Helmert扰动位及其积分核函数的椭球实用公式

借助以地心参考椭球面为边界面的第二大地边值问题的理论,基于Helmert空间的Neumann边值条件,给定Helmert扰动位的椭球解表达式,并详细推导第二类勒让德函数及其导数的递推关系、Helmert扰动位函数的椭球积分解以及类椭球Hotine积分核函数的实用计算公式,便于后续椭球域第二大地边值问题的实际研究。     

Construction of Green's function to the external Dirichlet boundary-value problem for the Laplace equation on an ellipsoid of revolution

Green's function to the external Dirichlet boundary-value problem for the Laplace equation with data distributed on an ellipsoid of revolution has been constructed in a closed form. The ellipsoidal Poisson kernel describing the effect of the ellipticity of the boundary on the solution of the investigated boundary-value problem has been expressed as a finite sum of elementary functions which describe analytically the behaviour of the ellipsoidal Poisson kernel at the singular point ψ = 0. We have shown that the degree of singularity of the ellipsoidal Poisson kernel in the vicinity of its singular point is of the same degree as that of the original spherical Poisson kernel. Received: 4 June 1996 / Accepted: 7 April 1997     

第二大地边值问题引论EI北大核心CSCD

在空间大地测量时代,GNSS可以测定地面点的大地高,使重力扰动变成了直接观测量,以重力扰动为边界条件的第二边值问题在大地测量中得以实用化。它的解与GNSS组合正在成为一种颇有应用前景的海拔高测量方法。本文原理性地讨论了有两种不同边界面的球近似第二大地边值问题。第一种以地形面为边界面,给出了高程异常与地面垂线偏差的解析延拓解;第二种以参考椭球面为边界面,将其外部地形质量按照Helmert第二压缩法移至参考椭球面,然后将Hotine函数与从地球表面延拓至边界面的Helmert重力扰动进行卷积,并顾及地形间接影响,最后得到大地水准面高、椭球面垂线偏差、高程异常与地面垂线偏差的Helmert解。在讨论部分,进行了第二与第三大地边值问题的比较,提出了现有重力点高程从正高或正常高到大地高的改化方法,并展望了它的应用前景。     

均质椭球体的引力位以及调和延拓在边值问题中的应用

本文作者首次推导均质椭球体的内部和外部引力位的数学表达式 ,由此应用调和延拓的思想引入外大地水准面和外部位函数的概念 ;建立了关于外扰动位的边值问题 ,该问题的界面规则而且具有 O( T2 )的精度 ;作为一个整体 ,讨论了外正高的计算和将地面点的重力测量值在 O( T2 )精度下归算到外大地水准面的方法     

The deflection of the vertical of major geodetic datums and the semimajor axis of the Earth's ellipsoid as obtained from satellite observations

The geocentric (terrestrial) coordinates of the 12 Baker-Nunn stations are derived from an analysis of 46,535 observations of 13 different satellites, and the absolute deflection of the vertical for 7 datums is determined. Based on those deflections of the vertical and through geoidal fit, the value of a=6.378169 Mm for the semimajor axis of the earth's ellipsoid is derived. Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory     

基于再生核Hilbert空间小波核函数支持向量机的高光谱遥感影像分类

针对支持向量机用于高光谱遥感影像分类存在的分类精度不高、参数选择困难等问题,提出一种再生核Hilbert空间的小波核.其可以逼近任意非线性函数,能够有效改进参数估计的效果,进而实现基于再生核Hilbert空间的小波核函数支持向量机(小波支持向量机).并选取北京昌平地区的国产高光谱数据operational modula...     

近区地形直接与间接影响的棱柱模型算法

基于Helmert第二压缩法进行边值解算时需要计算地形压缩对重力的直接影响和对（似）大地水准面的间接影响。计算近区直接、间接影响的传统积分算法仍是二重积分形式。该算法以网格中心点处的积分核作为网格积分核的平均值的计算模式在一定程度上引入了近似误差。另外,直接、间接影响的传统积分算法在中央区存在奇异性,需单独计算中央网格地形影响,因而增加了计算的复杂性。为此,本文推导了近区地形直接、间接影响的棱柱模型公式,一方面提高了地形影响的计算精度;另一方面中央区不存在奇异性,从而简化了计算过程。为避免棱柱模型存在的平面近似误差,可使用顾及地球曲率的棱柱模型算法计算地形影响。最后通过试验得出结论,在（似）大地水准面精度要求较高的应用中,应尽量使用顾及地球曲率的棱柱模型算法计算地形影响。     

Accuracy of mean earth ellipsoid based on Doppler,laser and altimeter observations

The error in the mean earth ellipsoid computer on the basis of Doppler or laser observations of artificial earth satellites or radar altimeter observations of the ocean surface from a satellite depends upon instrument precision, on uncertainties in the specification of the earth's gravity field at both long and short wave lengths, on uncertainties in the origin of the coordinate system, on modeling errors in ionospheric (except laser) and tropospheric refraction, and, for altimetry, on oceanographic effects. The magnitude of the uncertainty in the computed ellipsoid will vary depending on the size of these errors and on the number and distribution of observation stations. Review of computations based on various data sets indicates that differences in the computed ellipsoids are consistent with those expected due to the various error sources and that the best fitting ellipsoid has a semi-major axis of6378136±2 m.     

参数椭球数学性质的初步研究

对“参数椭球”的数学性质进行了初步研究，在极点和赤道重力位相等的约束条件下，当“双层椭球”内的界面无限趋向参数椭球表面时，参数椭球的内椭球趋向麦克劳林椭球。这个结果核实了参数椭球的数字存在，对研究解决双层椭球的引力问题来说，向前迈进了一步。     

Integral formulas for computing the disturbing potential, gravity anomaly and the deflection of the vertical from the second-order radial gradient of the disturbing potential

Integral formulas are derived which can be used to convert the second-order radial gradient of the disturbing potential, as boundary values, into the disturbing potential, gravity anomaly and the deflection of the vertical. The derivations are based on the fundamental differential equation as the boundary condition in Stokes’s boundary-value problem and the modified Poisson integral formula in which the zero and first-degree spherical harmonics are excluded. The rigorous kernel functions, corresponding to the integral operators, are developed by the methods of integration.     

基于参考椭球面的全球地形格网数据构建

阐述了构建基于参考椭球面的全球地形数据的意义,介绍了构建全球地形数据的数据源及构建方法,生成了基于参考椭球面的格网大小为2.5′×2.5′全球地形高程数据和密度数据,为椭球面边值问题的深入研究提供了基础数据。     

Downward continuation of the free-air gravity anomalies to the ellipsoid using the gradient solution and terrain correction—An attempt of global numerical computations

The formulas for the determination of the coefficients of the spherical harmonic expansion of the disturbing potential of the earth are defined for data given on a sphere. In order to determine the spherical harmonic coefficients, the gravity anomalies have to be analytically downward continued from the earth's surface to a sphere—at least to the ellipsoid. The goal of this paper is to continue the gravity anomalies from the earth's surface downward to the ellipsoid using recent elevation models. The basic method for the downward continuation is the gradient solution (theg ₁ term). The terrain correction has also been computed because of the role it can play as a correction term when calculating harmonic coefficients from surface gravity data. Theg ₁ term and the terrain correction were expanded into the spherical harmonics up to180 ^th order. The corrections (theg ₁ term and the terrain correction) have the order of about 2% of theRMS value of degree variance of the disturbing potential per degree. The influences of theg ₁ term and the terrain correction on the geoid take the order of 1 meter (RMS value of corrections of the geoid undulation) and on the deflections of the vertical is of the order 0.1″ (RMS value of correction of the deflections of the vertical).     

On the approximation of external gravitational potential with closed systems of (trial) functions

Summary Let S be the (regular) boundary-surface of an exterior regionE _e in Euclidean space ℜ³ (for instance: sphere, ellipsoid, geoid, earth's surface). Denote by {φ_n} a countable, linearly independent system of trial functions (e.g., solid spherical harmonics or certain singularity functions) which are harmonic in some domain containingE _e ∪ S. It is the purpose of this paper to show that the restrictions {ϕ_n} of the functions {φ_n} onS form a closed system in the spaceC (S), i.e. any functionf, defined and continuous onS, can be approximated uniformly by a linear combination of the functions ϕ_n. Consequences of this result are versions of Runge and Keldysh-Lavrentiev theorems adapted to the chosen system {φ_n} and the mathematical justification of the use of trial functions in numerical (especially: collocational) procedures.     

不同扰动位泛函间的积分变换广义核函数

基于物理大地测量边值问题的解,利用一阶边界算子定义,推导重力异常Δg、单层密度μ、大地水准面高N,垂线偏差ε、扰动重力δg等扰动场元的解。利用球谐函数的正交特性,通过对核函数的算子运算,可以得到上述扰动场元的有关逆变换公式。相对经典物理大地测量公式应用的边界面条件,笔者将含有因子r的对应扰动场元反演关系的公式称为广义积分公式。针对常用的重力异常Δg、大地水准面高N,垂线偏差ε、扰动重力δg计算,重点分析它们之间的变换关系,给出利用某个选定扰动场元计算其他扰动场元的广义积分公式。同时,通过对积分边界面的讨论,分析经典公式与广义积分公式的差异和联系。最后,给出所有外部扰动场元与核函数映射的关系表。     

低阶修正的Hotine截断核函数的频谱分析与应用

传统截断核函数存在谱泄露问题,且实测数据在移去恢复频段的利用率低。本文以Hotine核函数为例引入了一种高低阶均修正的截断核函数,在其基础上进一步提出了仅低阶修正的截断核函数,具体包含余弦修正和线型修正两种类型。修正核函数能够有效地控制截断核函数存在的谱泄露问题,并且增大了实测数据在修正频段对高程异常的贡献率。试验结果表明,当低阶修正带宽一定时,低阶修正核函数计算的似大地水准面精度优于传统截断核函数计算的似大地水准面精度,并且与高低阶均修正的核函数的解算精度相当。但在计算效率上,低阶修正核函数明显优于高低阶均修正的核函数。本文的试验证实了在基于Helmert第二压缩法的边值问题(Stokes-Helmert或Hotine-Helmert边值问题)中低阶修正核函数是一种比较有效的核函数。     

利用低阶大地水准面异常反演大尺度核幔边界起伏

核幔边界（core-mantle boundary,CMB）是地球内部最重要的物理化学界面之一,地核和地幔通过核幔边界发生多种相互作用,这对地球重力场、地球自转及地磁场等都能产生重要影响。大地水准面异常是地球重力场的重要观测量,反映了地球内部的物质密度异常及界面变化等重要信息。推导了通过大地水准面异常反演核幔边界起伏的公式,利用2~4阶大地水准面异常反演了大尺度核幔边界起伏形态。结果显示,核幔边界起伏的径向幅度达±5 km、与Morelli的地震层析成像结果的幅度接近,但在形态上略有差异。以高为5 km、底边长为1 000 km的棱柱体模型模拟计算了核幔边界密度异常引起的大地水准面异常响应,结果与观测大地水准面异常比较接近。     

Ellipsoidal corrections to order e 2 of geopotential coefficients and Stokes’ formula

Assuming that the gravity anomaly and disturbing potential are given on a reference ellipsoid, the result of Sjöberg (1988, Bull Geod 62:93–101) is applied to derive the potential coefficients on the bounding sphere of the ellipsoid to order e ² (i.e. the square of the eccentricity of the ellipsoid). By adding the potential coefficients and continuing the potential downward to the reference ellipsoid, the spherical Stokes formula and its ellipsoidal correction are obtained. The correction is presented in terms of an integral over the unit sphere with the spherical approximation of geoidal height as the argument and only three well-known kernel functions, namely those of Stokes, Vening-Meinesz and the inverse Stokes, lending the correction to practical computations. Finally, the ellipsoidal correction is presented also in terms of spherical harmonic functions. The frequently applied and sometimes questioned approximation of the constant m, a convenient abbreviation in normal gravity field representations, by e ²/2, as introduced by Moritz, is also discussed. It is concluded that this approximation does not significantly affect the ellipsoidal corrections to potential coefficients and Stokes formula. However, whether this standard approach to correct the gravity anomaly agrees with the pure ellipsoidal solution to Stokes formula is still an open question.     

变分情形下S-N类混合边值问题适定性的研究

本文以参考椭球面为边界研究变分情形下S－N类混合边值问题的适定性。应用Kelvin变换，将外部问题转化为内部问题，然后在变分情形下证明了此边值问题具有很好的适定性。     

Determining the Deformation Monitorable Indicator of Point Cloud Using Error Ellipsoid

As the development of the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technique, deformation monitoring using TLS has attracted increasing attention in the field. To distinguish the deformation from the error of TLS point cloud and evaluate the deformation monitorable capacity of the point cloud, a deformation monitorable indicator (DMI) should be determined. In this paper, a new method for determining the DMI of point cloud is proposed. The kernel procedure of the method is the establishment of point error ellipsoid and point cloud error ellipsoid and is described firstly in the paper. Then the computation of the actual point error ellipsoid is derived considering the intersection between the neighboring error ellipsoids. The determination of DMI comes in the next by calculating the point position error of the deformation orientation based on the actual point error ellipsoid. Furthermore, the performance of proposed approach is illustrated with validation experiments of planar board displacement where deformations with different sampling intervals, different scanning distances and different incidence angles were simulated. From the analysis of the experiments, the results show the validation of the feasibility of determining the DMI by the proposed method. This technique was also applied to a monitoring event of bridge pylon, and the results confirm the feasibility of the DMI in a real case, as well.