台湾海峡南部夏季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力及其生产力

2004年7~8月在台湾海峡南部的5个站位,用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率,微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率及其生产力.微型浮游动物主要为无壳纤毛虫,尤其是急游虫类和侠盗虫类.浮游植物的生长率为0.52~0.72/d,浮游动物的摄食率为0.45~1.33/d,相当于每天摄食浮游植物现存量的36%~74%和初级生产力的88%~141%.微型浮游动物的次级生产力(MP02)为初级生产力的28.5%~58.4%.表明微型浮游动物在台湾海峡夏季海洋生态系统的能量流动中发挥着重要的作用.     

海洋微型浮游动物摄食聚球蓝细菌研究综述

聚球蓝细菌是Pico级浮游植物的重要组成部分,微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食是海洋微食物网研究的重要内容。实验室内测定微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率的方法有饵料浓度差减法和体内饵料颗粒增多法2种,研究表明:鞭毛虫对聚球蓝细菌的摄食速率为0~2.9 syn grazer-1h-1,清滤速率0.4~10.9 nl grazer-1h-1;甲藻对聚球蓝细菌的摄食速率的范围为0.86~83.8 syn grazer-1h-1。实验室内研究纤毛虫对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率和清滤速率的资料不多。在自然海区,海水稀释培养、添加生物抑制剂培养和分粒级培养等方法被用来测定微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌摄食速率,海水稀释培养法表明微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食率大多低于0.9 d-1,最大为1.54 d-1;使用生物抑制剂方法获得的微型浮游动物对聚球蓝细菌的摄食率为0.04~1.06 d-1;海水分粒级培养法表明聚球蓝细菌的主要摄食者个体微小,绝大部分小于20μm。     

海洋浮游细菌生长率和被摄食的研究综述

海洋浮游细菌利用海水中的溶解有机碳合成自身物质,是海洋浮游生态系统的二次生产者。微型浮游动物是细菌的主要摄食者,也是细菌生产向较高营养级传递的中介。研究海洋浮游细菌的生长率和被(微型浮游动物的)摄食率对理解海洋浮游生态系统的功能具有重要作用。本文综述了利用改变海水中生物类群组成(或功能)的培养方法研究海洋浮游细菌生长率和被摄食率的历程和现状,为我国的同类研究提供借鉴。改变海水中生物类群组成(或功能)进行培养的方法有海水分粒级培养、海水稀释培养和添加选择性抑制剂培养。这些方法各有其局限性,应用并不广泛。细菌及其主要摄食者异养鞭毛虫群落在自然海区和实验室内都有生长周期,鞭毛虫的生长周期落后于细菌,因此细菌的生长率有时会小于被摄食率,有时会大于被摄食率。我国这方面的研究相对落后,应值得引起重视,建议从海水稀释培养法入手开展相关研究。     

黄、东海春季和秋季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力

2000年秋季(10月21日-11月7日)和2001年春季(4月30日-5月15日)用稀释培养法在黄海和东海测定了微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食,结果表明:(1)秋季表层浮游植物叶绿素α(Chl α)的内禀生长率为0.40～0.59 d<'-1>,微型浮游动物对Chl α的摄食率为0.21～0.63 d<'-1>,对Ch...     

台湾海峡小型浮游动物的摄食对夏季藻华演替的影响

于2004年8月1~6日对台湾海峡南部近岸的藻华过程进行了定点连续跟踪观测,用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率和小型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食死亡率,同时运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,分析了浮游植物不同光合色素类群的生长率和摄食死亡率.结果表明,观测期间处于藻华的消退期.8月1日时,浮游植物生物量(叶绿素a)和丰度分别为2.04μg/dm3和2.99×105个/dm3,主要优势种为尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、冰河拟星杆藻(Asterionellopsis glacialis)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum),8月6日时,浮游植物生物量和丰度分别减为0.37μg/dm3和1.54×104个/dm3;而蓝藻和甲藻的丰度和比例则呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,所占的比重分别从1日的0.04%和0.85%增加到6日的9.59%和41.97%.小型浮游动物主要由无壳纤毛虫、砂壳纤毛虫、红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)和异养甲藻等类群组成,总丰度于8月2日达到最大值,为3640个/dm3,之后逐渐减少,6日时,仅为436个/dm3.观测期间,小型浮游动物在群落组成上虽一直以无壳纤毛虫和异养甲藻为主,但在具体的类群结构上却表现出了一定的差异,30μm以下的无壳纤毛虫和异养甲藻总体呈下降的趋势,而红色中缢虫、砂壳纤毛虫和大于50μm的无壳纤毛虫总体呈增加的趋势.观测期间,浮游植物的生长率为0.40~0.91d-1,小型浮游动物的摄食率为0.26~1.34d-1,摄食率和生长率总体呈逐渐下降的趋势.结果还表明,小型浮游动物的摄食率与叶绿素a具有很好的相关性(R2=0.89),对各光合色素类群的现存量和初级生产力均具有较高的摄食压力(分别为37.97%~82.24%和70.71%~281.33%),是藻华消亡的重要原因之一;此外,小型浮游动物对甲藻和蓝藻的避食行为,可能是观测期间由“硅藻”水华向“硅藻-甲藻”水华转变的重要原因之一.     

冬季南海北部海域微型浮游动物及其对浮游植物摄食压力研究

2009年1月在南海北部海域的5个站位,采用稀释法和显微分析技术研究了浮游植物生长率及微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力,同时测定了微型浮游动物的丰度及类群组成.结果表明:南海北部微型浮游动物类群主要以无壳纤毛虫为主,南海北部微型浮游动物类群细胞丰度为33～529个/dm3.南海北部浮游植物生长率为0.45～1.83 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率为0.44～1.76 d-1,摄食压力占浮游植物现存量的42.6%～82.8%,占初级生产力的97.3%～225.1%.近岸区摄食压力比陆架区高,表明冬季南海近岸区微型浮游动物摄食能够有效的控制浮游植物的生长,而陆架区浮游植物生长率大于摄食率,浮游植物存在着现存量的积累,微型浮游动物并不能完全控制浮游植物的生长.     

厦门杏林虾池夏冬季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力

20 0 0年 8月和 2 0 0 1年 2月 ,在杏林虾池用稀释法研究了微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力 .结果表明 :砂壳纤毛虫、甲壳类无节幼体是微型浮游动物的优势种 ;浮游植物生长率夏季为 0 .40～ 1 .0 1 /d、冬季为 0 .1 8～ 0 .96/d ;浮游动物的摄食率夏季为 0 .578～ 1 .3 2 4/d、冬季为 0 .2 0 4～ 0 .2 55/d ;日摄食率 (以C计 )夏季为 1 9.1 7～89.51mg/(m3·d)、冬季为 3 .3 2～ 7.2 3mg/(m3·d) ,各占浮游植物现存量的 43 .90 %～ 73 .40 %、1 8.43 %～ 2 2 .51 %;对初级生产力的摄食压力夏季为 1 1 5.2 3 %～1 93 .52 %、冬季为 3 7.47%～ 1 1 1 .3 1 %.     

台湾海峡南部夏季微型浮游动物对不同色素类群浮游植物的摄食压力

2005年7月在台湾海峡南部4个站位应用“稀释法”结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)色素分析技术研究了不同色素类群浮游植物的生长率及微型浮游动物对其的摄食死亡率.结果表明,不同色素类群浮游植物的生长率(k)和摄食死亡率(g)分别为0.52～ 1.34 d-1和0.25 ～ 1.10 d-1,微型浮游动物对不同色素类群浮游植物的现存量和初级生产力的摄食压力分别为22％～ 66％和40％～ 151％.通过比较不同类群浮游植物的g/k值,发现颗粒较大的浮游植物(硅藻和甲藻)的净生长率要大于那些微型藻类(蓝细菌、隐藻和定鞭金藻等)的净生长率,说明本次研究中微型藻类更易受到微型浮游动物的摄食控制.     

围隔实验研究台湾海峡2005年夏季小型浮游动物对硅藻水华的摄食

为了研究小型浮游动物对近岸浮游植物藻华的摄食调控作用,于2005年7月,应用"稀释法"并结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)光合色素分析技术,研究了台湾海峡船基围隔实验条件下浮游植物生长率及小型浮游动物摄食率的日变动。结果表明:由于营养盐添加的影响,迅速形成了以尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)为优势种的藻华,生物量(叶绿素a)从实验初始7月6日的1.45μg/dm3迅速增加到7月8日的29.80μg/dm3,随后消退。镜检和光合色素分析的结果显示,实验期间一直以此硅藻占绝对优势。浮游植物的生长率在藻华峰值(7月8日)前保持了较高的生长速率(>1.0/d)且大于小型浮游动物的摄食率;小型浮游动物的摄食率也逐渐增加,7月7日时达到0.86/d,显示有57%以上的浮游植物现存量被摄食。7月8日后,水华迅速消退,摄食率除13日外,均大于浮游植物的生长率。小型浮游动物主要由急游虫(Strombidium spp.)、侠盗虫(Strobilidium spp.)等无壳纤毛虫、异养甲藻-螺旋环沟藻(Gyrodinium spirale)及砂壳纤毛虫等组成,其对浮游植物的生长迅速作出了反应,各类群的丰度在水华峰值后的7月9日均几达最大值,水华后期(11日)大型的无壳纤毛虫达最大值。小型浮游动物的这种组成及变动特点是其保持较高摄食率及一定程度上控制和促进藻华消退的原因之一。     

Studies on growth rate and grazing mortality rate by microzooplankton of size-fractionated phytoplankton in spring and summer in the Jiaozhou Bay, China

1 Introduction Phytoplankton has been considered as a dom inantprim ary producer in m arine ecosystem s, starting them arine food chain (N ing and V aulot.,2003;Sun etal.,2001; Zhu et al., 2000; N ing and V aulot, 1992). A l-though potentialfates ofphytoplankton include advec-tion,verticalm ixing,sinking and m ortality due to virallysis and grazing (B anse,1994),m ortality due to graz-ing,especially by m icrozooplankton,is generally con- μm m esh to 25-L carboys, then transpo…     

Grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Xiamen Bay using pigment-specific dilution technique

Phytoplankton group-specific growth and microzooplankton grazing were determined seasonally using the dilution technique with high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） in the Xiamen Bay, a subtropical bay in southeast China, between May 2003 and February 2004. The results showed that growth rates of phytoplankton ranged from 0.71 to 2.2 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in May. Mierozooplankton grazing rates ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in August. Microzooplankton grazing impact ranged from 39% to 95% on total phytoplankton Chl a biomass, and 65% to 181% on primary production. The growth and grazing rates of each phytoplankton group varied, the highest growth rate （up to 3.3 d^-1 ） was recorded for diatoms in August, while the maximum grazing rate （ up to 2.1 d ^-1 ） was recorded for chlorophytes in February in the inner bay. Among main phytoplankton groups, grazing pressure of microzooplankton ranged from 10% to 83% on Chl a biomass, and from 14% to 151% on primary production. The highest grazing pressure on biomass was observed for cryptophytes （83%） in August, while the maximum grazing pressure on primary production was observed for eyanobacteria （up to 151% ） in December in the inner bay. Net growth rates of larger phytoplanktons （diatoms and dinoflagellates） were higher than those of smaller groups （ prasinophytes, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria）. Relative preference index showed that microzooplankton grazed preferentially on prasinophytes and avoided to harvest diatoms in cold seasons （December and February）.     

2017年春季季风间期南海中北部浮游植物生长与微型浮游动物摄食

Phytoplankton growth rates and mortality rates were experimentally examined at 21 stations during the 2017 spring intermonsoon(April to early May) in the northern and central South China Sea(SCS) using the dilution technique, with emphasis on a comparison between the northern and central SCS areas which had different environmental factors. There had been higher temperature but lower nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations in the central SCS than those in the northern SCS. The mean rates of phytoplankton growth(μ_0) and microzooplankton grazing(m) were(0.88±0.33) d~(–1) and(0.55±0.22) d~(–1) in the central SCS, and both higher than those in the northern SCS with the values of μ_0((0.81±0.16) d~(–1)) and m((0.30±0.09) d~(–1)), respectively.Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were significantly coupled in both areas. The microzooplankton grazing impact(m/μ_0) on phytoplankton was also higher in the central SCS(0.63±0.12) than that in the northern SCS(0.37±0.06). The microzooplankton abundance was significantly correlated with temperature in the surface. Temperature might more effectively promote the microzooplankton grazing rate than phytoplankton growth rate, which might contribute to higher m and m/μ_0 in the central SCS. Compared with temperature, nutrients mainly affected the growth rate of phytoplankton. In the nutrient enrichment treatment,the phytoplankton growth rate(μn) was higher than μ_0 in the central SCS, suggesting phytoplankton growth in the central SCS was nutrient limited. The ratio of μ_0/μn was significantly correlated with nutrients concentrations in the both areas, indicating the limitation of nutrients was related to the concentrations of background nutrients in the study stations.     

2011年春夏季黄海和东海微型浮游动物类群组成及其摄食的研究

为了解春夏季黄海和东海微型浮游动物类群及其摄食生态,于2011年春季和夏季在黄海、东海,通过稀释法测定浮游植物生长率及微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率,同时应用显微分析技术研究了微型浮游动物丰度及其类群组成．结果表明：（1）春季,黄海、东海微型浮游动物丰度为1800～21833个／dm3,夏季的为67～6175个／dm3;春季,其微型浮游动物生物量为8．71-60．58ug/dm3,夏季的则为0．44～30．25ug／dm3（其生物量以c含量计）．（2）春季、夏季黄海和东海浮游植物的生长率及其标准偏差分别为0．78±0．35、1．62±0．83d-1,而春季的显著低于夏季（P〈0．05）．春季、夏季其微型浮游动物的摄食率及其标准偏差分别为0．98±0．32、0．92±0．57d-1,无显著性差异（p〉0．05）．春季,微型浮游动物摄食浮游植物现有生物量的61％±13％,占初级生产量的131％±58％;夏季,微型浮游动物摄食浮游植物现有生物量的54％±22％,占初级生产量的70％±44％．春、夏季,黄海和东海微型浮游动物对浮游植物初级生产量的摄食比例较高．     

夏季北极王湾海域微小型浮游动物群落特征

根据2017年8月北极斯瓦尔巴德地区王湾海域微小型浮游动物调查资料,研究了该区域微小型浮游动物的种类组成及群落特征。结果表明:王湾海域在水深10~50 m内存在一个明显温跃层,该温跃层内水温高于其他水层;不同水层盐度变化表现为从表层到底层逐渐增高的趋势,70 m以深海域的盐度基本保持稳定;微小型浮游动物包括无壳纤毛虫（Aloricate Ciliates）、砂壳纤毛虫（Tintinnida Ciliates）和甲壳类无节幼体（Crustacea Nauplii）3个类别,其中砂壳纤毛虫10种。甲壳类无节幼体和无壳纤毛虫均为微小型浮游动物的优势类群,砂壳纤毛虫中的钝笛杯虫（Ptychocylis obtusa）、挪威棘口虫（Acanthostomella norvegica）、网纹虫（Favella sp.）、百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnopsis beroidea）和白领细壳虫（Stenosemella nivalis）均为优势种类;微小型浮游动物主要集中分布在水体的中上层水域10~30 m,该海域温跃层内微小型浮游动物种类和丰度最为丰富,30 m以浅海域微小型浮游动物丰度约占整个水体微小型浮游动物丰度的54.8%,而100 m以浅海域这一比例高达93%以上,其中10 m层为最多（均值为343.3 ind./L）,底层为最少（均值为50.9 ind./L）;整个调查区域微小型浮游动物的多样性指数均大于2.5,丰富度指数均大于1.2,均匀度均大于0.7,不同站位多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数波动范围不大,站位间差异不大。     

Microzooplankton Grazing in the Southern Ocean: Implications for the Carbon Cycle

Abstract. Microzooplankton grazing and protozooplankton community structure was investigated in austral summer (Jan./Feb.) and winter (June/July) 1993 in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the SAAMES (South African Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Study) Il and III cruises. Grazing was estimated at 22 stations in summer and at 15 stations in winter by employing the sequential dilution technique. Nano-heterotrophic flagellates (< 20 μm) and ciliates (aloricate ciliates and tintinnids) dominated the protozooplankton assemblages along both transects. Densities in winter were, however, nearly an order of magnitude lower than in summer. Microzooplankton grazing removed between 0 and 28% (mean = 13.2%) of the initial phytoplankton stock in summer and, between 24 and 51 % of the initial stock (mean = 37.6%) in winter. The potential primary production removed during summer ranged between 0 and 46% (mean = 22.0%) compared with the winter range of 56–83% (mean = 67.2%). Size selectivity grazing experiments conducted during both studies suggest that microzooplankton preferentially graze on the nano- (20–2.0μm) and picophytoplankton (2.0–0.2μm) size fractions. These results have important implications for the efficiency of the carbon pump in the Southern Ocean. During summer when the larger cells dominate phytoplankton biomass, the bulk of the photosynthetically fixed carbon appears to be channelled to the meso- and macrozooplankton fractions. This results in a rapid transfer of organic carbon out of the zone of regeneration to the deep ocean via vertical migration and large faecal pellet production. During winter, however, an increase in the contribution of the smaller size fractions to total phytoplankton biomass results in a greater proportion of the photosynthetically fixed carbon being channelled to the microzooplankton fraction. The efficiency of the carbon pump is, therefore, reduced in that the transfer of carbon below the zone of regeneration is reduced as carbon is recycled mostly within the microbial loop in the upper mixed layer.     

春季黄海微型浮游动物对不同粒径浮游植物的摄食速率研究

于2005年3月对黄海海域的7个站位应用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率和微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力。结果表明：实验期间,微型浮游动物生长速率范围在0．34～0．95d-1,浮游植物摄食速率范围在0．44～0．94d-1。微型浮游动物对浮游植物的现存量和初级生产力的摄食压力分别为47．76％～63．80％和61．50...     

Impact of freshwater influx on microzooplankton mediated food web in a tropical estuary (Cochin backwaters – India)

The diversity, abundance and biomass of microzooplankton in Cochin backwaters were studied for the first time during pre-summer monsoon to peak of summer monsoon (April–July 2003) to understand the impact of large freshwater influx. Microzooplankton abundance and biomass were highest during pre-summer monsoon (av. 3817 ind. L⁻¹ and 146 μg C L⁻¹) that declined with the onset (av. 2052 ind. L⁻¹ and 45 μg C L⁻¹) and peak (av. 409 ind. L⁻¹ and 10 μg C L⁻¹) summer monsoon. Species diversity, richness and evenness of microzooplankton also showed similar trends as that of abundance and biomass. Grazing experiment showed that microzooplankton consumes 43 ± 1% of the daily phytoplankton standing stock during the high saline condition (27.5). Low abundance of microzooplankton during summer monsoon period (1/8 of the pre-summer monsoon value) along with the concomitant occurrence of low mesozooplankton (1/8 times of pre-summer monsoon value) suggests that there could be a general lack of planktonic grazers. This would result in a weak transfer of primary and bacterial carbon to higher trophic levels, eventually leaving behind much unconsumed basic food in the estuary during summer monsoon. Thus a major portion of the primary carbon either settles down or gets transported to the coastal regions during monsoon. High flushing of Cochin backwaters also facilitates faster removal of primary producers to the coastal regions during monsoon.     

微型浮游动物摄食实验——稀释法中浮游植物负生长的可能原因分析

稀释法(dilution technique)是研究微型浮游动物摄食和浮游植物生长的常用方法之一,负值浮游植物生长率是稀释实验中常见的现象。分析了造成负值生长率出现的因素,以及这些因素对实验结果的影响,并提出了防止不利影响产生的措施。负值生长率的出现不能简单地视为实验失败的标志,培养光照和温度条件、取样误差、无颗粒水污染、营养盐污染和限制等都可能造成负生长率的出现,且对实验结果的影响不同。同时,根据实验结果,演示浮游植物光适应、取样误差、无颗粒水污染和加富营养盐对稀释实验的影响。结果显示,光照条件可以改变细胞色素含量,且不同浮游植物类群对光照条件的响应不同,从而导致基于色素分析的稀释实验结果出现误差;取样混合不均,可造成取值偏低,导致浮游植物生长率估值偏低,甚至为负值,但可能不影响对摄食率的估算。另外,实验污染(无颗粒水和加富营养盐污染)往往会抑制浮游植物生长,甚至造成浮游植物死亡。因此,培养条件模拟和人为干扰控制是稀释实验成功的关键。     

海蜇养殖港塭微型浮游动物的摄食和生产力研究

通过对山东省靖海湾海蜇养殖港塭定期采样,采用稀释法研究该海蜇养殖港塭水体中浮游植物的生长率、微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率、摄食压力以及微型浮游动物的生产力。研究结果表明,海蜇养殖港塭微型浮游动物组成比较简单,海蜇养殖期间微型浮游动物丰度低于海蜇捕捞结束期。其中,海蜇养殖期间微型浮游动物的优势种为根状拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis radix),为600~2 600 ind/L,而海蜇捕捞结束后优势种为根状拟铃虫、诺氏麻铃虫(Leprotintinnus nordquisti)和运动类铃虫(Codonellopsis mobilis),丰度分别为3 000~6 000、1 500~3 0001、500~3 000 ind/L。研究期间,该港塭浮游植物生长率为0.05~1.03 d-1。微型浮游动物的摄食率为0.24~2.37 d-1,对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力为21.10%~90.61%,对潜在初级生产力的摄食压力为77.08%~583.68%,而微型浮游动物的次级生产力占初级生产力的22.92%~76.92%。本研究表明微型浮游动物在海蜇养殖港塭生态系统物质和能量流动中起着重要作用。     

亚热带和热带环境下夜光藻的摄食压力

2015年以广西三娘湾海域为亚热带海区,三亚海域为热带海区,利用稀释法开展了现场培养实验,测定热带和亚热带海区夜光藻对浮游植物、微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力,研究了夜光藻对不同粒径的浮游生物的摄食作用.结果表明:两个海区都有比较高的生长率和摄食率,其中细菌有最高的生长率和摄食死亡率;夜光藻的摄食率,从总浮游植物、微微型浮游植物到聚球藻、细菌逐渐增高.亚热带海区与热带海区相比,微型浮游动物的摄食压力更小,表明低温影响了浮游动物的摄食活性;而营养盐是引起亚热带海区高生长率的主要因素.