Environmental heterogeneity affects input, storage, and transformation of coarse particulate organic matter in a floodplain mosaic

Quantifying spatial and temporal dynamics of organic matter (OM) is critical both for understanding ecosystem functioning and for predicting impacts of landscape change. To determine the influence of different habitats and coarse particulate OM (CPOM) types upon floodplain OM dynamics, we quantified aerial input, lateral surface transfer, and surface storage of CPOM over an annual cycle on the near-natural floodplain of the River Tagliamento in NE-Italy. Using these data, we modelled floodplain leaf dynamics, taking account of the spatial distribution and hydrologic connectivity of habitats, and using leaf storage as a response variable. Mean aerial CPOM input to the floodplain was similar from riparian forest and islands, but surface transfer was greater from islands, supporting the suggestion that these habitats act as “islands of fertility” along braided rivers. Leaves were the lateral conveyor of energy to more open parts of the floodplain, whereas CPOM was mainly stored as small wood in vegetated islands and riparian forest. Simulating the loss of habitat diversity (islands, ponds) decreased leaf storage on the whole floodplain, on exposed gravel and in large wood accumulations. In contrast, damming (loss of islands, ponds and floods plus floodplain overgrowth) greatly increased storage on exposed gravel. A random shuffle of habitats led to a storage increase on exposed gravel, while that in large wood accumulations and ponds declined. These results disentangle some of the complexities of CPOM dynamics in floodplain ecosystems, illustrate the value of models in understanding ecosystem functioning at a landscape level, and directly inform river management practice.     

Multi‐scale assessment of overflow‐driven lateral connectivity in floodplain and backwater channels using LiDAR imagery

Overflow‐driven lateral connectivity significantly influences the spatial distribution and diversity of floodplain habitats and biota. Proper understanding of lateral connectivity in floodplain and backwater channels is therefore critical for assessment of river quality and for targeting management or restoration actions. In this study, we present a methodological framework for spatial and temporal assessments of overflow‐driven lateral connectivity at two spatial scales: bypass reach and backwater channel. Firstly, we compute the relative elevations, as well as overflow discharge, duration, and frequency using a simple, raster‐based method that uses a LiDAR digital elevation model (DEM), rating curves, and streamflow time series. Subsequently, we analyse the accuracy of this approach with respect to the accuracy of a DEM and evaluate its further applications. Altogether, four 10‐km‐long bypass reaches and 11 backwater channels are analysed, located along the Rhône River corridor in France. The results proved the precision of the method to be affected by the LiDAR DEM accuracy, which was on average more precise in a typically homogeneous floodplain setting rather than for backwater channel plugs with pronounced topographic complexity and usually riparian forest canopy. Amongst the four studied reaches, Brégnier Cordon proved to have the greatest flooding dynamics, followed by Belley and Chautagne. The hydrological connectivity pattern of Pierre Bénite differed significantly. Three longitudinal patterns of hydrological connectivity of backwater channels displayed stepwise advancement of the water. The presented results can be used to assess ecological potential of floodplain habitats and their historic and prospective evolution through time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water Quality and Phosphorus Budget of Mogan Lake,Turkey

Mogan Lake is the largest recreational area near Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey. Increased macrophyte growth in the water body and the present levels of urban development within the catchment are reflected in declining water quality and aesthetic deterioation. A study of the water quality of the lake was undertaken to quantify the variation of phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll-a concentrations during ice-free seasons from 1992 to 1994. Its total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations indicate a meso-eutrophic status. The total phosphorus budget of Mogan Lake was measured for a period of 22 months. The estimation of nutrient loading using Dillon-Rigler nutrient budget shows that an artificial load caused too high phosphorus inputs. The management implications of phosphorus loading and budget are discussed.     

Vertical surface water–groundwater exchange processes within a headwater floodplain induced by experimental floods

Restoring hydrologic connectivity between channels and floodplains is common practice in stream and river restoration. Floodplain hydrology and hydrogeology impact stream hydraulics, ecology, biogeochemical processing, and pollutant removal, yet rigorous field evaluations of surface water–groundwater exchange within floodplains during overbank floods are rare. We conducted five sets of experimental floods to mimic floodplain reconnection by pumping stream water onto an existing floodplain swale. Floods were conducted throughout the year to capture seasonal variation and each involved two replicate floods on successive days to test the effect of varying antecedent moisture. Water levels and specific conductance were measured in surface water, soil, and groundwater within the floodplain, along with surface flow into and out of the floodplain. Vegetation density varied seasonally and controlled the volume of surface water storage on the floodplain. By contrast, antecedent moisture conditions controlled storage of water in floodplain soils, with drier antecedent moisture conditions leading to increased subsurface storage and slower flood wave propagation across the floodplain surface. The site experienced spatial heterogeneity in vertical connectivity between surface water and groundwater across the floodplain surface, where propagation of hydrostatic pressure, preferential flow, and bulk Darcy flow were all mechanisms that may have occurred during the five floods. Vertical connectivity also increased with time, suggesting higher frequency of floodplain inundation may increase surface water–groundwater exchange across the floodplain surface. Understanding the variability of floodplain impacts on water quality noted in the literature likely requires better accounting for seasonal variations in floodplain vegetation and antecedent moisture as well as heterogeneous exchange flow mechanisms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

美国Apopka湖的富营养化及其生态恢复

本文系统地回顾了美国佛罗里达州大型浅水湖--Apopka湖富营养化和生态恢复的过程.流域水文状况的改变,围湖种植和向湖排放农业污水是Apopka湖从"草清型"转变为"藻浊型"湖泊的根本原因.50多年来,尽管内源控制的手段几经改变,但是,控制外源营养输入一直是Apopka湖整治的主要措施之一.Apopka湖富营养化的研究主要包括Apopka湖原始状态分析,浮游植物区系,生长限制因子,初级生产力,沉积物的理化特征和再悬浮,碳、氮、磷蕴藏量和释放率,富营养化的古湖沼学证据,外源磷负荷和恢复指标等.目前,Apopka湖生态恢复主要采取降低外源磷输入,通过人工湿地清除湖中悬浮物和颗粒磷,捕鱼除磷和生物操纵,种植水生植物和提高水位变动幅度等措施.最后介绍了围绕Apopka湖的富营养化及其恢复的学术争论.最后,还讨论了该湖研究和整治一些可能的存在问题和建议.     

太湖水体磷浓度与赋存量长期变化(2005-2018年)及其对未来磷控制目标管理的启示

为揭示大型浅水湖泊水体磷浓度对湖泊外源负荷削减和生态系统变化的响应规律,指导富营养化湖泊水生态修复和管理实践,利用太湖湖泊生态系统研究站20052018年连续14年的太湖水体各形态磷浓度的月、季度调查数据,估算了太湖湖体各形态磷赋存量的季度变化,分析了太湖水体磷浓度受湖泊水位、水量、蓝藻水华态势(蓝藻总生物量及水华出现面积)等环境条件变化的影响特征.结果表明,在连续10年的全流域高投入污染治理背景下,太湖水体总磷浓度仍未发生显著下降,水体各形态磷浓度在年际、月际及空间上的变幅大,不同季节和不同湖区总磷浓度的时空差异性大于14年来总磷浓度年均值的差异性;全湖32个监测点上、中、下3层混合样水体总磷平均值为0.113 mg/L(n=1788),其中颗粒态磷浓度平均值为0.077 mg/L,是水体总磷的主要赋存形式,溶解性总磷浓度平均值为0.036 mg/L,其中反应性活性磷浓度平均值为0.015 mg/L,占总磷浓度的13%;太湖水体总磷的赋存量介于410~1098 t之间,56个季度的平均值为688 t,其中冬季(122月)、春季(35月)、夏季(68月)、秋季(911月)平均值分别为683、604、792和673 t,夏季湖体磷赋存量明显高于其他季节.统计分析表明,蓝藻水华态势和水情要素(水位)对水相总磷、颗粒态磷等主要形态磷的赋存量影响显著,蓝藻水华态势的影响可能大于水量变化的影响.本研究表明,在水体营养盐浓度仍然充分满足蓝藻水华发生的背景下,气象水文波动所造成的湖泊水华面积及生物量的变化及大型水生植被消长带来的内源交换变化能引起水体总磷浓度剧烈变化,太湖水体磷浓度的稳定控制也依赖于蓝藻水华态势的稳定控制,由于太湖当前的蓝藻水华态势受气象水文条件变化影响甚大,短期内太湖水相总磷浓度稳定控制到0.05 mg/L的水质治理目标较难实现.治理策略上,若要实现太湖水体磷浓度的进一步明显下降,一方面需要大幅度削减外源磷负荷,另一方面需要大面积恢复沉水植被等.管理策略上,由于湖体磷浓度变化包括了较大的非人为因素影响,应将太湖总磷治理目标考核重点放在流域磷减排强度、入湖负荷等方面,科学看待气候波动等非人为因素影响下的水相磷浓度波动.     

太湖蓝藻水华暴发机制与控制对策

湖泊蓝藻水华暴发由于引发水生态系统的灾害和饮用水安全风险而成为国内外研究的热点之一.太湖蓝藻水华暴发原因多样,其中蓝藻自身的特性是水华暴发的内因,太湖的地理、水文和气象特征为蓝藻水华暴发提供了合适的温度和水动力条件,是蓝藻水华暴发的外因,湖泊草-藻型生态系统的转变以及氮、磷营养盐的高负荷输入更利于蓝藻生长,湖泊氮、磷营养盐四重循环是蓝藻水华不断暴发的维持机制,蓝藻水华暴发与氮、磷营养盐浓度之间存在交互作用关系.太湖蓝藻水华的控制应以陆源控源截污为基础,增加湖泊营养盐输出为重点,实现疏堵有机结合,其中恢复水生植被,重建草-藻结合型水生态系统是太湖湖泊生态修复的关键所在.     

The hydrogeomorphic influences on alluvial gully erosion along the Mitchell River fluvial megafan

Hydrogeomorphic processes influencing alluvial gully erosion were evaluated at multiple spatial and temporal scales across the Mitchell River fluvial megafan in tropical Queensland, Australia. Longitudinal changes in floodplain inundation were quantified using river gauge data, local stage recorders and HEC‐RAS modelling based on LiDAR topographic data. Intra‐ and interannual gully scarp retreat rates were measured using daily time‐lapse photographs and annual GPS surveys. Erosion was analysed in response to different water sources and associated erosion processes across the floodplain perirheic zone, including direct rainfall, infiltration‐excess runoff, soil‐water seepage, river backwater and overbank flood inundation. The frequency of river flood inundation of alluvial gullies changed longitudinally according to river incision and confinement. Near the top of the megafan, flood water was contained within the macrochannel up to the 100‐year recurrence interval, but river backwater still partially inundated adjacent gullies eroding into Pleistocene alluvium. In downstream Holocene floodplains, inundation of alluvial gullies occurred beyond the 2‐ to 5‐year recurrence interval and contributed significantly to total annual erosion. However, most gully scarp retreat at all sites was driven by direct rainfall and infiltration‐excess runoff, with the 24‐h rainfall total being the most predictive variable. The remaining variability can be explained by seasonal vegetative conditions, complex cycles of soil wetting and drying, tension crack development, near‐surface pore‐water pressure, soil block undermining from spalling and overland flow, and soil property heterogeneity. Implications for grazing management impacts on soil surface and perennial grass conditions include effects on direct rainfall erosion, water infiltration, runoff volume, water concentration along tracks, and the resistance of highly dispersible soils to gully initiation or propagation under intense tropical rainfall. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福建闽江水口库区飘浮植物覆盖对水体环境的影响

为了探索城市富营养化湖泊生态修复技术,2000年9月在南京市莫愁湖物理生态工程试验区内,开展了隔离外源污染、覆盖底泥和种植水生植物对湖泊水质平均水平和水体脉动强度影响的比较研究．试验结果表明,通过围隔隔离外源污染可在较短时间内迅速改善湖泊TN的平均水平,但难以提高湖泊生态系统的稳定性;通过覆盖底泥控制内源污染难以改善湖泊水质的平均水平,并且难以提高湖泊生态系统的稳定程度;种植水生植物不仅能够全面改善湖泊水质的平均水平,而且可以提高湖泊生态系统的稳定性．此外,富营养化湖泊中,藻类生长与湖水营养盐浓度并不存在正相关的关系．因此,对城市湖泊富营养化的防治,在控制外源污染降低营养盐浓度的同时,应恢复湖泊原有的以水生高等植物为主的生态系统．     

Spatio-temporal changes in land cover and aquatic macrophytes of the Danube floodplain lake

The aquatic vegetation of ?í?ov Lake in the Danube floodplain, which is listed in the Ramsar Convention, was investigated to address three main questions: (1) how have landscape composition and the structures of the lake and its buffer zone changed from the mid-20th century; (2) how have species richness and the abundance of the aquatic macrophyte assemblage in this lake ecosystem changed over the last 34 years; and (3) which landscape metrics can best explain these temporal changes for floating-leaved macrophytes? Two methodological approaches, remote sensing and botanical field surveys, were applied. Historical (1949, 1970, 1990) and contemporary (2006) aerial photographs were analysed to determine land cover. Landscape configuration and structure were analysed using eight landscape metrics selected in advance to measure spatio-temporal changes and the fragmentation of the lake ecosystem and its corresponding buffer zone. The species diversity, abundance and distribution of true aquatic macrophytes were surveyed eleven times in five survey stretches between 1973 and 2007.At the landscape level, a decrease in the area covered by floating-leaved macrophytes, as well as an increase in open water surface and fragmentation of the land cover classes in the lake ecosystem, were recorded from 1949 to 2006. Overall, 30 true aquatic macrophytes were found from 1973 to 2007. Species richness did not change considerably, but the abundance of aquatic species fluctuated over the years. Three groups of true aquatic vegetation, based on common structural characteristics, were found in 1973–1983, 1989–2002, and 2004–2007 over the last 34 years. The landscape metrics NP, PD, LPI, and SHDI, which all express patterns of landscape fragmentation mostly indicate temporal changes in floating-leaved macrophytes.     

The role of an extreme flood disturbance on macrophyte assemblages in a Neotropical floodplain

Aquatic macrophytes produce large amounts of organic matter and have an essential structuring role in floodplains. This process highlights the importance of this community to aquatic biodiversity maintenance. We investigated the role of a flood disturbance on the response of macrophyte assemblages in regional and local structuring in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Plant species were recorded before (November 2006) and after (March 2007) an uncommon increase in water level caused by the El Niño South Oscillation, which is considered a disturbance. Samples were taken in lakes and backwaters located in the floodplain and connected to three distinct rivers (that differentiate three sub-systems). Species richness and the assemblage structure of macrophyte patches underwent significant changes after the flood disturbance, depending on the specific sub-system (rivers) to which the lakes were connected. In addition, flood disturbance had a strong impact on community organization at the local scale. However, regionalization with respect to sub-systems remained significant after the flood disturbance. Our results emphasize the importance of connection to the river on macrophyte community composition and richness, and suggest that flood events in the Upper Paraná River floodplain disrupt community organization only at fine (local) scales.     

云南省高原深水湖泊程海磷形态分布和变化

采用GPS定位,在程海设置了3个断面9个采样点,对各种形态磷进行了为期1 a的研究,分析了高原深水湖泊程海磷形态分布和变化.结果表明:程海中总磷含量范围为0.008～0.155 mg/L,年平均值为0.046 mg/L,含量水平已经较高.存在形态是颗粒态总磷占54.35%;溶解态有机磷占19.56%;溶解态无机磷占26.09%.各形态磷时间分布和变化与水生生物特别是浮游植物生命活动和周期变化密切相关;水平分布格局受浮游生物活动、湖流风动等综合影响;由水表层-亚底层垂直分布比较均匀,湖底层含量不同程度升高.     

洱海近50a来沉水植被演替及其主要驱动要素

依据文献报道的洱海水质、水文(水位)和沉水植被(物种组成、生物量及分布面积)数据,分析了近50年来洱海的水质变化、水位波动情况以及沉水植被的演替过程,探讨了驱动洱海沉水植被演替的主要环境因子.分析表明,洱海沉水植被群落经历了原生、过渡、顶级和衰退等主要阶段;自1980s以来,流域入湖营养盐增加、水质持续下降、藻类生物量逐年升高、沉水植被群落结构简单化和抑藻功能退化等因素是驱动洱海沉水植被演替与分布的原动力,水位大幅波动加速了洱海水生态系统由清水态向浊水态转变,并导致沉水植物大量衰退和某些特有物种消失.因此,在洱海水生态系统的治理以及沉水植被的恢复过程中,应优先考虑降低外源营养盐输入和优化水位调控.     

Impact of environmental variables on spatial and seasonal internal phosphorus loading in a mesoeutrophic lake

Strzeszynskie Lake was formerly a slightly eutrophic (meso-eutrophic) water body. The aim of the current research was to define variables on both spatial and seasonal internal phosphorus loading from bottom sediments at five stations located in zones varying in depth, oxygenation, macrophyte presence, and uses of the neighboring catchment area. Ex situ experiments done with the use of intact bottom sediment cores have shown that the highest phosphorus release occurred in the deepest part of the lake and reached 3.6?mg?P/m²d under anoxic conditions during summer thermal stratification. In turn, the internal loading from littoral sediments, which were well aerated all year round, was clearly lower. Furthermore, phosphorus accumulation in the bottom sediment was observed to reach a maximum of 1.45?mg?P/m² d in autumn. A comparison of the internal loading intensity in lake zones with different land uses of the neighboring catchment area has shown slightly higher values at stations adjacent to the forest catchment area than those used for recreation. Changes in the land use of the catchment area of Strzeszynskie Lake, especially the increase in impermeable surfaces, have led to an increased inflow of external loads after heavy rains, resulting in deterioration in water quality and a delayed increase in internal loading.     

西加拿大波利尔平原地表水富营养化管理技术

Surface waters in western Canada often experience eutrophication-related problems with water quality, specifically high internal phosphorus loading rates and excessive phytoplankton and macrophyte production, that lead to water column anoxia and restricted fisheries habitat. A group of researchers from across Canada were involved for a seven-year period in cooperative programs for surface water quality management in western Canada, based at the University of Alberta. This paper summarises information on two techniques, hypolimnetic oxygenation and lime (Ca₂CO₃ and Ca(OH)₂) application, used in western Canada (specifically, the province of Alberta) to manage eutrophication in standing waters (lakes and reservoirs).     

鄱阳湖拟建水利枢纽工程对洪泛区地下水动力的影响及其生态意义

洪泛湿地是位于水生系统和陆生系统之间的过渡带,在河流和陆地之间的水文生态方面起着纽带作用,受气候变化和人类活动的叠加影响,其水文过程改变很大程度上影响了湿地生态系统循环、结构和功能的稳定。本文以鄱阳湖洪泛区湿地为研究区,应用湖泊水动力和洪泛区地下水数值模型,评估鄱阳湖拟建水利枢纽工程对洪泛区地下水系统的影响。模拟结果表明,拟建水利枢纽工程将会遵循调度方案使得湖泊水位明显提高,但同时导致洪泛区地下水位的整体抬升,且东部主湖区附近的地下水位受到的影响（约1～3 m）要明显强于洪泛区其它区域（约小于1 m）。地下水位的变化同时导致不同典型时期洪泛区地下水流速的减小及地下水流向的改变,表现为枢纽建设后地下水流向的逆转和流速基本小于0.1 m/d。鄱阳湖涨水-丰水期总体为湖水补给洪泛区地下水模式,枯水-退水期主要为地下水补给湖水模式,但水利枢纽可能导致洪泛区地下水系统水均衡状态发生转变,影响了地下水系统的补给和排泄状态,最终形成了长期稳定的湖泊补给地下水的作用模式。从地下水-生态系统响应变化的角度分析,拟建水利枢纽建设引起的地下水位上升,可能会给湿地生物地球化学元素的迁移转化、植被群落的演变与退...     

浅水湖泊湖沼学与太湖富营养化控制研究

自2007年无锡暴发饮用水危机事件以来,太湖经历了前所未有的高强度、大规模治理,各种治理措施累计投资已经超过千亿元.监测显示,在治理初期太湖的氮、磷浓度下降明显,水质有所好转,但最近几年关键水质指标总磷与浮游植物叶绿素α浓度出现了波动,蓝藻水华有所反弹.研究表明,太湖的外源负荷并没有减少,这与城镇用水量增加、污水排放标准偏低、面源污染削减不足有很大的关系;同时,内源负荷也因为蓝藻水华的持续而加重,浅水湖泊水深浅、扰动强的特点强化了磷的循环利用效率,加剧了内源负荷对湖泊富营养化和蓝藻水华的影响.气候变暖叠加营养盐富集的复合效应、流域风速下降以及暴雨事件频次和强度增加等气象水文条件变化,都促进了太湖蓝藻水华的暴发;蓝藻水华的时空分布特征则受湖泊水动力的决定性影响.太湖治理的曲折过程,凸显了大型浅水湖泊湖沼学研究的不断深入与发展,未来需要继续加强多学科交叉研究,特别是基于湖泊-流域系统的气象水文、生物地球化学和生物生态学的学科交叉.对于太湖生态环境的综合治理和管理,既要注重湖泊与流域相结合,更需要重视自然科学和人文科学的有机融合,才能真正达到控制太湖富营养化、维护流域水环境安全与社会经济可持续发展的目标.     

Phosphorus Forms and Their Changes in Water of Three Subalpine Lakes in Italy

Total phosphorus and its main forms: dissolved mineral, dissolved organic, particulate organic and particulate mineral in the vertical water column of three subalpine lakes of various types in Italy, has been estimated during the winter-vernal season. The range of variation in the phosphorus content in these waters was as follows: total phosphorus 16 ± 2860 μg/1 PO₄, dissolved mineral phosphorus 4 ± 1040 μg/l PO₄, dissolved organic phosphorus 1 ± 160μg/l PO₄, particulate organic phosphorus 0 ± 290 μg/l PO₄ and particulate mineral phosphorus 1 ± 100 μg/l PO₄, Generally the content of total phosphorus and dissolved mineral phosphorus (phosphates) increased with the degree of eutrophy with the depth and with the progress of the vernal season towards the summer stagnation time. The amount of phosphates increased in water with the depletion of oxygen, both in the verical water column and with the progress of stagnation time. The amounts of dissolved organic phosphorus decressed with the depth of the vertical water column whereas the dissolved mineral phosphorus increased. The development of the particulate organic phosphorus stratification in the vertical water column was clearly visible in the eutrophic lake. The quantities of total phosphorus and its main component, dissolved mineral phosphorus, decreased evidently from January to May in all three lakes, mostly in the eutrophic lake. The reason of this decrease is sorption by lake sediments and to a certain degree sedimentation of phosphorus sorbed by ferric hydroxide. The increase of dissolved mineral phosphorus and that of total phosphorus in the vertical water column and with the progress of summer stagnation had as a reason the liberation of phosphorus from sediments, and not so much decomposition of sedimentating plankton or dissolved organic phosphorus. The share of single (mean) values of phosphorus forms in the total phosphorus was as follows: In the oligotrophic lake the share of particulate mineral phosphorus was extremely high in March (21% of the total), probably because of the inflow of the melting waters from the drainage area. The development of vertical stratification in waters of three subalpine Italian lakes at the end of the vernal season (May) indicates the quantitative prevailing of dissolved mineral phosphorus with its increase with the depth and domination of dissolved organic phosphorus in the trophogenic zone.     

Water level as the main driver of the alternation between a free-floating plant and a phytoplankton dominated state: a long-term study in a floodplain lake

This 10-year field data study explores the relevance of water level fluctuations in driving the shift from a free-floating plant (FFP) to a phytoplankton dominated state in a shallow floodplain lake from the Lower Paraná River. The multi-year natural flood pulse pattern in the Lower Paraná River drove the ecosystem regime from a FFP-dominant state during very high waters (1998–1999) to absolute phytoplankton prevalence with blooms of nitrogen fixing Cyanobacteria during extreme low waters (2008–2009). Satellite images support the observed changes over the decade and show the decrease of the surface lake area covered by FFP as well as the modification of the spectral firm in open waters, which documents the significant increases in phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations. We discuss the possibility that, despite a slow eutrophication in these highly vegetated systems, water level changes and not nutrients account for the shift from a floating macrophyte community to phytoplankton dominance. Cyclic shifts may occur in response to the seasonal floodpulse, but more strongly, as indicated by our results, in association to the extreme drought and flood events related to the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which is linked to discharge anomalies in the Paraná River.