极区冰下海洋自动剖面观测系统及其应用

中国第25次南极考察期间,于2008年12月,首次将国内研制的冰下海洋自动剖面观测系统用于南大洋考察,在普里兹湾沿岸海冰上开展冰下海洋观测,获得了连续数日的冰下上层海洋温盐剖面数据,为研究浮冰区次表层暖水提供了连续现场观测资料。文中简单介绍了自动剖面系统的技术特点和布放方法以及在南极海域的应用,为以后开展极区冰下海洋观测项目提供参考。     

脉冲压缩式浅地层剖面仪（PCSBP）

我所研制成功了具有当今国际先进水平的脉冲压缩式浅地层剖面仪（ＰＣＳＢＰ），又称Ｃｈｒｉｐ浅地层剖面仪。又称Ｃｈｉｒｐ浅地层剖面仪。它能同时提高地层穿透深度和地层分辨率，其定量化测量特性特别适合于定量研究海底介质的各种特性。本文介绍该仪器的工作原理、结构、性能、特点和使用结果。     

极区冰基拖曳式海洋剖面浮标系统低功耗设计与实现

针对极区冰基拖曳式海洋剖面浮标长期稳定获取极区水文和气象数据的工作需求,进行了浮标系统的低功耗方案设计。该方案基于超低功耗51系列微处理器,根据最低功耗工作模式与最短工作时间原则,采用高效的电源管理机制对浮标系统各个部分的能量消耗进行合理的分配与管理,并应用了Argos卫星通讯模块ARGOS-3 PMT-RFM的BPSK调制低速数据传输模式,可有效降低浮标系统的整体能耗。该浮标在北极冰站上长达1年的运行情况表明该系统工作稳定,所采用的低功耗能量管理方案实现了浮标系统长期连续观测的需求。该浮标的成功试验和推广应用有助于极地研究人员更准确地分析海冰变化过程。     

A Small Autonomous Surface Vehicle for Ocean Color Remote Sensing

This paper provides a study on the development and the use of a small autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) that automatically follows programmed mission transects, while measuring sensor outputs along the tracks. It discusses the mechanical construction of the ASV, the distributed architecture of controller area network (CAN)-based nodes for science and vehicle payloads, high-speed radio-frequency (RF) communications, the performance of the heading autopilot, global positioning system (GPS)-based guidance algorithm, and the mission programming technique. The field trials of the ASV, performed off the coast of Goa, India, are focused on retrieving the 2-D spatial distribution of surface chlorophyll, which is one of the useful parameters in characterizing the nature of calibration-validation (CALVAL) sites for ocean remote sensing needs. A further benefit of ASVs is that they can be built at a low cost and used in monitoring applications of diverse coastal ecosystems.     

6000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪

6 000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪是“十五”863计划支持的海洋专用CTD技术项目之一。研制成功的6 000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪可以基本覆盖全部海洋范围,使我国的CTD测量技术跻身世界先进水平。文中介绍了6 000 m电缆传输式CTDC剖面仪的工作原理、实验室和海上试验情况,通过与海鸟SBE 917CTD所获取的数据资料进行对比和分析,找出了存在的问题和今后努力方向。     

The Indian Ocean HydroBase: A high-quality climatological dataset for the Indian Ocean

The present study developed a high-quality climatological dataset for the Indian Ocean - the Indian Ocean HydroBase (IOHB) - from a combined dataset including the World Ocean Database 1998 version 2 (WOD98v2). Methods are similar to those used by previous studies for other oceans. Japanese data for the IOHB originated from the Japanese datasets MIRC (Marine Information Research Center) Ocean Dataset 2001 and Far Seas Collection; these datasets contain more Japanese observations than WOD98v2. Water mass properties in the IOHB climatology are consistent with previous studies. Seasonal patterns of properties near the sea surface are well reproduced, and deep-layer properties are consistent with the Reid-Mantyla climatology that is derived from high-quality observations. The isopycnal climatology of the IOHB differs from the World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA01) along the fronts associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The WOA01 shows a warm and saline intermediate water intrusion from South Africa to the east along the northern edge of the front. Such an intrusion is absent in IOHB where less saline intermediate water extends continuously northward from the southern ocean. The WOA01 shows a continuous belt of low potential vorticity along the ACC. This feature is less distinct in the IOHB climatology and in the Reid-Mantyla climatology. The IOHB consists of a 1° × 1° gridded climatology and the datasets of raw and quality-controlled hydrographic stations. The latter is valuable for quality control of the Argo float salinity data as climatological reference. These datasets are available freely via the Internet.     

The Ocean Community

Development of ocean community systems relating to the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) project, with regionalization and multistage approach is proposed. The purposes of these systems are to assist the development of coastal marine lands and harbor facilities and to develop connecting isolated islands into an organized community by means of embankment roadways, tunnels, bridges, ferryboats, and so on. The major aim of such an approach is to develop the isolated abandoned islands into useful land improvement, expand the forest, agriculture, and fishing industries and other resources to generate additional revenue to subsidize some of the cost for building the TST. This article points out the systems' importance, outlines the general procedures, and discusses a possible transportation network connecting islands with land; and the outlines development of the knowledge-based expert system computer program to be applied to the ocean community systems relating to the TST project.     

The Ocean Community

Development of ocean community systems relating to the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) project, with regionalization and multistage approach is proposed. The purposes of these systems are to assist the development of coastal marine lands and harbor facilities and to develop connecting isolated islands into an organized community by means of embankment roadways, tunnels, bridges, ferryboats, and so on. The major aim of such an approach is to develop the isolated abandoned islands into useful land improvement, expand the forest, agriculture, and fishing industries and other resources to generate additional revenue to subsidize some of the cost for building the TST. This article points out the systems' importance, outlines the general procedures, and discusses a possible transportation network connecting islands with land; and the outlines development of the knowledge-based expert system computer program to be applied to the ocean community systems relating to the TST project.     

太平洋潮波特征比较

本文对TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料直接分析得到4个主要分潮(M2、K1、S2和O1)的调和常数,将其与全球大洋潮波模式TPXO6.2的模拟结果以及太平洋中48个验潮站观测资料的分析结果进行了系统比较,得出高度计资料直接分析结果与潮波模式模拟结果总体比较一致.模拟出的无潮点的位置和高度计资料直接分析结果有差异,且K1和O1分潮差异较大.与站点结果比较表明TPXO6.2模式模拟结果与验潮站观测结果的振幅绝对偏差小于2cm的站点的百分比达到85%,迟角绝对偏差小于40°的站点的百分比达到70%以上,比高度计资料直接分析结果精确;矢量均方根误差比较表明,太平洋中部结果比整个太平洋结果准确,太平洋矢量均方根误差的值和其他研究者、其他模式的结果近似.     

The Ocean Charter

1998 International Year of the Ocean

The Ocean Charter     

The US Southern Ocean Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: an introduction to AESOPS

The United States Southern Ocean Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), also known as AESOPS (Antarctic Environment and Southern Ocean Process Study), focused on two distinct regions. The first was the Ross-Sea continental shelf, where a series of six cruises collected a variety of data from October 1996 through February 1998. The second area was the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, spanning the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) at 170°W. Data were collected within this region during five cruises from September 1996 through March 1998, as well as during selected transits between New Zealand and the Ross Sea. The first results of these cruses are described in this issue. The Ross-Sea investigation extensively sampled the area along 76°30′S to elucidate the temporal patterns and processes that contribute to making this one of the Antarctic's most productive seas. Hydrographic distributions confirm that stratification is initiated early in October within the polynya, generating an environment that is favorable for phytoplankton growth. Significant spatial variations in mixed-layer depths, the timing of the onset of stratification, and the strength of the stratification existed throughout the growing season. Nutrient concentrations reflected phytoplankton uptake, and reached their seasonal minimal in early February. Chlorophyll concentrations were maximal in early January, whereas productivity was maximal in late November, which reflects the temporal uncoupling between growth and biomass accumulation in the region. Independent estimates of biogenic export suggest that majority of the flux occurred in late summer and was strongly uncoupled from phytoplankton growth. The ACC region exhibited seasonal changes that in some cases were greater than those observed in the Ross Sea. Sea ice covered much of the region south of the Polar Front in winter, and retreated rapidly in late spring and early summer. Mixed layers throughout the region shoaled in summer due to surface heating, while the addition of freshwater from melting sea ice enhanced stratification in the Seasonal Ice Zone, creating conditions favorable for phytoplankton growth. For example, silicic acid concentrations decreased from initial values as high as 65 to less than 2 μM within approximately 100 km (from 65.7 to 64.8°S). Fluorescence values, however, showed less than a two-fold variation over the same distance. The vertical flux of carbon in the Polar Front area is substantial, and marked variations in the composition of exported material exited over the region. The results provide a means whereby the controls of phytoplankton growth and organic matter flux and remineralization can be analyzed in great detail. Additional results of the AESOPS project are discussed.     

应用声速仪对测深仪改正精度的测试

应用HY1200声速仪对SDH-13D测深仪进行声速改正后的测深精度进行了测试，介绍了测试的设备、方法及测试步骤。试验结果表明，实际声速置入测深仪对SDH-13D测深仪进行声速改正，简捷可靠，切实可行，不仅提高了工作效率，保证了SDH-13D测深仪的测深精度，而且提高了测深改正精度。     

LOAPEX: The Long-Range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment

This paper provides an overview of the experimental goals and methods of the Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment (LOAPEX), which took place in the northeast Pacific Ocean between September 10, 2004 and October 10, 2004. This experiment was designed to address a number of unresolved issues in long-range, deep-water acoustic propagation including the effect of ocean fluctuations such as internal waves on acoustic signal coherence, and the scattering of low-frequency sound, in particular, scattering into the deep acoustic shadow zone. Broadband acoustic transmissions centered near 75 Hz were made from various depths to a pair of vertical hydrophone arrays covering 3500 m of the water column, and to several bottom-mounted horizontal line arrays distributed throughout the northeast Pacific Ocean Basin. Path lengths varied from 50 km to several megameters. Beamformed receptions on the horizontal arrays contained 10–20-ms tidal signals, in agreement with a tidal model. Fifteen consecutive receptions on one of the vertical line arrays with a source range of 3200 km showed the potential for incoherent averaging. Finally, shadow zone receptions were observed on an ocean bottom seismometer at a depth of 5000 m from a source at 3200–250-km range.      

吕宋海峡夏季叶绿素a荧光的拖拽剖面测量

叶绿素a是海洋初级生产力估算中的一个重要基础参数。以2008年8月—9月走航式船载多参数拖曳式剖面测量系统为平台,搭载叶绿素荧光计进行剖面测量所获取的现场实测数据为依据,分析了南海吕宋海峡附近A、B、C三个海域叶绿素a的空间分布状况,并探讨了叶绿素a与其他环境参数之间的关系。结果表明:叶绿素a垂直分布在水深100 m范围内呈现单峰型和双峰型两种现象,其峰值主要出现在水深50~90 m;叶绿素a与温、盐分别呈负相关与正相关关系;溶解氧垂直分布最大值出现在叶绿素a垂直分布最大值的上方,此种分布现象与浮游植物的光合作用密切相关。整个研究海区叶绿素a存在西高东低的特征,该分布特征与研究海域受西太平洋水和流场的影响有较大关系。     

Wind-Speed Measurements over Land Using a Doppler Profiler with a 35-GHz Operating Range

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - In this paper we describe a technique for measuring the tropospheric wind profile using a 35-GHz Doppler profiler. The parameters of the equipment and...     

海洋文化的学科主体性困境与建构

中国对于海洋文化的理论探索与建构已有数十年的积淀,然而目前学术界对其学科主体性依然缺乏共识。为增强中国海洋强国建设的文化软实力,文章解答海洋文化学科主体性的基本问题,分析海洋文化学科主体性建构面临的挑战,并提出具有针对性的建议。研究结果表明：海洋文化属于知识门类意义上的学科,是独特的知识集合和自成系统的理论体系;由于传统学术思维的惯性、经世致用思想的影响、研究对象范畴模糊和研究方法特性缺失等因素,海洋文化的学科主体性尚未真正确立;海洋文化的学科主体性建构应坚持“人 海主体”的理论建构、“人 海和谐”的价值取向、“人 海依存”的研究范畴和“人 海互动”的研究方法。     

海洋信息学简介

随着科技进步和社会的不断发展和前进,人类向自然界的索取越来越多,依赖性步步加强,然而自然界的能源是极其有限的,如果仍旧一味无知地蚕食自然资源,人类总会有一天把自己送进坟墓。可喜的是整个国际社会对资源的认识不断深化,各个国家都制定了相应的节约能源、有效利用能源、寻找替代能源、保护现有资源的政策,也取得了一定的成果。依靠海洋,不但要有正确的策略和心态,还要对其有极其透彻的认识和了解,就像了解陆地,了解我们自己一样。海洋信息学就是要以此为起点和己任,为人类世界美好的未来而从头做起。马克思主义认为,世界是发展变化的,…     

我国的海洋剖面探测浮标-COPEX

文章概述了国外Argo浮标的特点及今后的发展状况，重点详细介绍了我国自行研制的COPEX浮标的工作原理、结构设计、通讯、电路原理以及海上实验的情况。通过照片、图表绘出了该仪器的实验数据和实验结果。     

海底热液硫化物——深海采矿前沿探索

结合深海采矿的现状,以海底热液硫化物这一潜在开采对象为基础,对国内外的相关研究与开发动态情况进行了介绍,分析了海底热液硫化开采远景,在剖析海底热液硫化物开采研究现实意义的基础上,提出海底热液硫化物是我国海洋采矿发展的新契机.并建议相关部门结合大洋战略逐步完善我国深海基础机电产品及工程装备研发体系.结合海底热液硫化物探测技术的发展,同步开展开采系统的前期研究工作,从而引导并推进我国深海采矿及海洋工程技术的发展.