厦门贝类养殖区海水、沉积物和养殖贝类体内重金属含量的初步研究

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区的环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物和贝类体内重金属的含量分布进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的生态环境进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明,厦门贝类养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为1.06、1.23、0.05和6.28/μg·L-1;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、zn的平均含量分别为20.0×10-6、39.5×10-6、0.07×10-6和97.3×10-6.贝类体内Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为16.3×10-6、0.24×10-6、0.38×10-6和63.9×10-6.生态环境质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类<海水水质标准>要求,处于清洁水平;养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类<海洋沉积物质量>标准,属于较清洁水平.潜在生态危害评价结果,Cu、Pb和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Zn,表明Cu、Pb、Cd的潜在危害大于zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta体内Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量均未超<无公害食品>,<食品中锌限量卫生标准>和<海洋生物质量>标准,但僧帽牡蛎Saccostrea cucullata体内Cu的含量和泥蚶Tegillarca granosa体内Cd的含量已超标.     

福建贝类养殖区底泥及养殖贝类体内重金属的含量与评价

通过１９９８年４月对福清莆田、惠安、漳浦等４个贝类养殖区的调查,检测了底泥和不同种类养殖贝类体内重金属的含量,结果表明：４个养殖区的养殖牡蛎体内ｐｂ和ｃｄ以及花蛤、缢坚体内Ｃｕ、ｐｂ、ｃｄ、ｚｎ的含量,都低于海洋生物污染评价标准,没有受到重金属的污染;养殖区的底泥也没有受到Ｃｕ和Ｃｄ的污染,只有部分养殖区Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ的含量超标。     

厦门海域贝类养殖环境中的大肠菌群和异养细菌

2005年和2006年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)研究了厦门海域贝类养殖环境(海水、底质)和养殖贝类中大肠菌群(TC)和异养细菌(HB)数量分布及其在不同介质中数量之间的相关性,并对贝类养殖环境卫生质量进行了评价。结果表明:潮间带贝类养殖区TC数量较高,虾池和浅海贝类养殖区的较低;虾池贝类养殖区HB数量较高,潮间带和浅海贝类养殖区的较低。总体上,厦门海域贝类养殖环境中TC和HB数量分布呈同安湾湾内和西海域高,同安湾湾口和大嶝海域低的格局。大多数站位海水中TC和HB数量春季稍高于秋季,养殖贝类体中TC和HB数量秋季高于春季,底质中HB数量春、秋季无明显差异,TC数量则秋季稍高于春季。浅海和虾池贝类养殖区海水与贝类、底质与贝类中TC和HB的数量之间均成显著正相关。贝类养殖区底质中HB和TC数量,软泥>粉砂质软泥>粉砂,贝类体内器官组织中HB和TC数量,僧帽牡蛎:外套膜>外套腔液>内脏团;缢蛏和菲律宾蛤仔:外套腔液>外套膜>内脏团。厦门海域贝类养殖环境受到TC和HB不同程度的污染,潮间带贝类养殖区和虾池贝类养殖区分别受到TC和HB的较重污染。     

厦门西海域表层沉的重金属的分布特征及来源探讨

１９９４年１０月调查研究了厦门西海域表层沉积物样品中Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ在不同粒度颗粒中不同结合态的含量。结果表明，该海域圾层沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ在弱结合态中有一较稳定的分配比；Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ的平均浓度分别为３０．２，７７．２，１４４．２，０．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；概据底质评价标准，Ｚｎ，Ｐｂ严重超标。     

厦门西海域海水和养殖动物污染物初步调查

1999年2月和4月对厦门西海域海水和两种养殖动物的重金属（Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)、石油类和大肠杆菌数量进行了调查。结果表明：西海域海水的重金属（Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)、石油类含量基本符合国家一类海水水质标准，养殖动物鲈鱼和僧帽牡蛎也基本符合国家食品卫生标准。海水中的大肠杆菌数量超过了国家海水卫生标准，显示该海域有一定程度的有机质污染，其养殖产品不宜生食。马銮湾内海水和养殖动物的污染物含量较海外高。养殖鲈鱼的肝脏对重金属和石油类的浓集系数远较肌肉为高，而僧帽牡蛎对污染物的浓集能力又明显比鲈鱼强。     

厦门沿岸海域贝类适养面积和可养量的估算

分析了厦门沿岸海域贝类养殖的发展与现状及其目前面临的主要问题。通过统计分析估计了贝类的适养面积,应用能流分析法和营养动态模式估算了贝类的可养量。估算结果贝类的适养面积约５５００ｈｍ＾２,可养殖量为１００２２５ｔ。     

南麂列岛邻近海域贝类生态分布的初步研究

对南麂列岛邻近海域贝类生态分布的初步研究表明,在该海域共发现贝类４２种,广温广布种占５２．４％,亚热带种占２８．５％,热带种和暖温带种各占１１．９％和７．１％。优势种有江户明樱蛤Ｍｏｅｒｅｌａｊｅｄｏｅｎｓｉｓ、圆筒原盒螺Ｅｏ－ｃｙｌｉｃｈｎａｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｅｌａ、经氏壳蛞蝓Ｐｈｉｌｉｎｅｋｉｎｇｌｉｐｉｎｉ等。春、秋两季平均生物量为４．４０ｇ／ｍ２,平均栖息密度为５７．２６个／ｍ２,数量分布不均匀,并有明显季节变化。种类和数量变动与海流、温度、盐度、潮流、底质等因子有关。     

厦门西部海域流场的垂直分布

本文根据1986年“厦门港水文泥沙断面调查”的海流资料,用调和分析方法分离潮流和余流,并用抛物线回归方法分析潮流和实测流最大流速的垂直分布,还根据余流垂直分布,作6个断面的零余流线。     

厦门海域养殖僧帽牡蛎质量的监测研究

根据2005年厦门海域养殖僧帽牡蛎(Saccostreacucullata)的监测数据,分析了该种贝类的质量情况。研究表明,厦门市养殖僧帽牡蛎主要污染物为滴滴涕(平均污染物指数4.09)、镉(平均污染物指数2.92)和铅(平均污染物指数2.32),受石油烃(平均污染物指数1.00)的轻度污染,未受到汞、砷、多氯联苯、粪大肠菌群和麻痹性贝毒的污染。海区所有监测站位的僧帽牡蛎均已受不同程度的污染。本文对监测点按各站点僧帽牡蛎的质量进行R聚类分析,以期为养殖僧帽牡蛎质量的监控和管理提供依据。     

厦门典型养殖海域沉积物中重金属及其环境质量评价

根据2005年8月对厦门典型养殖海域——同安湾及大嶝海域表层沉积物的调查资料,分析了表层沉积物中重金属的质量分数,研究了表层沉积物中有机质以及与重金属的相关性,并运用单因子评价法评估了沉积环境质量。结果表明:同安湾和大嶝海域表层沉积物中Hg,Cd,Pb,Cu,As的平均质量比分别为0.060,0.057,31.8,20.4,7.27mg/kg和0.047,0.096,26.6,25.2,6.65mg/kg;各重金属元素之间(除Cd外)呈显著的正相关,与有机质也呈很好的正相关关系;各要素均未对研究海域表层沉积物构成污染,表层沉积物质量符合国家一类沉积物标准。     

Speciation, distribution, and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Xiamen Bay surface sediment

Based on the survey of surface sediment in Xiamen Bay in October 2011, the speciation, distribution, and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr） in this area were studied us-ing the sequential extraction method and ecological risk assessment method. The results indicated：（1） the total concentrations of these heavy metals were influenced by runoff, industrial wastewater, and sewage, and were all higher in the coastal area than the offshore area while the highest area of Pb was a little far-ther away from the coastal water due to atmosphere deposition;（2） sequential extractions suggested that Cu was mainly composed with residual and Fe/Mn-oxide bound fractions, Pb was bound to Fe/Mn-oxide, Zn and Cr were dominated by residual, and Cd bound to exchangeable and carbonate fractions; （3） the order of migration and transformation sequence was Cd＆gt;Pb＆gt;Cu＆gt;Zn＆gt;Cr and the degree of pollution was Cd＆gt;Pb＆gt;Cu＆gt;Zn＆gt;Cr;and （4） the ratios of the secondary and primary phases showed that Zn and Cr were both clean, Cu may be polluted, Pb was moderately polluted, while Cd was heavily polluted.     

厦门西海域拟疏浚沉积物中重金属含量及潜在生态危害评价

报道了厦门西海域拟疏浚沉积物中的重金属含量水平及分布,并对其污染状况进行了潜在生态危害评价,为进一步开展疏浚物去污染技术研究提供了科学依据.研究结果表明：与其他海域的相比,马銮湾及其湾口外、筼筜湖的Cd、Hg、Cr、Zn含量较高.综合来看,厦门西海域拟疏浚沉积物重金属含量不很高（RI＜150）,属于轻微生态危害.但东渡码头外的X4站、马銮湾M2站沉积物中的Cd,及马銮湾M2站和筼筜湖Y2站沉积物中的Hg含量（40≤Er ＜80）都达到中等生态危害程度.     

深圳沿岸海域贝类重金属和贝类毒素污染状况分析

通过检测深圳沿岸海域7种贝类的重金属、麻痹性贝毒(PSP)和腹泻性贝毒(DSP)含量,了解其食用安全性.严格按照国家标准进行检测,采用SPSS 20.0对数据进行Kruskal-Wallis H检验和方差分析.结果表明:各种重金属和贝类毒素在样品中均有检出,汞污染状况良好;铜含量范围为0.52~109.65 mg/kg,超标率为13.67%;铅含量范围为0.01~3.60 mg/kg,超标率为68.35%;镉含量范围为0.015~7.807 mg/kg,超标率为53.96%.PSP和DSP检出率为100%,PSP含量范围为0.30~34.23 ug/100 g;DSP含量范围为1.88~38.41 ug/100 g.总体看来,样品铅、镉超标严重,不同种类贝类重金属含量具有差异且贝类毒素检出率较高,应引起有关部门的重视,加强该海域监测工作.     

厦门海域鱼类群落分类学多样性的研究

根据厦门海域鱼类种类组成历史资料和调查资料,系统整理了厦门海域的鱼类总名录和现有名录,并应用分类学等级多样性指数和分类差异变异指数分析了厦门海域鱼类群落分类学多样性的时空变化。结果表明:厦门海域有记录鱼类共649种;现有鱼类有331种,隶属2纲22目90科181属,其中软骨鱼纲共5目9科9属15种,辐鳍鱼纲共17目81科172属316种。厦门海域鱼类总名录的等级多样性指数Δ+和分类差异变异指数Λ+分别为79.267和220.96;现有鱼类群落分类多样性指数Δ+和分类差异指数Λ+分别为77.504和245.34。分类多样性指数Δ+在冬、春季较高,秋季次之,而夏季最低;而分类差异指数Λ+夏季较高,秋季次之,冬春季较低。秋季和冬季鱼类组成的相似度最高,其次为夏季,最后为春季。与历史总名录相比,厦门海域的现有鱼类群落分类学范围较小,生态幅变窄,群落稳定性较差。     

Dissolved and particulate heavy metals distribution in coastal lagoons. A case study from Mar Chiquita Lagoon,Argentina

Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon is located on the Atlantic coast of Argentina, and it has been declared a Biosphere Reserve under the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB). This coastal lagoon constitutes an estuarine environment with a very particular behaviour and it is ecologically important due to its biological diversity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the distribution and geochemical behaviour of several heavy metals in this coastal system, focusing on their distribution in both the dissolved phase (<0.45 μm) and the suspended particulate matter. Therefore, the general hydrochemical parameters (salinity, temperature, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen) and concentration of total particulate and dissolved metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cr and Mn) were measured along 2 years (2004–2006) at two different sites. As regards their distribution, hydrological parameters did not present any evidence of deviation with respect to historical values. Suspended particulate matter showed no seasonal variation or any relationship with the tide, thus indicating that in this shallow coastal lagoon neither tides nor freshwater sources regulate the particulate matter input. Heavy metals behaviour, both in dissolved and particulate phases did not reveal any relationship with tide or seasons. Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon showed a large input of dissolved and particulate metals, which is probably due to intensive agriculture within the drainage basin of this system.     

厦门西海域沉积物中重金属的赋存状态及潜在迁移性

以厦门西海域沉积物为研究对象,利用改良BCR连续提取法分析了沉积物样品中Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu、Cd和Pb的赋存状态,并通过潜在迁移指数（PMI）探讨了沉积物中重金属的潜在迁移风险.结果表明：6种重金属总量在厦门西海域沉积物中由大到小的顺序为：Mn〉Zn〉Cr〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd,其中Mn和Zn的含量达到了1 471 mg/kg和231 mg/kg.与沉积物质量标准对比,沉积物样品中Zn、Cr、Cu和Pb的含量较高.改良BCR连续提取表明6种金属中Zn、Cr和Cu主要以残渣态存在,Mn和Cd主要以酸溶态存在,Pb则以可还原态为主.厦门西海域沉积物中6种重金属的潜在迁移指数大到小的顺序为：Mn〉Cd〉Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr,其中Mn和Cd的潜在迁移危险最大.     

Distribution and their pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters

The present paper deals with the distribution patterns of heavy metals and the associated influencing factors in the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters.Based upon the analysis of the surficial and core sediments measurements,the pollution of heavy metal and potential ecological risk were evaluated.The burial flux and contents of heavy metals(except for copper) have been continuously increasing since the 1920s.Therefore,the gross potential ecological risk for the sedi-ments was high or very high,and the study area was endangered by heavy metals contamination.Heavy metals originated mainly from upstream pollutant input,correlation analysis showed that chromium,nickel,zinc,cadmium,lead,arsenic,and mercury in the sediments of the middle and west channels as well as the sea area of the western Yalu River Estuary concentrations were most probably derived from similar sources.In contrast,the metal of copper most probably originated from sources different from the other metals.Preliminary studies indicate that copper contamination was most likely the result of emission from mining activities situated at the upstream of the river.The contents of heavy metals in the sediments of estuarine turbidity maximum zone of Yalu River were larger than those of any other areas in the middle channel.With large portion of fine sediments,weaker hydrodynamics,and richer sources of heavy metals,the sediments of the west channel,were even more enriched with heavy metals than those of the middle channel.     

厦门沿岸海域渔业资源变化和最适捕捞力量的估算

本文以厦门沿岸海域历次渔业资源和生物调查及１９８４－１９９５年渔业统计资料为背景,分析了该海域渔业资源的变动,重点对文昌鱼、真鲷、鳓鱼、大黄鱼、蓝点斑马鲛、长毛对、中国鲎等重要经济种类资源变动的原因进行探讨,针对目前资源的变动趋向,指出了近期重点的保护对象和有开发潜力的种类,并以三种标准捕捞力量,应用了Ｓｃｈａｅｆｅｒ和Ｆｏｘ两种剩余产量模式估算最大持续产量（ＭＳＹ）和最知捕捞力量。估算结果ＭＳＹ