Study of roof stability of the end of working face in upward longwall top coal

Low recovery of longwall top coal caving (LTCC) remains one of the most difficult engineering problems in this mining method and impedes its application. The top coal left in the gob at face end accounts for a large portion of the total coal loss, and the instability of the leftover triangle coal at face end has long been a threat to the safety of miners and the mining equipment. In this paper, based on the engineering background of Ruilong mine, we explore the stability of the roof at the end of the face by using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field measurement. Results reveal that in the inclined longwall top coal caving face, the immediate roof forms an “arch” structure, and the basic roof forms a “masonry beam” structure after the roof collapses; working resistance of the support calculated by the method of ultimate bearing capacity was adequate to meet the requirement of roof load; roof load of coal pillar was related to the length of key block and fracture position; and increasing the size of coal pillar could ensure the stability of both coal pillar and roof.     

Enrichment of lithium in the claystone coal gangue from the Malan mine,Xishan Coalfield,Shanxi Province,Northern China

In China, the lack of Li resources is in stark contrast to a large amount of coal gangue produced by coal mining. To determine the distribution patterns and existing status of lithium (Li) elements in the coal gangue, the mineralogical and geochemical analysis were formed on samples of the roof, floor, and parting of No. 02, 2, 8, and 9 coal seams, being mined in Malan mine, Xishan coalfield, Shanxi Province. The results show that the lithium content in this study area is relatively enriched, the highest content is 499 μg/g in sample 02-G, and the average content is 109.8 μg/g, which is two times that of the world average value of claystone (45 μg/g). XRD analysis shows that the mineral composition of parting samples is mainly clay mineral kaolinite, while the coal seam roof and floor samples also include quartz and some iron-bearing minerals, such as pyrite and siderite. Likewise, possible lithium-rich mineral phases and possible lithium-rich factors were investigated in this paper. A comprehensive clay separation experiment and correlation analysis between lithium and major elements indicate that lithium is likely to exist in the clay mineral kaolinite in the study area. It is also found that the content of Li adsorbed by cryptocrystalline kaolinite is generally higher than that of crystalline kaolinite. According to the mechanism of Li⁺ adsorption in clay minerals, the higher lithium content of cryptocrystalline kaolinite is due to its larger specific surface area, which can adsorb more lithium on the surface.     

Texture, mineralogy, and rock strength in horizontal stress-related coal mine roof falls

Geologic structures can represent planes of preferential weakness that, by dismembering the roof beam, may contribute to the failure of roof spans. However, beam deflection and roof failure also occur in rocks where no visible geologic discontinuities are present. This suggests that roof failure may depend on rock strength, which in turn depends on intrinsic textural properties inherent to the rock. In this study, rock samples were collected from horizontal stress-related roof fall material in coal mines for petrographic characterization and compressive strength testing. Brittle, stress failure-prone rock types include thinly interlaminated siltstone and shale, and black shale that had been lightly recrystallized. Samples exhibit a narrow range of density values between approximately 2.5–3.0 g/cm³ but exhibit a wide range of unconfined compressive strength values, between approximately 20–70 MPa. Results of laboratory observations suggest that for samples of coal mine immediate roof shale, compressive strength is not well correlated with density, grain size, sutured grain boundaries, or quartz content. These results for shale are generally at odds with the results of similar studies for sandstone. The great variability of strength, texture, and mineralogy documented in these samples may be an indication of their complexity and the need for specialized methodology in the study of shale strength.     

下峪口煤矿2号煤层赋存地质特征研究

根据大量钻探及井下采掘揭露资料,探讨了下峪口煤矿2号煤层的赋存特征,分析表明2号煤属不稳定薄煤层,煤层总体厚度呈NE—SW向薄厚交替变化特点,区内可划分为两个相对的厚煤带和两个薄煤带。煤体结构以碎裂煤为主,兼有少量的糜棱煤及碎粒煤,,煤层顶以粉砂岩与砂岩顶板为主。通过对2号煤厚度变化分析,认为沉积环境、河流的同生冲刷及构造挤压是影响厚度变化的三个主要因素。     

煤层顶底板反射波的干涉效应

理论分析与实际资料证实,煤层顶、底板反射波的干涉,在煤层厚度所产生的时差小于半个周期时,导致反射波的振幅随着煤层厚度的减小而减弱,且在煤层厚度较小（趋于0m）的情况下,仍然是可以连续对比追踪的;大于半个周期时,反射波的振幅与干涉效应无关。通过实际资料的分析计算发现,在煤层厚度趋于0m时,其顶、底板反射波的干涉所形成的振幅极限值仍然是砂、泥岩界面反射波振幅的3倍,依据这个特征可有效识别煤系地层中的薄、无煤带。     

Discontinuous Modelling of Stratum Cave-in in a Longwall Coal Mine in the Arctic Area

This paper presents a discontinuous numerical approach for studying roof cave-in mechanisms and obtaining the required support capacity of longwall shields in a case study site, the Svea Nord coal mine in Svalbard. The block size in the roof strata and the mechanical parameters of the discontinuities for the numerical model were obtained through back-calculations. The back-calculations were conducted with a statistical method of design of experiment. Numerical simulations revealed that voussoir jointed beams are formed before the first cave-in occurs. The maximum deflection of a roof stratum in the study site prior to the first cave-in is about 70 % of the stratum thickness. The maximum span of the roof strata prior to the first cave-in depends upon the in situ horizontal stress state. The roof beams have a large stable span when they are subjected to high horizontal stress; but horizontal stress would increase the possibility of rock crushing in deflected roof beams. The simulations and field measurements show no periodic weighting on the longwall shields in the study site. Stiff and strong roof beams would result in large first and periodic cave-in distances. As a consequence of having large cave-in distances, the longwall shields must have high load capacity, which can be calculated by the presented numerical approach.     

切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷顶板变形机制及控制对策研究

为了探究切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷开采技术下短臂梁顶板的变形机制和影响因素,分析了该技术条件下的顶板结构及运动过程,建立了短臂梁顶板的力学模型,运用功能原理推导了短臂梁顶板在前期、中期和后期3个阶段的变形量计算公式,讨论了短臂梁顶板在各变形阶段的影响因素及其敏感性,并针对各变形阶段的主控因素提出了相应的控制思路。结果表明:短臂梁顶板在前期阶段的变形量较小,此阶段基本顶弹性模量、巷内及切顶支护强度、切顶高度对其影响比较显著;在中期阶段的变形量较大,碎胀系数、短臂梁弹性模量、留巷宽度对其影响比较显著;后期阶段顶板处于相对稳定状态,变形量基本不再变化。为此针对柠条塔矿S12012工作面提出了"巷内及时高强支护+切顶方案优化"的阶段性主控因素控制对策,现场应用效果良好。     

多因素组合影响阶段矿柱上采顶板临界厚度研究

采用散体充填法的矿山,由于充填体无法直接暴露,阶段矿柱回采临界厚度的保留成为残矿回收的突出难题。基于传统弹性梁理论,结合实际情况,将阶段矿柱简化为均布载荷下两端固定的弹性梁力学模型,推导了其弹性应力解,揭示了 是阶段矿柱上采过程的第1破坏应力。理论分析表明：影响矿柱上采顶板临界厚度的主要因素为：散体载荷、回采跨度和岩体抗拉强度。利用FLAC3D完成了多因素组合影响阶段矿柱上采过程数值模拟正交试验,分析了单一影响因素与顶板临界厚度的关系,利用多元非线性回归的数学方法,建立了上采过程三因素组合影响下阶段矿柱临界厚度数学预测公式。最终,实现了散体介质下阶段矿柱上采临界厚度的预测。结合凤凰山铜矿-240 m阶段矿柱回采实际,表明了该预测公式的适用性。     

软弱厚煤层沿空留巷变形破坏特征及控制研究

针对软弱厚煤层综放开采沿空留巷动压显现明显,顶板易出现不均匀切顶下沉等问题。通过现场调研、理论分析和数值模拟,阐明了软弱厚煤层综放开采沿空留巷动压显现特征和变形机制,提出了软弱厚煤层沿煤层顶板布置沿空留巷变形协同支护体系。研究结果表明：综放开采采出厚度大,沿煤层底板留巷时沿空留巷煤层顶板承载能力差,“底板−巷旁支护体−顶板”支护体系载能力不协调,是造成软弱厚煤层沿空留巷产生大变形的主要原因;沿煤层顶板留巷变形协同支护体系的提出提高了沿空留巷帮部、顶底板及巷旁支护体的协同承载能力,可有效地保证软弱厚煤层沿空留巷的围岩稳定。研究成果在古城煤矿的成功应用,证明了该支护体系在软弱厚煤层综放沿空留巷中的可行性。     

提高伽马伽马曲线煤层定厚解释精度方法探讨

在贫煤地区,煤炭资源赋存差异较大,纳入资源量计算的煤层厚度也较低,个别地区甚至降到0.30m。目前煤层定厚解释常用视电阻率曲线和伽马伽马曲线。煤层顶底板在视电阻率曲线的解释点是"根部拐点",因此人为误差较小;而伽马伽马曲线的解释点是煤层密度和煤层顶底板密度的二维函数,变化较大。根据伽马伽马测井曲线的对称性原理,提出利用平均密度法确定煤层定厚点,即用煤层伽马伽马曲线幅值分别与顶、底板围岩的伽马伽马曲线幅值相乘后再开方的方法获得煤层定厚顶、底板解释点的伽马伽马幅值。该方法既提高了伽马伽马曲线煤层定厚解释精度,又将复杂问题简单化,在实际工作中具有较强的可操作性和使用性。     

软岩厚度对层状顶板破坏特征影响分析

顶板冒落是煤矿生产的五大灾害之一。顶板冒落主要与顶板岩层性质、赋存状态等因素有关,其中软弱岩层赋存的厚度变化是顶板冒落的主要原因之一。利用东北大学岩石破裂过程分析系统（RFPA2D）,针对煤矿沉积岩层顶板破坏进行力学分析,并对赋存不同厚度软岩的层状顶板的破坏情况进行了数值计算。探讨了不同厚度的软弱岩层对巷道稳定性的影响,得出了不同厚度软弱岩层在巷道开挖后的破坏过程和最后冒落的形状,提出了对不同厚度软弱岩层的层状顶板巷道有针对性的支护措施。该结果对现场施工和试验具有重要的参考价值。     

沁水盆地南部15号煤层顶板灰岩特征对煤层气开采的影响

煤层顶板的含水性对煤层气的开采有重要影响。沁水盆地南部上石炭统太原组15号煤层直接或间接顶板多为灰岩,其中以K2灰岩为主,连续分布。顶板泥岩较少,呈零散分布。灰岩的富水性对煤层气的排水降压有影响。因此,主要从灰岩的厚度展布、裂隙发育、与煤层的接触关系以及区域水文地质条件讨论其含水性对煤层气产能的影响。研究结果表明:(1)灰岩的含水性一般较弱,但当遇到断层或岩溶陷落柱较发育的部位,可能与其他含水层沟通,富水性较强。(2)15号煤层顶板灰岩的厚度与煤层气井的产水量并无直接关系,其裂隙较发育,但大多被方解石充填,导水和储水性能较差。(3)灰岩与15号煤层的接触关系有两种:一种是直接接触型,灰岩直接覆于15号煤层之上;另一种是间接接触型,灰岩与15号煤之间夹有泥岩、砂岩或14号煤层。直接接触型煤层气井的产水量、产气量比间接接触型高。间接接触型15号煤层直接顶板的岩性、厚度对产气、产水都没有太大影响。     

芦岭煤矿8煤层顶板特征研究

基于钻孔岩心资料,分析了芦岭煤矿8煤层顶板的岩性类型和顶板的结构类型,统计了顶板30m以内砂岩的厚度和8煤直接顶厚度。按照硬质岩石百分含量(K)的大小将顶板岩体岩性分为硬质岩体、中硬岩体和软质岩体三类;按照直接顶厚度/采高的比值(Km)将顶板的工程地质类型分为无周期来压顶板、周期来压顶板和周期来压强烈顶板三种类型,得出了8煤顶板类型分区。研究结果为该矿工作面布置方法、顶板支护方式的选择提供了依据,为顶板事故的预防提供了参考资料。     

线性回归分析在邯峰矿区2~#煤层瓦斯含量预测中的应用

以邯峰矿区53个钻孔中2#煤层资料为基础数据进行线性回归分析,首先初步确定原煤水分、挥发分、灰分、煤厚、煤层倾角、埋深、顶板(岩性、厚度)和底板(岩性、厚度)等因素与煤层瓦斯含量的相关程度,并将其定量化,经一元线性拟合筛选,删除对2#煤层瓦斯含量影响较小的灰分和底板因素,对余下因素再进行多元线性拟合,建立2#煤层瓦斯含量与2#煤的水分、挥发分、埋深、煤厚、煤层倾角和顶板(岩性、厚度)的多元线性回归方程。经检验该方程较好地表达了瓦斯含量与相关因素的定量关系,预测值与实测值接近,可作为邯峰矿区预测其它钻孔2#煤层瓦斯含量的数学模型。     

Paleoslumps in coal-bearing strata of the Breathitt Group (Pennsylvanian), Eastern Kentucky Coal Field, U.S.A.

The benefits of geologic analysis for roof-control studies and hazard prediction in coal mines are well documented. Numerous case studies have illustrated the importance of recognizing geologic features such as paleochannels, coal riders, and kettlebottoms in mine roofs. Relatively understudied features, in terms of mining, are paleoslumps .Paleoslumps represent ancient movement and rotation of semi-consolidated sediment. Because bedding in paleoslumps is deformed or inclined, these features cause instability in mine roofs, haul roads, surface highwalls, and other excavations. Various types of paleoslumps above coals in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field were studied in order to aid in their recognition and prediction in mines.The paleoslumps studied all showed characteristic slump-deformation features, although some differences in magnitude of deformation and overall slump size were noted. Coals beneath slumps often exhibited folding, reverse displacements, truncation, clastic dikes, and locally increased thickness. Slumps are inferred to have been triggered by a wide range of mechanisms, such as loading of water-saturated sediment on rigid substrates, synsedimentary faulting, and over-pressurization of channel margin and bar slopes.Analysis of paleoslumps in underground mines, where paleoslumps are viewed from beneath rather than in profile is difficult, since characteristic bed rotation may not be conspicuous. Sudden increases in bed-dip angle inferred from changes in rock type or bedding contacts in the roof; occurrence of bounding, polished rotation surfaces; or roof irregularity and occurrence of loading features may indicate the presence of paleoslumps. Another key to recognition may be the sudden appearance of over-thickened coal, which can occur because of slump-created paleotopography, synsedimentary faults, and slump-generated overthrusting. In addition, steeply inclined, folded, or transported coal marginal to paleoslumps can create apparent increases in coal thickness in cores. Although thick coals are obviously a target of exploration, anomalously thick coals may actually indicate adjacent paleoslumps accompanied by hazardous roof conditions and loss of seam thickness.     

潜埋煤层开采整体结构覆岩导水裂缝带高度特征

针对榆神府矿区侏罗系煤层开采导水裂缝带发育高度与传统预计结果存在明显差异的问题,以榆阳煤矿为实际研究背景,在分析水文工程地质条件的基础上,利用原位测试、理论分析与计算机数值模拟等方法,研究了整体结构覆岩下导水裂缝带高度发育特征。研究结果表明：侏罗纪覆岩中砂岩的含量百分数为85%左右,较石炭-二叠纪煤田覆岩中砂岩含量高,侏罗纪煤层顶板覆岩沉积面不明显且纵向裂隙不发育;导致导高发育异常主要原因为顶板覆岩结构的整体性与岩性特征;离散元数值计算结果中覆岩中结构面发育与结构面不发育的情况下导水裂隙带高度分别为60m与95m,验证了覆岩结构整体性是导致导水裂隙带高度异常的主要因素之一。     

深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏机制模型试验研究

为研究深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏特性及其机制,以赵楼煤矿千米深井厚顶煤巷道为工程背景,开展了大比尺地质力学模型试验,对让压型锚索箱梁支护系统作用下的巷道围岩位移、应力演化规律进行的研究表明：巷道顶底板围岩竖向应力释放较两帮剧烈,水平应力释放反之,巷道顶板中部围岩是顶板竖向应力释放的主要部位。通过与现场试验结果对比验证,总结出深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏的3个主要特征：顶板变形破坏较两帮和底板严重、顶板围岩变形破坏主要发生在煤岩交界面以下的煤体中、巷中是顶板变形破坏的关键部位,并进一步分析了相应机制：顶板煤岩松软破碎、自承能力差、顶板及其巷中竖向应力释放相对更为剧烈、矩形巷道顶板受力状态差等因素,导致顶煤所受径向应力低,碎胀变形剧烈,且弯曲变形、离层严重,顶板受力结构恶化,最终导致顶板控制困难。     

矿井粘土岩特性及其对巷道稳定性的影响

在分析龙口矿区2号煤层顶底板粘土岩的物质组成、微结构和物化特性的基础上,讨论了粘土岩的膨胀特性对巷道稳定性的影响,进而指出了本研究在巷道工程应用中的意义。     

A simplified rock mass-rock bolt interaction analysis for horizontally layered strata

Summary A ground convergence-support reaction analysis is extended to the case of an opening excavated in horizontally layered strata. Simplifying assumptions include linear elastic behaviour and classical beam theory. The method is used to demonstrate the influence on bolt loads of a number of factors including the timing of support installation, failure of the roof, number, thicknesses and flexibilities of the rock layers, type of rock bolt, bolt spacings, bolt lengths, roof span, and roof beam thickness.     

Optimizing the reinforcement effect of full-column,untensioned, grouted bolts in bedded mine roofs

Summary The benefits of installing full-column, untensioned, grouted bolts in bedded mine roofs generally include a greater pull-out strength than mechanical, point anchor bolts, a greater axial stiffness, and a greater shear stiffness. The latter characteristic (dowel effect) is helpful in reducing shear slip along planes of separation in the roof and hence roof sag or convergence.This paper reports on analytical and model studies undertaken to determine if there is a positioning of grouted bolts across the span of the opening for which the dowel effect reaches a maximum or optimum value. A variety of loading cases is examined, including uniform and parabolic loading of roof beams resting on rigid or deformable abutments, and it is shown that there should be a greater density of bolts towards the ribs or sides of openings. The precise locations of the bolts for optimizing reinforcement are also shown to depend upon roof span, abutment thickness, elastic moduli of roof and abutment, and beam thickness.