大尺寸真三轴煤岩水力压裂模拟试验与裂缝扩展分析

水力压裂是一项广泛应用于低渗煤层的卸压增透技术。为了深入研究煤岩受力、天然裂缝、泵注排量对水力裂缝扩展规律及空间结构的影响,采用大尺寸真三轴水力压裂试验系统、压裂液中添加示踪剂等方式,在真三轴条件下对大尺寸煤岩进行了水力压裂试验。通过剖切压裂试样描述了水力裂缝扩展和空间展布规律,分析了裂缝宽度与应力之间的关系,并初步探讨了煤岩水力裂缝网络的形成机制。结果表明:(1)水力裂缝自割理处起裂并沿割理扩展、连接割理,进而形成复杂的裂缝网络结构;(2)水力裂缝受应力条件作用明显,当最大水平主应力和垂向应力相近,且远大于最小水平主应力时,易形成复杂的裂缝形态;(3)煤岩天然裂隙的存在是形成裂缝网络结构的前提,泵注排量对裂缝网络的形成也有重要影响;(4)煤岩裂隙在局部区域影响水力裂缝转向、分叉,但最终水力裂缝在扩展过程中逐渐转向至最大主应力方向;(5)水力压裂过程中,裂缝宽度的变化不仅与煤岩所受应力有关,还受到压裂液排量、天然裂缝等因素的影响。研究结果可以为煤岩裂缝网络的形成机制、现场施工参数的选取提供技术支持。     

煤层气井水力压裂裂缝产状和形态研究

对钻井水力压裂开采煤层气时，所形成的裂缝产状和形态进行了理论分析，提出了裂缝倾角，走向和形状的确定依据。     

煤岩水力压裂裂缝扩展形态试验研究

通过室内水力压裂物理模拟试验系统,对大尺寸原煤进行了水力压裂模拟试验,根据水力裂缝的空间展布形态分析了煤岩储层水力裂缝的延伸规律,揭示了网状裂缝的形成机制。结果表明：水力裂缝易在弱层理处分叉和转向,发育的层理和裂缝系统等结构面为压裂形成裂缝网络提供了前提条件。泵压曲线呈现出的频繁波动是煤岩内产生网状裂缝的一个显著特征。水力裂缝的起裂与延伸有4种基本模式,裂缝网络的形成多为这4种基本模式的组合。地应力差异系数和泵注排量对煤层水力裂缝形态有较大影响。较小的地应力差异系数更利于网状裂缝的形成;较高的压裂液排量易形成相对简单的裂缝形态,导致压裂改造效果较差。该试验方法和试验结果可为现场水力压裂参数设计和优化提供参考和依据。     

煤层气井水力压裂同层多裂缝分析

多裂缝理论是水力压裂理论的前沿理论,特别是对裂隙发育、物理力学性质有别于均质砂岩的煤岩,其研究难度较大,面临问题很多。根据弹性力学、岩石力学、断裂力学和流体力学等学科基本理论,结合多裂缝理论与井底压力协同理论,对在天然裂隙发育的煤层同时开启的多裂缝模型进行了分析与计算。结果显示,综合滤失系数、流量、主应力差等均不同程度影响了多裂缝在近井筒区域的汇合相连概率与延伸方向。     

基于损伤力学分析的水力压裂三维裂缝形态研究

水力压裂三维裂缝形态及延伸的预测是评价水力压裂效果的主要因素,采用了损伤力学与断裂力学相结合的方法,描述了裂缝表面岩体的力学行为,建立了裂缝面上的损伤判据与损伤演化方程。根据岩石力学与渗流力学,采用有限元方法建立了低渗透储层岩体的流固-损伤耦合方程,并采用Newton-Raphson与线性搜索相结合的方法进行求解,获得了低渗透油层水力压裂三维裂缝的动态扩展过程及最终形态,揭示其力学本质。通过算例验证了理论及计算方法的正确性。在此基础上,分析了影响裂缝扩展的主要因素,其结果可为水力压裂设计提供较为可靠和准确的预测手段,以提高油层水力压裂措施的成功率     

水平井压裂储层应力场分布模拟方法

在研究分析水力压裂对储层岩石力学特性参数影响的基础上,提出一种压力储层应力场分布模拟计算方法。通过建立水平井储层原地应力场模型和水力压裂产生人工裂缝诱导应力场模型,并且利用实际的水力压裂测井参数对储层原地应力场和压裂产生裂缝诱导应力场分布进行了模拟计算。模拟计算结果表明,压裂产生人工裂缝会对储层应力场分布造成很大影响;压裂后储层应力主要在裂缝周围得到积累,并且距离裂缝越远,应力值积累越少;压裂生成裂缝长度也会影响储层应力场分布,裂缝越长,裂缝诱导应力场减小越慢。     

新场气田分段压裂水平井裂缝布局优化

新场气田属于大型多层致密砂岩异常高压气藏,储层物性差,非均质性强,气井动用储量低。目前,为大幅度提高气井产能,提高储量动用长度,该气藏多采用多段压裂水平井开发。因此,迫切需要论证裂缝参数及其组合对多段压裂水平井开发效果的影响,为气藏下步科学高效开发和持续高产稳产提供理论基础。以川西新场气田为研究对象,采用数值模拟法深入研究了压裂水平井裂缝几何布局对气井产能的影响,包括非均匀裂缝长度、非均匀裂缝间距、压裂规模与裂缝数量、裂缝长度与间距的匹配、裂缝夹角与间距的匹配。结果表明:对于多段压裂水平井,U型模式的裂缝长度布局最优;均匀裂缝间距开发效果优于非均匀裂缝间距;水力压裂时,少段数长缝能取得更佳的开发效果;0. 67~1倍缝长的裂缝间距布局、垂直于井筒的正交裂缝布局有利于改善压裂水平井开发效果,裂缝间距的增大能有效降低非正交裂缝低夹角对产量的影响。     

排量对水力压裂网络扩展影响的试验研究

在页岩气水力压裂开发领域中,压裂液注入排量对裂缝网络的扩展形态具有显著影响。而页岩储层中的随机天然裂缝,会给水力压裂的参数敏感性分析带来不同程度的干扰。首先,根据页岩储层裂缝发育特征,制备了包含3组正交预制裂缝的混凝土试样;然后,采用真三轴压裂系统,对试样进行三向应力加载模拟地应力环境,并以恒定排量向其内部注入流体;最后,将单位体积裂缝面积P₃₂作为体积压裂指标,来定量描述排量对压裂缝网扩展形态的影响。试验结果表明:（1）在块体单元边长较小（即预制裂缝密度较大）的试样中,体积压裂的效果更加显著;（2）小排量压裂液所产生的裂缝一般是激活的预制裂缝,而中排量和高排量压裂液可以使已激活的预制裂缝发生偏转,在混凝土基质中重新开启水力裂缝,从而增加裂缝网络的复杂性;（3）随着排量的增加,试样压裂后的P₃₂值会升高;但排量增加到一定程度后,P₃₂值不再增长,甚至略微下降。     

不同尺度岩体结构面对页岩气储层水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响

储层岩体中的天然结构面对水力压裂缝网改造具有重要的影响。本文采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D-Flow,在考虑岩体非均质性和岩体渗流-应力-损伤破裂特性的基础上,对不同尺度天然结构面影响的水力压裂裂缝扩展与演化行为进行了模拟分析和讨论,研究结果表明:（1）当水力裂缝遇天然非闭合裂隙时,在水力裂缝靠近非闭合裂隙区间形成拉张应力区,水力裂缝与区间非闭合裂隙间微元体累进性张拉破坏是导致水力裂缝与非闭合裂隙贯通的主要机制;（2）层理等优势结构对水力压裂裂缝扩展及缝网形态影响十分显著,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向小角度相交时,层理结构面对水力裂隙的扩展起主要作用,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向大角度相交时,最大主压应力与层理面共同对缝网扩展起主导作用,随着优势结构面的增多和差应力的增大,水力压裂形成的缝网范围和复杂性程度随之增大;（3）储层水力压裂是一种局部范围内的短暂动力扰动过程,尽管断层的存在可以极大地影响水力裂缝的扩展模式,增大水力裂隙扩展高度,但相比于储层埋深,水力压裂对断层封闭性的破坏范围和断层活动性的扰动程度十分有限。     

基于离散元法的水力压裂数值模拟

不同条件下水压裂隙的发展特性对有效开采页岩气具有重要的指导作用。针对岩体在微观上为颗粒和孔隙的结构系统,提出离散元水力压裂数值模拟方法,离散元能量转化和能量守恒计算方法,建立了相应的三维离散元模型。采用自主研发的三维离散元模拟软件Mat DEM3D,通过控制模型的竖向应变与颗粒直径,来模拟地层中的应力与压裂速率的变化。模拟结果表明:(1)水力压裂产生裂隙的数量和方向受岩石的各向异性,压力状态和变化速率所影响。(2)裂隙在压缩波传播时发展,当水压力高速增加时,诱发的裂隙数量增多,并且有效能量(断裂热)百分比也随之增加,压裂作用也变得更明显。(3)当竖向应变为零时,50%的裂隙呈垂直状态,当竖向应变为-1×10-4时,裂隙趋于沿着最大压力方向发展,竖向裂隙的百分率增大。数值模拟和能量分析为定量地研究岩石水力压裂过程提供了一个新的方法。     

Integration of Tracer Test Data to Refine Geostatistical Hydraulic Conductivity Fields Using Sequential Self-Calibration Method

On the basis of local measurements of hydraulic conductivity,geostatistical methods have been found to be useful in heterogeneity characterization of a hydraulic conductivity field on a regional scale. However,the methods are not suited to directly integrate dynamic production data,such as,hydraulic head and solute concentration,into the study of conductivity distribution. These data,which record the flow and transport processes in the medium,are closely related to the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity. In this study,a three-dimensional gradient-based inverse method-the sequential self-calibration (SSC) method-is developed to calibrate a hydraulic conductivity field,initially generated by a geostatistical simulation method,conditioned on tracer test results. The SSC method can honor both local hydraulic conductivity measurements and tracer test data. The mismatch between the simulated hydraulic conductivity field and the reference true one,measured by its mean square error (MSE),is reduced through the SSC conditional study. In comparison with the unconditional results,the SSC conditional study creates the mean breakthrough curve much closer to the reference true curve,and significantly reduces the prediction uncertainty of the solute transport in the observed locations. Further,the reduction of uncertainty is spatially dependent,which indicates that good locations,geological structure,and boundary conditions will affect the efficiency of the SSC study results.     

Study on Breakdown Pressure in Hydraulic Fracturing Process of Hard Rock Based on Numerical Simulation

Pre-conditioning by hydraulic fracturing is a vital work in block caving mining of hard-rock metal mine, and breakdown pressure is one of the important parameters in rock hydraulic fracturing process, which determines the equipment selection and job-parameter control. Based on numerical simulation method, a pre-holed cylindrical hard rock sample was built for simulation of hydraulic fracturing process to investigate the effect of stress condition, rock properties and water injection rate on breakdown pressure. The results show that the breakdown pressure is increased with the confining stress, and the breakdown pressure is 2.28 times confining stress based on rock tension strength. The variation of rock tension strength affects the breakdown pressure and a positive linear relation exists. Pre-formed notch could obviously reduce the breakdown pressure and control the orientation of hydraulic fracture. And the borehole diameter has a reverse influence on rock breakdown pressure.

     

压裂液快速混配技术的研究与应用

水力压裂是低渗透油藏改造的重要措施,压裂液性能则是影响压裂增产效果的一个关键因素,配液质量好、配液效率高是压裂液配制的发展趋势。通过分析当前压裂液配制难题,以及稠化剂和固体添加剂的特性,指出制约配液快速性的关键因素。基于实验研究成果,提出一种压裂液快速配制新工艺,并采用PLC控制,实现配液过程自动化。新的配液工艺和配液装备已经在大庆油田应用两年,工业化应用表明：该工艺胶液粘度释放快,胶液中没有水包粉现象,且具有计量精度高、添加剂混合均匀,发液速度快等诸多优点,证实了新工艺的合理性和有效性。     

基于无量纲裂缝导流能力的煤储层压裂效果分析

煤储层原位渗透率普遍偏低,通常需用水力压裂造缝方式改善煤储层的渗透性能,但其效果的定量评价长期未能有效解决。本文以沁水盆地南部郑庄区块16口新井为例,采用有限导流能力裂缝模型拟合压裂造缝后关井阶段的压降曲线,计算了裂缝的无量纲导流能力(CfD),实现了压裂效果的定量化分析,并讨论了其地质影响因素。结果显示,CfD值越大,压裂效果越好;煤岩杨氏模量、剪切模量和体积模量的增加,裂缝无量纲导流能力有减小的趋势,但与煤岩泊松比大小无关。煤储层纵向上的力学非均质性对裂缝无量纲导流能力也有影响,随着非均质程度的增加,无量纲导流能力逐渐增加;当非均质性达到一定程度时,无量纲导流能力变低。     

Numerical Simulation of 3D Hydraulic Fracturing Based on an Improved Flow-Stress-Damage Model and a Parallel FEM Technique

The failure mechanism of hydraulic fractures in heterogeneous geological materials is an important topic in mining and petroleum engineering. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model that considers the coupled effects of seepage, damage, and the stress field is introduced. This model is based on a previously developed two-dimensional (2D) version of the model (RFPA2D-Rock Failure Process Analysis). The RFPA3D-Parallel model is developed using a parallel finite element method with a message-passing interface library. The constitutive law of this model considers strength and stiffness degradation, stress-dependent permeability for the pre-peak stage, and deformation-dependent permeability for the post-peak stage. Using this model, 3D modelling of progressive failure and associated fluid flow in rock are conducted and used to investigate the hydro-mechanical response of rock samples at laboratory scale. The responses investigated are the axial stress–axial strain together with permeability evolution and fracture patterns at various stages of loading. Then, the hydraulic fracturing process inside a rock specimen is numerically simulated. Three coupled processes are considered: (1) mechanical deformation of the solid medium induced by the fluid pressure acting on the fracture surfaces and the rock skeleton, (2) fluid flow within the fracture, and (3) propagation of the fracture. The numerically simulated results show that the fractures from a vertical wellbore propagate in the maximum principal stress direction without branching, turning, and twisting in the case of a large difference in the magnitude of the far-field stresses. Otherwise, the fracture initiates in a non-preferred direction and plane then turns and twists during propagation to become aligned with the preferred direction and plane. This pattern of fracturing is common when the rock formation contains multiple layers with different material properties. In addition, local heterogeneity of the rock matrix and macro-scale stress fluctuations due to the variability of material properties can cause the branching, turning, and twisting of fractures.     

Experimental Study on Stress Transfer and Fracture Law During the Hydraulic Fracturing of Coal Seams

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Hydraulic fracturing is a key technology for increasing the permeability of coal seams and improving the extraction effect of coalbed methane. Exploring...     

基于多目标模糊综合评价法的地下水资源承载力评价

随着经济社会的不断发展以及过度的开发利用,邯郸市地下水资源短缺情况日益严重,通过分析邯郸市地下水资源承载能力对地下水水资源、社会、经济以及生态环境之间的协调发展。采用多目标模糊综合评价法对邯郸市地下水资源承载力进行分析计算,表明2010年地下水承载能力已趋于饱和,供需矛盾突出;2020年随着南水北调工程建成及通水,可利用水资源量增加,地下水开采得到限制,供需矛盾得到缓解。