of oceanic fluctuations is calculated by spectral analysis. The major results are as follows: (1) an average (u,v) of (6.9,-3.0 cm/s) at the 30 m depth is obtained during the 9-day observation, and that at the 45 m depth is (3.7,-1.1 cm/s), I. E., the mean flows are southeastward at both the 30 and 45 m depths;the currents become stronger gradually during the observation period; this may be mainly attributed to the transition of the tidal currents from neap to spring; (2)semidiurnal fluctuation is the most dominant in the current fluctuations, and rotates mainly clockwise; in the next place, there is also diurnal fluctuation;the local inertial period is close to the period of diurnal fluctuation, and an inertial motion is clockwise; thus, local inertial motion combines with diurnal fluctuation, and makes the spectral peaks in clockwise components much higher than those in counterclockwise ones;except for the fluctuations of above main periods, there is also the peak at 3 d period for counterclockwise components in the upper and lower layers; (3) the calculation of cross spectra between two time series of current velocities at the 30 and 45 m depths shows that both the current fluctuations at the 30 and 45 m depths are much alike, I. E.,they are synchro; this shows that the flow field here is rather vertically homogeneous; (4)power spectra of temperature time series at both the 30 and 45 m depths show that the semidiurnal peak is the most predominant, and the second highest peak is the diurnal period; besides spectral peaks at above periods, there are also obvious spectral peaks at 6.8 h and 2 d; (5)plots of temperature time series at 16,30,35,45 and 50 m depths show that the temporal variations of temperature at these depths are synchro, which are like those in the velocity field; temperature records also show a gradual rise in temperature, which are also like those in the velocity field.     

Measurement of the current and spectral analysis on the continental shelf in the East China Sea

Direct measurements of current velocity and water temperature were undertaken at the mooring Sta. M (125°29.38' N, 31°49.70' E) on the continental shelf area in the East China Sea in June 1999 by R/V Xiangyanghong 14. The relationship between various time series of oceanic fluctuations is calculated by spectral analysis. The major results are as follows: (1) an average (u,v) of (6.9,-3.0 cm/s) at the 30 m depth is obtained during the 9-day observation, and that at the 45 m depth is (3.7,-1.1 cm/s), i. e., the mean flows are southeastward at both the 30 and 45 m depths;the currents become stronger gradually during the observation period; this may be mainly attributed to the transition of the tidal currents from neap to spring; (2)semidiurnal fluctuation is the most dominant in the current fluctuations, and rotates mainly clockwise; in the next place, there is also diurnal fluctuation;the local inertial period is close to the period of diurnal fluctuation, and an inertial motion is clockwise; thus, loca     

辐射沙脊群南部浮游动物的生态特征

依据2007年5月(春)、8月(夏)辐射沙脊群南部所获得的浮游动物样品,分析了该海域浮游动物的分布、时空变化及其与生态环境因子的关系。结果表明,调查海域浮游动物66种(不含鱼卵和仔鱼),生态属性以暖温性、近岸低盐种类为主;浮游动物总丰度春季(1 558.57 ind/m~3)>夏季(305.79 ind/m~3);饵料浮游动物生物量春季(2 923.75 mg/m~3)>夏季(335.46 mg/m~3);水平分布均呈现中北部高、南部低的特点。调查海域中部(4～5断面)多样性指数(H’)、丰富度指数(d)及均匀度指数(J)值较其他断面要低。相关性分析表明,春季浮游动物丰度和饵料浮游动物生物量的分布变化与浮游植物的丰度密切相关,夏季则与海水平均盐度的变化相关性显著;春、夏季浮游动物总丰度分布分别取决于优势种短尾类大眼幼体(Brachyura megalopa)和小拟哲水蚤(Paraca/anus parvus)的分布。     

1989年东海陆架水团及高密水环流的季节变化

本文利用１９８９年的观测资料，分析了水团及高密水环流的季节演变特征。结果表明：东海高密水在陆架上存在一个季节性的变化过程，核心区有一个气旋型的密度环流；这个环流秋、冬季较弱，春、夏季较强；在该环流的产生过程中，它可以影响邻近水团的分布；在春季，邻近水团在东海高密水周围形成一个环状分布