圆的椭球状的梨形的非对称的地球

人对地球形状的认识至今经历了三大发展阶段：第一阶段是感觉阶段,受活动范围和生产力发展水平的限制,人类的认识主要以直观感觉为准,认为大地是平的,这种认识以“天圆地方”为代表;第二阶段是球形和椭球形观测研究阶段,16世纪完成的首次环球航行证实了地球是球形,后来又通过天文、大地等多种测算,人类逐渐认定地球是旋转椭球形,并且这一认识已成为一种常识,     

天然的·珍贵的

对不少读者来说：“地质公园”还是一个陌生的名词。简单地说．地质公园是以地质遗迹为核心内容．具有旅游休闲功能的地质遗迹的保护区。     

PKP的前驱波的解释与地震波的散射

所谓PKP的前驱波,即位于核震相PKIKP之前的一个波列,其振幅较弱,并且在震中距离为125~0～143~0间普遍能观测到.首先观测到这个震相的是B.Gatenberg和C.F.Richter(1934).尔后,随着地震记录技术的改进,许多地震学家对这个震相进行了精确的分析和认真的研究.我国地震台网对于发生在中美洲的危地马拉、巴拿马一带的大地震,往往能记录到发育较好的PKP的前驱波,如图1、2所示.由此可见,PKP的前驱波作为出现在地震图上的一个震相是勿容置疑的.     

模拟地震的应变软化的数学模型

本文从弹塑性岩石介质的一般的本构方程出发,考虑断层介质内摩擦系数和内聚力随变形而降低的性质,建立了断层介质的非稳定的本构关系。这些关系可应用于承受任何应力的不同走向和倾角的断层。考虑到复杂的现代构造和非均匀应力场的背景,给出一个用能量表述的非稳定准则,用它来判断包含断层和围岩在内的整个系统的非稳定性的到来。最后按本文提出的模型用有限元方法对两个震例做了初步的分析。     

吞噬微囊藻的鞭毛虫的培养

从一个有水华发生的池塘里采集分离到一种能吞噬微囊藻的动基体目鞭毛虫(Kinetoplastida),存光学显微镜及激光共聚焦显微镜下观察了该鞭毛虫的形态特征,初步探讨了它的培养方法.该鞭毛虫以集胞藻、微囊藻、鱼腥藻、小球藻以及蛋黄、奶粉、大肠杆菌和酵母为食物进行培养,结果集胞藻、微囊藻、奶粉、蛋黄、及酵母都是该鞭毛虫很好的食物.该鞭毛虫易于培养,繁殖迅速,培养成本低廉,有应用于生态环境中控制微囊藻水华的可能.     

流动的海水 蓝色的宝藏

<正>从40多亿年前原始海洋的形成起,大海就在地球运转和生命演化中扮演着重要角色。板块运移,沧海桑田,形成了今天七大洲、四大洋的海陆分布格局。天体间的引力和地球自转赋予了海洋潮汐和洋流的节律,海洋每时每刻运动不息。这片覆盖了地表71%的蓝色区域也形成了地球上最大的生态系统,蕴藏着富饶的矿产,还有很多刚刚开发和待开发的新型能源。人类在认识、亲近、开发海洋的漫长历史中也逐渐形成了多种多样的海洋文化。在资源环境问题日益凸显的今天,     

湖泊藻类动态模拟

以过程模拟研究为主线,从藻类生长与吸收,生态过程,尺度与空间异质性等方面阐述了湖泊藻类动物模拟研究的发展态势与存在问题,认为结构动力学模型、生态与水动力耦合模型、面向对象模型和神经网络模型等具有良好的发展前景。     

基于VTK的医学图像系统研究

医学三维数据场可视化是当前科学计算可视化应用的重点。本文论述了可视化工具包VisualizationToolkit(VTK)的主要特点,介绍了三维医学可视化系统实现的原理和方法。根据一系列人体断面图像,应用VTK实现了三维医学图像重构,对重构后的三维图像进行解剖分析;并实现对人体的二维图像逐帧浏览及柱状统计。实验结果表明,VTK具有使用灵活,功能强大的优点,是医学三维数据场可视化的有力工具。     

基于Lg波识别判据的特性分析

Lg波是检测、识别地下核爆炸的重要震相.通常情况下,地下核爆炸的低频段Lg波能量相对较强,基于Lg波的识别判据在高频段表现较好.然而在低频范围内却表现出难以用球对称爆炸源模式解释的现象,如Lg/Pg判据在1 Hz附近失效等现象.本文利用理论地震图方法,分析了伴随层裂过程产生的重要辅助源——CLVD源对Lg波低频成分的调...     

有关钢结构地震作用的讨论

简要介绍了6本国内标准(TJ11-74、TJ11-78、GB J11-89、GB50011-2001、JG J99-98、CECS160:2004)有关钢结构地震作用的计算方法,包括荷载组合方法和底部剪力法。通过归一化后的结果比较,评价了各本标准地震作用的大小。分析表明,除JG J99-98和GB50011-2001 2本标准由于考虑钢结构的阻尼比为0.02或0.035后,其地震作用有显著增大外,其它4本标准的地震作用处于接近的水平。考虑到钢筋混凝土和砖石结构等的地震作用水平在新旧抗震规范中并无多大变化,过分提高抗震性能较优的钢结构的地震作用水平显然是不合理的。     

Occurrence of water ponding on soil surfaces depending on infiltration rates on Mongolian rangeland

The occurrence of water ponding on soil surfaces during and after heavy rainfall produces surface run‐off or surface water accumulation in low‐lying areas, which might reduce the water supply to soils and result in a reduction of the soil water that plants can use, especially in arid climates. On Mongolian rangeland, we observed ponded water on the surface of a specific soil condition subjected to a heavy rainfall of 30 mm/hr. By contrast, ponded water was not observed for the same type of soil where livestock grazing had been removed for 6–8 years via a fence or for nearby soil containing less clay. We measured the infiltration rate (the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the surface soil, K_s) of the three sites by applying ponded water on the soil surface (an intake rate test). The results showed that K_s in the rangeland was lower than the rainfall intensity in the site where water ponded on the soil surface; however, K_s of the soil inside of the fence has recovered to 3 times that of the soil outside of the fence to exceed the rainfall intensity. Heavy rainfall that exceeds the infiltration rate occurs several times a year at the livestock grazing site where we observed ponded water. Slight water repellency of the soil reduces rain infiltration to increase the possibility of surface ponding for the soil.     

基于地震动参数的建筑物震害研究

本文介绍了多步简化的push—over(MSP)方法,引导出求解单体建筑物易损性指数和群体建筑物易损性指数的办法,并通过建筑物平均易损性指数曲线,来评价城市的总体抗震性能。本文不采用过去以烈度为地震输入的易损性评定方法,采用地震动参数作为城市建筑物易损性的评定标准。给出的易损性指数曲线,可用来查找不同地震动参数下各类建筑物的易损性结果,比较城市各类建筑物的抗震性能。本文研究可望在城市建筑物震害评估中有好的应用前景。     

基于ActiveMQ平台的地震消息服务探讨

重点介绍了ActiveMQ消息平台的特点和功能,并对遥测台网中速报、台站参数共享、标定信息等部分应用进行了探讨和阐述,并给出了部分相关代码和应用实例流程图。     

断层错动对隧道的影响分析

隧道通过潜在地震地区时.存在活动断层的错动形成的重大工程地质问题的威胁.基于断裂儿何学和震源的运动学特征,以广州地区活动断裂为研究背景,通过在断层左右盘施加一定的速度荷载,模拟了断层错动达到0.28 m时对隧道的影响.得出隧道结构在断层错动影响下的位移和应力的变化规律.分别建立隧道结构距离断层50 m、100 m、150 m三个模型,比较了三种情况下的位移和应力状况.归纳出隧道与断层之间的安全距离.     

New results on radiation effects on human health

Humans are exposed to ionizing radiation all the time, and it is known that it can induce a variety of harmful biological effects. Consequently, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the level of exposure to this radiation as the basis for estimating risks due to ionization radiation. During the Work Package 2400 of the COST-724/WG-2 action, a number of spacecraft and aircraft experiments have been performed with both active and passive detectors. A large data base has been created. In this contribution we would like to stress the results obtained and their importance in three particular directions: (i) Simultaneous investigation of galactic cosmic rays on aircraft and on the International Space Station (ISS); (ii) Onboard spacecraft neutron contribution as estimated on the basis of the comparison of results measured with MDU/Liulin equipment onboard ISS, foton capsule and a commercial aircraft flying at subsonic altitudes; (iii) Complex analysis of the results of long term measurements onboard a Czech Airlines aircraft. The results obtained are presented, analyzed, and discussed, and their complementary nature is underlined. The contribution represents a version of the Final Report of the Work Package 2400 of the COST-724/WG-2: Radiation Environment of the Earth.     

Earthquake-induced pressures on discontinuous piling support on Santiago gravel

Discontinuous anchored piling support (anchored soldier piles without lagging) is one of the most frequent earth-retaining systems used in temporary deep excavations in Santiago, Chile. The main advantages of using discontinuous piling support are their relatively low cost and ease of installation. This system is particularly efficient on stiff soils with deep groundwater table, conditions usually found in Santiago. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the characteristics of earthquake induced lateral pressures on discontinuous pile-supported excavations in Santiago gravel. An equivalent bi-dimensional plane-strain model was developed on the basis of a more refined 3D model in order to quantify the influence of the “arching effect” on the dynamic lateral earth-pressures. The dynamic response was studied for a suite of Chilean ground motion recorded on rock in order to evaluate the variability of the dynamic pressures and their influence on the piles' internal forces. These results are then compared against some simplified design recommendations.