西藏主要含煤岩系及其成煤环境初探

西藏煤系分布广泛,本文通过对西藏煤系的初步研究,主要从煤系地层、岩石组成以及煤系沉积特点三个方面对马查拉煤系、妥坝煤系、土门煤系、多尼煤系四个主要的西藏煤系进行初步探讨。认为马查拉煤系的沉积环境属浅海-海陆交互相沉积,妥坝煤系不仅具有海陆过渡相之滨岸三角洲带-碎屑潮坪-潮坪泻湖相沉积,还具有滨岸碳酸盐潮坪-碳酸盐台地的滨海-浅海清水沉积的特征,土门煤系则是下部以浅海相沉积为主,中部以海陆交互相沉积为主,上部以陆相沉积为主,多尼煤系则是滨海与海陆过渡相沉积。     

砂岩机械压实与物性演化成岩模拟实验初探

为了模拟沉积地层埋藏成岩过程中,压实作用下储层物性参数的连续变化特征,采用自行设计的成岩作用模拟实验系统,利用不同的现代沉积物样品,开展了砂岩机械压实作用模拟实验。实验表明：砂岩机械压实作用过程中孔隙度和渗透率随深度的变化具有分段性,即早期速变阶段和晚期缓变阶段。利用缓变阶段的数据分析发现,深度与孔隙度之间存在着良好的指数关系,深度与渗透率之间存在着良好的乘幂关系,孔隙度与渗透率之间存在着良好的指数关系。只经历机械压实作用的情况下,相同物源、相同分选的砂岩,颗粒粒度越粗,压实作用过程中,压实减孔率越小,最终保存的孔隙越多,砂岩渗透性越好;不同分选、相近粒度的砂岩,分选越差,压实作用过程中,压实减孔率越大,最终保存的孔隙越少,砂岩渗透性越差。不同岩相类型的砂岩,在压实缓变阶段,分选好中砂岩相平均百米减孔量最小,其次为分选好细砂岩相和分选好粉砂岩相,再次为分选中等粗砂岩相,分选差含砂砾岩相平均百米减孔量最大。     

练江平原第四系的时代

基于钻孔柱状图将练江平原区第四系划分为9个基本层,通过对WYZK-06孔岩心的系统测年,标定了第四系的年代。第四系底部地层时代为中更新世,厚度约40 m,为陆相沉积。中更新统底部地质年龄为(325±32)ka,属中更新世中晚期;顶部为一套厚达10 cm左右的稳定花斑黏土层。上覆地层为上更新统,反映中更新世与晚更新世之间有较长时间的沉积间断。中更新统分布局限于普宁—两英之间,上更新统和全新统占据平原的大部分地区,表明练江平原是在中更新世发生局部断陷,在晚更新世以来开始接受大面积沉积。     

南黄海南部陆区全新世沉积研究

研究区全新统不整合超覆于上更新亚统之上,自下而上由滨海相(局部含河口海湾相)?近岸浅海相(潮成沙体相)和潮滩相构成?全新统海侵层主要受控于晚更新世末SE→NW逐渐抬高的掀斜状古地形,表现出明显的水平相交,可归纳为四种层序类型?本文通过钻孔剖面分析对比,揭示了研究区垂向相序演替和水平相变的规律及其二者间的关系,恢复了全新世沉积演化过程?     

杭州湾晚第四纪沉积与古环境演变

通过对杭州湾第四系钻孔的年代地层学、沉积学、古环境学等多学科综合分析,认为XZK169孔全新世沉积始于孔深17.35m处(年代约为10～9kaBP),其下至孔深86.40m沉积属晚更新世。整个沉积层中可分出3个海进—海退旋回晚更新世早期以陆相沉积为主,出现河湖相—滨海湖泊相—河湖相沉积,气候为温凉干燥—温暖湿润—温凉干燥;晚更新世中晚期出现河湖相—潮滩湖相—浅海相—河口湾相沉积,气候为温凉干燥—寒冷干燥—温凉—暖热湿润—温热湿润;经历了末次冰期侵蚀后,全新世出现浅海相—河口湾相沉积,气候以暖热湿润—温暖湿润为主。约在5kaBP,杭州湾与长江口分离。     

南黄海辐射沙洲西太阳沙海域钻孔沉积环境分析

南黄海辐射沙洲枢纽区的西太阳沙海域钻孔岩芯很好地揭示了研究区全新世中晚期潮成沙脊沉积序列和晚更新世末期滨岸潮滩沉积序列.潮成沙脊在垂向上由两个基本的沉积相构成:出现在-5m水深以上的沙脊-浅潮下相以发育小型沙波交错层理、水平层理、块状层理和缺乏生物扰动为特点; 发育在水深 -5m以下的沙脊-深潮下相以出现脉状层理、波状层理和沙波交错层理组合为特点,具有丰富的生物扰动,并保存有风暴沉积.14C测年数据表明潮成沙脊是中全新世以后形成的,在辐射沙脊群形成之前,研究区经历了晚更新世的滨岸潮滩环境以及早全新世的海侵环境.烂沙洋靠西太阳沙一侧潮流通道目前已切入晚更新世滨岸潮滩相地层,潮道底部约8m厚的淤积层夹有强烈变形的滑塌堆积,可能与台风、风暴潮引起的骤然淤积有关,目前已被1992～2003年的海图资料证实.     

渤海东部潮流沉积特征及MIS4以来的沉积环境演化

渤海东部发育了典型的潮流沉积,由老铁山水道冲刷槽、辽东浅滩沙脊和渤中浅滩沙席组成。该文基于中国海洋地 质调查最新获取的高分辨率单道地震数据,与水深变化进行对比,将该区的潮流沉积特征与其地震相特征进行精细分析, 同时结合晚第四纪CD5孔的岩性、14C测年和层序地层划分,识别出晚更新世以来的四期层序地层,分别是MIS4以细砂为 主的陆相地层、MIS3以粉砂和黏土为主的滨浅海相沉积地层、MIS2末次盛冰期形成的以粉砂质粘土和细砂质粉砂为主的陆 相沉积地层和全新世（MIS1） 发育的以粉砂质黏土和细砂组成的海相沉积地层。其中全新世地层分别由早期的滨海相沉 积、中期的浅海沉积和晚期的潮流沉积组成。通过这四期层序的研究,揭示了该区MIS4期以来的沉积环境演化。     

储层沉积-成岩过程中孔隙度参数演化的定量分析——以鄂尔多斯盆地沿25区块、庄40区块为例

分别对鄂尔多斯盆地中南部沿25、西南部庄40两区块延长组长6段砂岩的成岩作用和孔隙演化进行分析。研究表明,两区块目的层砂岩目前均处于中成岩B期。受成岩环境酸碱性的控制,沿25区块普遍发育浊沸石和绿泥石,其浊沸石溶蚀孔隙为有利的储集空间;庄40区块高岭石较为发育,长石、岩屑溶孔为有利的储集空间。成岩过程中孔隙度演化的定量研究表明,相似的成岩演化阶段,孔隙度的演化不同。两区块初始孔隙度相近,沿25区块为34.91%,庄40区块为33.42%。机械压实过程中,沿25区块孔隙损失率为40.33%;庄40区块孔隙损失率为55.45%。胶结、交代过程孔隙损失率:沿25区块为46.86%;庄40区块为36.51%。后期溶蚀过程中,沿25区块次生孔隙空间主要为浊沸石溶孔,次生溶孔占比例为55.76%;庄40区块次生孔隙空间主要为长石、岩屑溶孔,次生孔隙占比例为73.51%。两区块沉积-成岩过程中孔隙度参数演化的定量分析为优质储层的筛选及相关砂岩油田的滚动勘探提供借鉴。     

中国油气盆地砂岩储层的成岩压实机制分析

埋藏成岩作用理论认为碎屑沉积物的压实作用是由上覆岩柱的有效应力产生的,但该理论解释不了我国油气盆地砂岩储层的成岩作用特征。我国油气盆地复杂的地质条件导致碎屑岩成岩压实机制的多样性,它既有上覆岩柱引起的压实效应(静岩压实效应),也有盆地热流控制的压实效应(热压实效应)、地层流体性质影响的压实效应(流体压实效应)以及构造变形引起的压实效应(构造压实效应)。静岩压实效应、流体压实效应和热压实效应是沉积盆地中普遍的砂岩成岩作用现象;构造控制成岩作用贯穿于整个成岩过程,本文的构造活动指施加于岩石的构造变形作用,它引起的压实效应见于我国西部地区的油气盆地物理模拟的实验结果表明静岩压实速率为0.013～0.138%/MPa,模拟温度提高,其压实速率变大。热压实效应具有深度加大,热效应压实量(或热效应压实速率)减小;以及盆地的地温梯度差距加大,热效应压实量(或热效应压实速率)增大的特点;在相同的地层温度(T)下,低地温梯度地区的砂岩孔隙度是高地温梯度地区的e~(0.077 0.0042×T)倍。流体压实效应具有粒级越粗,其压实效应越强;以及深度变大,一定岩性储层的流体压实效应变弱,而不同粒级之间储层流体压实效应的差距变大的特点构造压实效应反映在多个方面,侧向构造挤压和基底隆升加快砂岩的压实进程,侧向构造挤压应力每增加1.0MPa,砂岩压实量平均增加0.1051%;而晚期构造推覆使下伏砂岩储层保持较高孔隙度。     

压实过程中埋深和时间对碎屑岩孔隙度演化的共同影响

在相同埋深条件下,由于经历时间不同,地层压实程度将会存在差别。从粘弹塑性体应力-应变模型（Bingham 模型）推导出均速埋藏条件下地层孔隙度是埋深和经历时间的双元函数。该函数充分表明,在压实作用阶段,埋藏时间和埋深两个因素对地层孔隙度演化的影响都是非常重要的。为了充分证实这一结论,作者首先分析3个代表性沉积盆地地层孔隙度与埋深和埋藏时间的关系,阐明了除了埋深因素的作用,埋藏时间明显影响到了地层孔隙度的改变。另外,利用沉积物实验室压实物理模拟实验结果与实际盆地地层压实特征的差异性,进一步证明了压实过程中承压时间对压实程度起着重要的作用。任一深度地层孔隙度与埋深的表面关系不能掩盖地层孔隙度受埋藏过程控制的实质,即地层孔隙度受埋藏时间和深度的双重影响。     

Late-Quaternary paleoenvironmental evolution of Lesina lagoon (southern Italy) from subsurface data

Integrated sedimentological and micropaleontological (foraminifers and ostracods) analyses of two 55 m long borehole cores (S3 and S4) drilled in the subsurface of Lesina lagoon (Gargano promontory—Italy) has yielded a facies distribution characteristic of alluvial, coastal and shallow-marine sediments. Stratigraphic correlation between the two cores, based on strong similarity in facies distribution and AMS radiocarbon dates, indicates a Late Pleistocene to Holocene age of the sedimentary succession.Two main depositional sequences were deposited during the last 60-ky. These sequences display poor preservation of lowstand deposits and record two major transgressive pulses and subsequent sea-level highstands. The older sequence, unconformably overlying a pedogenized alluvial unit, consists of paralic and marine units (dated by AMS radiocarbon at about 45–50,000 years BP) that represent the landward migration of a barrier-lagoon system. These units are separated by a ravinement surface (RS1). Above these tansgressive deposits, highstand deposition is characterised by progradation of the coastal sediments.The younger sequence, overlying an unconformity of tectonic origin, is a 10 m-thick sedimentary body, consisting of fluvial channel sediments overlain by transgressive–regressive deposits of Holocene age. A ravinement surface (RS2), truncating the transgressive (lagoonal and back-barrier) deposits in core S4, indicates shoreface retreat and landward migration of the barrier/lagoon system. The overlying beach, lagoon and alluvial deposits are the result of mid-Holocene highstand sedimentation and coastal progradation.     

A re-evaluation of the timing of the earliest reported human occupation of Britain: the age of the sediments at Happisburgh, eastern England

Lower Palaeolithic artefacts have been reported at Happisburgh, north Norfolk, in sediments that have been assigned to the late Early Pleistocene, in either marine isotope stage (MIS) 25 or 21, using magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and clast lithology. However, the proposal that these sediments were deposited by the ancestral River Thames is inconsistent both with the established late Early Pleistocene palaeogeography of the region and with the dispositions of the contemporaneous Thames terraces. The Happisburgh deposits were evidently emplaced by a local river, which reworked older sediments that from their lithology had been derived largely from the Bytham River rather than the Thames catchment. Nonetheless, the potential significance of this sedimentary succession for early human dispersal and behaviour requires a conservative assessment of its youngest possible age. Although its basal part is clearly Early Pleistocene, there is nothing to preclude an early Middle Pleistocene age for the overlying sediments that have yielded the artefacts and the mammalian biostratigraphic evidence. It is indeed arguable that these sediments date from the cooling transition at the end of MIS 15c, and are thus younger than the artefact-bearing succession at Pakefield. Pending the availability of additional dating evidence, future discussion of the Happisburgh site should be qualified with respect to any claim for an Early Pleistocene age for the human occupation indicated.     

西藏阿里札达盆地下更新统香孜组地层厘定与层序地层划分

根据札达盆地香孜组河湖相地层剖面的接触关系、沉积旋回、沉积体系和岩相岩性特征,可将札达盆地下更新统香孜组河湖相地层划分为2个沉积相、3个岩段。香孜组一、二岩段为一套砾岩夹砂岩的粗碎屑岩,属典型的冲（洪）积扇沉积物;第三岩段为砾岩与砂岩互层,属冰水冰缘相沉积。ESR法和古地磁法测年结果表明,札达盆地香孜组河湖相地层的形成时代为早更新世早期（2．68—1．36Ma）。札达盆地为一同生断陷盆地,在后期重新复活的过程中,盆地只经历了冲积体系域和水进体系域。冲积体系域形成于札达盆地早更新世早期重新复活层序发育的早、中期,水进体系域形成于札达盆地早更新世早期重新复活层序发育的晚期。     

Origin and diagenetic evolution of Ca–Mg–Fe carbonates in some coalfields of Japan

Carbonate concretions, lenses and bands in the Pleistocene, Palaeogene and Upper Triassic coalfields of Japan consist of various carbonate minerals with varied chemical compositions. Authigenic carbonates in freshwater sediments are siderite > calcite > ankerite > dolomite >> ferroan magnesite; in brackish water to marine sediments in the coal measures, calcite > dolomite > ankerite > siderite >> ferroan magnesite; and in the overlying marine deposits, calcite > dolomite >> siderite. Most carbonates were formed progressively during burial within a range of depths between the sediment-water interface and approximately 3 km. The mineral species and the chemical composition of the carbonates are controlled primarily by the initial sedimentary facies of the host sediments and secondarily by the diagenetic evolution of pore water during burial. Based on the regular sequence and burial depth of precipitation of authigenic carbonates in a specific sedimentary facies, three diagenetic stages of carbonates are proposed. Carbonates formed during Stage I (< 500 m) strongly reflect the initial sedimentary facies, e.g. low Ca-Mg siderite in freshwater sediments which are initially rich in iron derived from lateritic soil on the nearby landmass, and Mg calcite and dolomite in brackish-marine sediments whose pore waters abound in Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ originating in seawater and calcareous shells. Carbonates formed during Stage II (500–2000 m) include high Ca-Mg siderite, ankerite, Fe dolomite and Fe–Mg calcite in freshwater sediments. The assemblage of Stage II carbonates in brackish-marine sediments in the coal measures is similar to that in freshwater sediments. This suggests similar diagenetic environments owing to an effective migration and mixing of pore water due to the compaction of host sediments. Carbonates formed during Stage III (> 2000 m) are Fe calcite and extremely high Ca-Mg siderite; the latter is exclusively in marine mudstones. The supply of Ca is partly from the alteration of silicates in the sediments at elevated burial temperatures. After uplift, calcite with low Mg content precipitates from percolating groundwater and fills extensional cracks.     

Holocene sedimentary environments in Lake Eyre,South Australia

In late Pleistocene time Lake Dieri (ancestral ‘Greater Lake Eyre') was permanently filled during a wet climatic phase. Towards the close of Pleistocene time the watertable fell, Lake Dieri dried up, and its sediments deflated. Later the watertable rose, establishing ephemeral Lake Eyre in the deflated area, and Holocene sedimentation commenced. At about this time Lake Eyre tilted to the south and three sedimentary environments developed: (1) a saline playa environment without saltcrusts in the northern end of the lake, where water drains away before wholly evaporating; (2) a terminal salina environment in the south end, where evaporation of brines leaves saltcrusts overlying gypseous sediments; and (3) a saline flocculation environment between the playa and salina environments, where sediments are deposited by flocculation when muddy floodwater from the north meets highly saline water of the southern salina.

In the northern playa environment, sedimentation is limited to the top of the capillary fringe above the watertable, below which sediments remain moist and protected from aeolian erosion, but above which they dry and blow out of the lake. In the southern salina environment sedimentation has not kept pace with the Holocene rise in watertable. If and when it does reach such a level, downward leaching of salt and deflation of exposed sediments is likely to occur. In the flocculation environment new deposits of clay are added but kept permanently wet by rising groundwater. When flocculated sediment builds too high, its excess is transferrred by surface water into the salina deposits to the south.     

萨拉乌苏组地层年代学研究

我国北方地区晚更新世河湖相标准地层——萨拉乌苏组地层的年代学研究,有助于正确理解萨拉乌苏组与马兰黄土以及与冰期气候对比等关系。笔者近年来根据野外层位对比和地层沉积相的划分,采用同位素年代测定,并结合黄土-古土壤序列研究的最新成果,初步建立了可以与黄土、深海沉积记录和冰期气候波动对比的萨拉乌苏组地层序列。认为河湖相沉积的萨拉乌苏组形成于约140-70kaBP的末次间冰期,大致与深海氧同位素第5阶段对应,与黄土高原古土壤S₁发育同期。城川组风成细砂形成于约70-10kaBP的末次冰期,与黄土高原的马兰黄土是同期异相地质体.      

武汉东西湖区第四系钻孔的沉积环境及古气候变化

以武汉市东西湖区第四系沉积物ZK25钻孔为例,通过AMS14C年代测定及其粒度与正构烷烃等环境代用指标分析,初步揭示了该孔第四纪沉积环境及晚更新世以来的古气候变化特征.结果显示,该区早更新世为河流沉积,至晚更新世出现河湖相交替沉积,较为干旱;进入全新世由于降雨增多而沉积了较厚的冲积层,随后变得冷干;全新世中期则变成稳定...     

Sedimentary basins,regularities of their formation and classification principles: Communication 1. Sedimentation basins

Two types of sedimentary basins are proposed: sedimentation basins and rock formation basins (rock basins). Such an approach reflects a complete cycle of the sedimentary process ranging from the stage of material mobilization and transport to the stage of accumulation of sediments, their transformation into sedimentary rocks, and formation of associated mineral deposits. Sedimentation basins are divided into lakes, intracontinental and marginal seas, and oceans, where phase differentiation of matter proceeds in different manners. It is shown that eupelagic and miopelagic clays, analogues of which are missing from Paleozoic sequences, represent the main indicator of recent sedimentation in the Word Ocean. It is stated that each sedimentation basin is characterized by a specific association of sedimentary mineral deposits.     

Fluvial deposits within the Pleistocene Crag at Thorpe St Andrew,Norwich, England

This paper records the findings at a temporary exposure at Thorpe St Andrew near Norwich, Norfolk, UK in Early and early Middle Pleistocene Crag deposits. The British Geological Survey (BGS) describes the particular formation exposed as Norwich Crag consisting of Early Pleistocene shallow marine sediments. The section shows a succession of sorted sands and gravels overlain by a sandy diamicton. Based on field evidence and clast analysis, the sands and gravels are interpreted as the product of point bar and overbank sedimentation and represent the product of a river cutting into and aggrading within the more widespread shallow marine deposits. Composition of the sediments indicates derivation, primarily from Wroxham Crag Formation, with a contribution from Norwich Crag. The sandy diamicton is interpreted as late Middle Pleistocene Corton Till that is recorded in the area. A distinct pattern of colour changes at the top of the sands and gravels is interpreted as a soil that developed on the fluvial sediments before being overridden by the glacier that deposited the Corton Till. The existence of the fluvial sediments within the regional shallow marine deposits suggests that a fall of sea-level, possibly due to climate cooling, while the elevation of the sediments and the adjacent Crag implies that the site has been uplifted since sedimentation. This is the first observation of terrestrial sediments within the shallow marine Crag. The paper also makes a contribution to understanding the diagenetic processes that give deposits within this region some distinctive colour and sediment patterns.     

Middle Weichselian glacial event in the central part of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet recorded in the Hitura pit, Ostrobothnia, Finland

The Hitura open pit exposes a sedimentary sequence up to 50 m thick representing Late Saalian to Holocene glacial and non-glacial sediments. The sequence was investigated using sedimentological methods, OSL-dating and pollen and diatom analyses to reconstruct the Middle Weichselian (MWG) glacial event in the central part of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS). The results indicate that the sediment succession represents two entire glacial advance and retreat cycles. The lowermost deposits are Late Saalian esker and delta sediments overlain by sediments that correlate with the early Eemian lacustrine phase. Remnants of the Eemian soil post-dating the lacustrine phase were also observed. The area was ice-free during the entire Early Weichselian (EWG). The first glacial advance recorded in the sediments is related to the MWG. It started 79 kyr ago, deformed underlying sediments and deposited an immature till, including large detached sediment pods containing remains of organic material, soils and fluvial sediments representing allochthonous material from EWG ice-free stadials and interstadials. The glacial deposits are conformably overlain by glaciolacustrine and littoral accumulations, indicating MWG deglaciation between 62 and 55 kyr ago. Based on the fabric measurements from the till unit overlying the MWG sediments, ice advance during the Late Weichselian (LWG) was initially from the west and later from a north-northwesterly direction. The Hitura strata provide the first dating of the MWG deglaciation (55 to 62 kyr ago) from central parts of the SIS. It can be considered as a key site for studying the growth and decay of SIS during the poorly known early parts of the glaciation.