同向断裂与反向断裂

同向与反向断裂是在伸展环境下的低序次张性断裂,一般规模较小。这些断裂产状相似、近于平行且成因相同,构成同向或反向断裂簇。根据控制断裂簇的高序次构造的不同,分为两种,一为断裂的倾向与所在地层倾向的相对关系而言,另一为断裂倾向与主干断裂倾向的相对关系而言。低序次断裂簇反映了高序次构造的特征与发育进程。前一类型的同向断裂簇增强构造的垂向幅度,反向断裂簇则降低构造的垂向幅度。后一类型的低序次断裂,其序次愈多,表明主干断裂发育的时间愈长,其形变历史也愈复杂。     

阿尔金断裂与大陆走滑断裂

阿尔金断裂是亚洲大陆内部一条明显的活动在滑断裂。阿尔金断裂与土尔其的北安纳托利亚断裂遥相对应,它们控制了青藏高原和中央安纳托利亚高原向东 向西方向的挤出(逃跑)运动。阿尔金断裂除了具有陆内大陆走滑断裂的特征外,还有特殊的性质。文章还简要地介绍了挤出构造。     

口泉断裂口泉村段断裂特征研究

口泉断裂是大同盆地西缘的主控边界断裂,本文采用野外地质调查、布设地震钻孔、浅层人工地震勘探、电阻率CT法勘探和探槽开挖的手段,对该断裂在口泉村段的断裂特征进行了分析。     

鲜水河断裂、磨西断裂的热水理化特性与断裂活动性

鲜水河断裂是我国著名的发震断裂,它与磨西断裂在康定地区交汇。磨西断裂呈NNW向展布,始于康定以北的中谷,终于石棉以南的公益海,与折多圹断裂在磨西交汇,与石棉断裂在安顺场交汇。温热泉沿鲜水河断裂带和磨西断裂带呈串珠状分布,前者多于后者。出露位置多在河流或沟谷谷底以及第四纪断陷盆地。热水集中分布区也是大震发生或中、     

益都断裂、蒙山断裂的新活动

益都断裂和蒙山断裂是沂沭断裂西侧的两条北西向断裂(图1)。有人认为1668年郯城8 1/2级地震与蒙山断裂和沂沭断裂的交汇有关,益都断裂与沂沭断裂的交汇部位于公元前70年曾发生安丘7级地震。因此,这两条断裂活动年代的确定对认识强震形成的条件和对地震中长期预报有着重要意义     

秦皇岛市断裂断层泥的SEM特征与断裂活动性

在野外地质调查的基础上，通过研究秦皇岛市Ｆ１、Ｆ２、Ｆ３断裂断层泥中石英颗粒表面的ＳＥＭ特征，认为Ｆ１断裂最末一次活动时间在早更新世至中更新世；Ｆ２断裂最末一次活动时间在晚更新世中晚期；Ｆ３断裂最末一次活动时间在晚更新世末或全新世初。     

断裂分段之间不同相互作用对断裂运动的影响

采用速度和状态摩擦本构控制的一维弹簧滑块模型研究断裂分段间相互作用对运动特征的影响,为研究东昆仑活动断裂带库赛湖段和西大滩段2个断裂分段之间的相互影响,采用由弹簧相连的2个滑块模拟断裂分段,通过弹簧滑块系统的动力学分析,将断裂运动性质的描述归结为一组微分方程,数值求解该微分方程组,最终得到断裂运动性质的参数,从而达到确定断裂未来强震复发周期的目的。通过位错模型计算、借鉴前人研究成果以及古地震资料确定模型相关参数。研究断裂分段在不同相互作用下的强震复发周期,模拟表明断裂间不同相互作用对地震复发周期和地震时断裂错动位移的大小没有规律性的影响;只是对地震发生时断裂错动的速度有明显的影响,作用强时,地震发生时断裂错动速度大;反之,地震发生时断裂错动速度小。     

关于渭河盆地的活动断裂、断裂深度及孕震的断裂深部展布条件

在肯定了公认的近东西向及西部北西向构造之后,重点从构造形迹、新活动标志等方面着手,阐明北东向活动断裂是渭河盆地晚第三纪,尤其是中更新世以来的主要活动断裂之一。在近代应力场下,是控制盆内地震的主要构造。将已有宏-微观研究资料结合伸展构造理论的运用,对盆内主要的两组断裂下切深度、盆地东部孕震的断裂深部展布条件进行了尝试性的探讨,认为深8-20公里范围内两组似交非交的铲式断裂形成一个应力容易集中的孕震地震区。     

东昆仑断裂东段下热尔断裂活动特征初步研究

下热尔断裂位于巴颜喀拉块体东北边界变形带即东昆仑断裂带东段与迭部-白龙江断裂2条剪切断裂之间挤压变形带内,在空间上属于“玛曲空段”范围.经野外考察及遥感资料验证,确定下热尔断裂走向为310°,长度约为20km,运动学特征表现为左旋走滑为主兼少量倾滑分量,沿断裂发育大量断错地貌,水平位移主要分布在3.5～5m,而未发现垂向断错地貌;垂直断裂走向开挖2处探槽,揭示断层切穿晚第四纪地层,被地表沼泽相泥炭层覆盖,结合相关地层年龄资料,初步得出平均水平滑动速率约为6.3mm/a.该断裂在几何学与运动学方面与东昆仑断裂带具有较好的一致性,推测两者之间存在一定相关性,属于东昆仑断裂带走滑断裂体系内的一条次级断裂或过渡性断裂.     

Percolation and fracture

A statistical model of fracture, based on percolation theory, is presented which allows the quantitative evaluation of clustering of cracks in solids. Unlike models of branching processes which are more in accord with Griffith fracture, the concept of percolation lattices (finite and infinite) is used following from a physical model of multiple fracture.Some experimental results on acoustic emission, dilatancy and geophysical precursors of earthquakes can be correlated with the percolation fracture model. The model does not depend on the mechanism of crack formation, critical parameters being the number of elementary events (cracks), the dimensionality of the process and the coordination number for a network of cracks and, in finite systems, their specific size.Fracture prediction is possible from the number of elementary acts, cluster statistics and other characteristic parameters of the model. Possible applications of the percolation model for earthquake prediction are considered.     

小波变换在裂缝识别和裂缝密度评价中的研究(英文)

通过常规测井曲线小波变换来评价裂缝参数是一个较新的研究课题。本文针对火山岩裂缝储层,对常规测井曲线做coif5、bior4.4和db5基小波的小波变换,通过变换后的分解信号与成像测井裂缝密度的对比研究,寻找出与裂缝密度相匹配的基小波,再将常规测井曲线在这个基小波下的分解信号与曲线变化率法相结合建立裂缝指示曲线来识别裂缝发育段,最后通过裂缝指示曲线与成像测井的裂缝密度之间的量化关系来比较准确的评价裂缝密度。将裂缝指示曲线法在松辽盆地南部进行了应用,通过裂缝指示曲线求取的裂缝密度与成像测井的裂缝密度之间的相对误差为0.53。     

Dynamical features of fracture formation

We analyze the results of a series of experiments on studying the dynamical pattern of fracture growth. The failure of the rocks under long loading with the use of nonexplosive demolition agent (NDA) is studied. Due to the long (about 2 days) loading, the experiment closely reproduces the natural conditions. It is shown that a single center of failure is absent. The coordinates of the sources of acoustic emission are calculated. The failure zone where the fracture is formed is identified. The combined analysis of the migration of strong acoustic events (AC_max) with the determination of their coordinates together with the deformation observations provide an insight into the kinetics of evolution of the source zone.     

Estimates of fracture parameters of earthquakes

A new estimate of the fracture parameters of earthquakes is provided in this paper. By theMuskhelishvili method (1953) a number of basic relations among fracture-mechanics parameters are derived. A scheme is proposed to evaluate the slip weakening parameters in terms of fault dimension, average slip, and rise time, and the new results are applied to 49 events compiled in the earthquake catalogue ofPurcaru andBerckhemer (1982). The following empirical relations are found in the paper: $$\begin{gathered} \frac{{\tau _B - \tau _f }}{{\tau _\infty - \tau _f }} = 2.339 \hfill \\ {{\omega _c } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\omega _c } {W = 0.113}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {W = 0.113}} \hfill \\ \log G_c \left( {{{dyne} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{dyne} {cm}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {cm}}} \right) = 2 \log L (km) + 6.167 \hfill \\ \log \delta _c (cm) = 2 \log L (km) - 1.652 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ whereG _c is the specific fracture energy,ω _c the size of the slip weakening zone,δ _c the slip weakening displacement,τ _B ?τ _f the drop in strength in the slip weakening zone,τ _∞?τ _f the stress drop,L the fault length, andW the fault width. The investigation of 49 shocks shows that the range of strength dropτ _B ?τ _f is from several doze to several hundred bars at depthh<400 km, but it can be more than 10³ bars ath>500 km; besides, the range of the sizeω _c of the strength degradation zone is from a few tenths of a kilometer to several dozen kilometers, and the range of the slip weakening displacementδ _c is from several to several hundred centimeters. The specific fracture energyG _c is of the order of 10⁸ to 10¹¹ erg cm^?2 when the momentM ₀ is of the order of 10²³ to 10²⁹ dyne cm.     

A field investigation of fracture compliance

A field measurement of fracture compliance is described. The aim was to determine how compliance scales with fracture size and, specifically, how laboratory measurements of fracture compliance compared with field estimates from sonic and seismic data. A test site was constructed, consisting of three 40 m vertical boreholes drilled in the floor of a Carboniferous Limestone quarry. Detailed knowledge of the rocks in the test area was obtained from core analysis, wireline logging and local area fracture mapping. Seismic cross‐hole surveys were performed using a sparker source with a dominant frequency of 2000 Hz and hydrophone receivers. The rocks had a compressional‐wave velocity anisotropy of 10%, which was attributed to the presence of predominantly horizontal, partially open fractures. Estimates of normal fracture compliance within a range from 2.5 × 10^?13 m/Pa to 3.5 × 10^?12 m/Pa were obtained from both the cross‐hole data and the sonic‐log data. This is an order of magnitude greater than values obtained from laboratory experiments which are reported elsewhere.     

A two-stage model of fracture of rocks

In this paper we propose a two-stage model of rock fracture. In the first stage, cracks or local regions of failure are uncorrelated and occur randomly throughout the rock in response to loading of pre-existing flaws. As damage accumulates in the rock, there is a gradual increase in the probability that large clusters of closely spaced cracks or local failure sites will develop. Based on statistical arguments, a critical density of damage will occur where clusters of flaws become large enough to lead to larger-scale failure of the rock (stage two). While crack interaction and cooperative failure is expected to occur within clusters of closely spaced cracks, the initial development of clusters is predicted based on the random variation in pre-existing flaw populations. Thus the onset of the unstable second stage in the model can be computed from the generation of random, uncorrelated damage. The proposed model incorporates notions of the kinetic (and therefore time-dependent) nature of the strength of solids as well as the discrete hierarchic structure of rocks and the flaw populations that lead to damage accumulation. The advantage offered by this model is that its salient features are valid for fracture processes occurring over a wide range of scales including earthquake processes. A notion of the rank of fracture (fracture size) is introduced, and criteria are presented for both fracture nucleation and the transition of the failure process from one scale to another.     

Fractured reservoirs with fracture corridors

Outcrop studies reveal a common occurrence of tabular zones of significantly‐increased fracture intensity affecting otherwise well‐lithified rocks. These zones, called fracture corridors, can have a profound effect on multi‐phase fluid flow in the subsurface. Using standard geo‐modelling tools, it is possible to generate 3D realizations of reservoirs that contain distributions of such fracture corridors that are consistent with observations, including the vertical frequency in pseudo‐wells inserted into the model at random locations. These models can generate the inputs to flow simulation. The approach adopted here is to run the flow simulations in a single‐porosity representation where the flow effects of fractures are upscaled into equivalent cell‐based properties, preserving a clear spatial relationship between the input geology and the resulting cellular model. The simulated reservoir performance outcomes are very similar to those seen in real oilfields: extreme variability between wells, early water breakthrough, disappointing recoveries and patchy saturation distributions. Thus, a model based on fracture corridors can provide an explanation for the observed flow performance of a suitable field. However, the use of seismics to identify fracture corridors is not an easy task. New work is needed to predict the seismic responses of fracture corridor systems to be able to judge whether it is likely that we can robustly detect and characterize these flow‐significant features adequately.     

AVOA techniques for fracture characterization

Different aspects of computational techniques for AVOA analysis (Amplitude Versus Offset and Azimuth) for fracture characterization are considered, in particular: using amplitudes instead of reflection coefficients, smoothing seismic data, and numerical methods for estimation of fracture directions. A new computational method and a new filter for smoothing are suggested. The different computational methods are compared in synthetic reflection surface data with noise, and without noise. Properties of the numerical methods in dependence on different sets of azimuths and offsets are obtained. It is shown a superiority of the new method.     

QVOA techniques for fracture characterization

New computational techniques of QVOA analysis (Quality factor Versus Offset and Azimuth) for fracture characterization are developed. The techniques are applied to synthetic surface data of reflection with noise.