Mineralogy of fossilized ammonites

The composition and structure of mineral substance in shells of three Jurassic ammonites (Cadoceras elatmae) from the Makar’ev South outcrop in Kostroma oblast, Russia, have been studied. The studied shells differ in degree of preservation. The shell of one ammonite with partly retained internal structure has been replaced with quartz, carbonate-bearing apatite-(CaF), and newly formed aragonite. Other shells without retained internal structure underwent phosphatization rather than replacement with quartz. This difference serves as the basis for a discussion on fossilization conditions. Silicification of the shell supports preservation of its wall and elements of the internal structure. It is suggested that quartz might be biogenic in origin and was formed in cavities of phosphate substance, which had replaced the soft tissue of ammonites.     

太宁隧道围岩类别的再认识

通过论证比较，按照隧道围岩主要工程地质特征，围岩岩体结构及结构面特征，水文地质特征，围岩弹性纵波波速，变形系数，泊松比，内摩擦角，软化系数等指标，重新划分和确定了围岩类别，分析了产生围岩类别偏差的原因，以期对同类工程勘察起到借鉴和参考作用。     

Morphostructural and tectonophysical features of strike-slip and extensional fault zones (results of analog modeling)

The formation of the relief of fault zones is considered in relation to the evolution of their internal structure during faulting. The study was carried out by analog modeling with subsequent digital elevation modeling of the experimental surface of the deformed sample. The vertical displacement gradient was calculated based on the digital elevation models. It has been found that the relief of strike-slip and extensional fault zones depends on their internal structure. Each element of the internal structure makes its own contribution to the relief formation. The process depends on experimental conditions, such as the viscosity of the model material and the model deformation rate. The relief of the fault zone is different at each of three main stages of its formation.     

月震重定位

由于前人的月震定位结果主要是基于20世纪70、80年代的月球速度模型, 定位结果误差较大, 无法为月震层析成像等研究提供精确的月震参数.随着对月球内部结构研究的不断深入, 月球速度模型及分层结构的精细程度已经有了很大提高.通过对Apollo月震数据解码及分析, 重新拾取了月震初至数据, 在总结前人震源定位的基础上, 利用月球新近速度模型, 采用Geiger震源定位方法进行了月震震源定位, 给出了较为全面的月震参数目录, 并对月震和地震的分布及形成机制进行了对比, 可为以后月震及月球内部结构的深入研究提供更多的依据.      

Characterization by computed X-ray tomography of the evolution of the pore structure of a dolomite rock during freeze-thaw cyclic tests

The study of the pore structure of rocks is very important for the interpretation of their behaviour when subjected to weathering. In the case of rocks used in historic buildings or in objects of art where other techniques can not be applied, the Non-Destructive Testing method (NDT) for determining porosity, such as X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), becomes a very interesting alternative. In this paper this technique has been used for imaging textural features and the internal pore structure of a dolomitic rock used as building material in Oviedo Cathedral, Spain. The reconstructed 3D image shows a non uniform distribution of porosity. The rock has been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles to evaluate its durability. The evolution of the void structure has also been studied by X-ray CT and the images obtained allow one to follow the progressive decay and to assess the internal depth of the damage. Because of the low resistance to weathering of the rock, damage, mainly in the form of fissures, was observed even in the initial tests (third cycle in some of the specimens). Breakdown of the rock appeared as early as cycle 12 in some specimens.     

Three-dimensional hydromechanical modeling of internal erosion in dike-on-foundation

Currently, numerical studies at the real scale of an entire engineering structure considering internal erosion are still rare. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation of the effects of internal erosion within a linear dike located on a foundation. A two-dimensional (2D) finite element code has been extended to 3D in order to analyze the impact of internal erosion under more realistic hydromechanical conditions. The saturated soil has been considered as a mixture of four interacting constituents: soil skeleton, erodible fines, fluidized fine particles, and fluid. The detachment and transport of the fine particles have been modeled with a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. An elastoplastic constitutive model for sand-silt mixtures has been developed to monitor the effect of the evolution of both the porosity and the fines content induced by internal erosion upon the behavior of the soil skeleton. An unsaturated flow condition has been implemented into this coupled hydromechanical model to describe more accurately the seepage within the dike and the foundation. A stabilized finite element method was used to eliminate spurious numerical oscillations in solving the convection-dominated transport of fluidized particles. This numerical tool was then applied to a specific dike-on-foundation case subjected to internal erosion induced by a leakage located at the bottom of the foundation. Different failure modes were observed and analyzed for different boundary conditions, including the significant influence of the leakage cavity size and the elevation of the water level at the upstream and downstream sides of the dike.     

微生物降解蒙脱石层间吸附有机质的实验研究

近年来,国内外学者意识到,有机质在蒙脱石结构层间的吸附是有机质保存的重要机理之一,然而,目前关于微生物能否降解蒙脱石层间吸附有机质以及降解的程度等尚没有任何实验数据的支撑。本文试图通过人工合成含有层间吸附有机质的蒙脱石,利用海洋和湖泊沉积物中常见的降解有机质的微生物对其进行降解实验,据此探讨有机质的蒙脱石层间吸附在沉积物埋藏过程中对有机质保存的贡献。有机质选择半胱氨酸和甲苯,前者是生物生长所需的一种重要氨基酸,后者大量存在于土壤和沉积物中,多种细菌可以在有碳氢化合物的环境下将其降解。实验菌种选择恶臭假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas putida)和腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens CN32)2种细菌,它们均为海洋和湖泊沉积物中的主导微生物,前者有较强的有机质降解能力,后者为铁的还原菌,厌氧代谢过程中能将蒙脱石结构中的Fe(III)还原为Fe(II)。通过上述不同菌种对蒙脱石层间吸附不同性质有机质的降解实验,结果显示,微生物对蒙脱石层间吸附的有机质的降解方式主要有分泌有机酸直接降解和破坏层间结构释放有机物从而进行降解。代表菌种假单胞菌和希瓦氏菌对半胱氨酸绿脱石及甲苯绿脱石的作用表明,微生物通过分泌有机酸的形式对蒙脱石层间吸附的有机质降解作用很有限,该结构在恒定的有氧和无氧条件下对保存有机质有利;希瓦氏菌在严格无氧条件下通过还原Fe(III)进行代谢,实验表明,无氧条件下,希瓦氏菌可以一定程度破坏矿物结构,释放并消耗有机物,因此,铁还原微生物对蒙脱石层间吸附有机质的保存有一定的影响,但由于微生物对矿物晶体结构的破坏能力有限,故其对层间吸附有机质降解的能力也有限;不同有机物对生物降解过程也有影响,这些影响取决于有机质的特性及有机质与细菌之间的相互作用。绿脱石层间吸附的半胱氨酸对生物生长有利,从而可能促进生物还原Fe(III)作用。相反,甲苯却很明显的抑制了Fe(III)的还原。由此可见,有机质的蒙脱石层间吸附是有机质保存的重要方式之一。     

枣庄市市中区基准地价动态变化特点及成果分析

基准地价是政府对土地市场地价水平进行宏观引导和管理的依据,反映了城市土地市场的变化趋势,具有一定的现势性。对枣庄市市中区2007年、2010年基准地价成果进行对比研究,计算了基准地价内部结构比率指数,包括同类各级地价比率指数、同类各级地价环比指数。通过分析,得出了基准地价结构变动的特征,并对基准地价更新成果的合理性进行了判断,对引导土地合理利用具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Problem of “thrust sheets” in the Alay range

According to this article, there has been no extensive thrusting in the May range. On the basis of a study of the internal structure of the Silurian formations, which are found to be a rootless "allochthon," it is suggested that Middle Paleozoic uplifts were formed with abbreviated sections. The edges of these uplifts have indeed been overthrust on younger rocks (Middle Devonian to Middle Carboniferous) and thus form the elements of an imbricate thrust, not a nappe structure. — Author.     

Luna-Glob project in the context of the past and present lunar exploration in Russia

The Russian Luna-Glob project has been conceived with a view to understand the origin of the Earth-Moon system. The objectives and main features of the Luna-Glob mission, which will mainly study the internal structure of the Moon by seismic instruments, are described in the context of the past and current program of lunar exploration in Russia.     

河南省桐柏县破山银矿床原生晕异常特征及地球化学找矿标志

破山银矿床是我国著名的变质碎屑岩大型银矿床,研究此类矿床的成矿地质背景及地球化学特征具有重要意义。文章扼要地阐述了破山银矿区的成矿地质背景和原生晕异常与成矿的时空关系,通过对原生晕异常的成晕元素组合、产出状态、内部结构及异常形成方式的研究,建立地球化学找矿标志。     

强震区隧道软弱围岩洞口段桩-筏抗震措施的作用效果分析

为进一步提高地震时软弱围岩铁路隧道安全性及稳定性,以玉磨铁路新平隧道工程作为依托,利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,对强震区隧道软弱围岩洞口段桩-筏抗震措施效果进行研究,对比分析了无加固措施、措施一（桩-拱结构）及措施二(桩-筏-拱结构)二衬的结构位移及内力,研究结果表明:措施一和措施二的竖向位移分别减小了1.35%、1.09%;措施一的边墙收敛几无变化（增大了0.44%）;由于桩-筏-拱结构的整体稳定性较好,措施二的边墙收敛减小了30.49%;距离洞口最近的两个危险截面1和2处,措施一的最小安全系数提高了1.43%、6.71%,措施二的最小安全系数提高了145.91%、143.72%;综合位移及内力分析,措施二的抗震效果优于措施一,建议新平隧道洞口段采用桩-筏-拱结构进行抗震加固。     

高温下花岗岩的细观结构与声发射特性研究

利用LEICA DM4500P偏光显微镜对实时温度作用下山东临沂花岗岩的细观形态进行了观测,结合其在高温下单轴压缩与声发射检测试验结果,对不同温度下花岗岩的强度和声发射与细观结构形态关系进行了初步的探讨。研究表明,高温下花岗岩细观结构形态的变化主要体现在不同温度下裂纹萌生及扩展速度的不同;随温度的升高,花岗岩内部形成的裂纹越多,内部损伤越严重,单轴压缩下其声发射活动越频繁;花岗岩的力学特性及声发射特征与岩样内部裂纹网络的形成具有对应的关系,裂纹扩展缓慢则其峰值应力曲线和振铃累计数曲线走势平稳,而裂纹网络急剧扩展则峰值应力曲线和振铃累计数曲线出现拐点导致突变。通过观测岩石在热作用下内部结构形态的变化,以期推断其在热破裂过程中物理力学特征参量发生变化的原因。     

冰雷达探测研究南极冰盖的进展与展望

南极冰盖是地球上最大的陆缘冰体,其物质收支和稳定性对全球气候变化和海平面升高有重要的影响。冰雷达,或称无线电回波探测,是冰川学家调查南极冰盖冰下特征的主要方法。在过去的50年里,冰雷达被广泛用于测量冰盖厚度、内部构造和冰下地貌,这些参数是计算冰盖体积和物质平衡、重建过去冰雪积累和消融率以及冰盖动力和沉积过程的基础。现在,冰雷达测量覆盖了南极绝大部分区域,极大地提升了人们对南极冰盖和全球系统间相互作用的理解。首先,简要介绍了冰雷达及其技术发展,然后着重评述了冰雷达在探测研究南极冰盖厚度和冰下地形、内部反射层、冰下湖和冰下水系、冰床粗糙度以及冰晶组构上的进展。最后,对未来冰雷达探测研究南极冰盖的前景进行了展望,并给出我国的现状。
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Urbanization and spatial structure in Hungary

The last four decades have brought fundamental changes in Hungarian urbanization. The number of towns has increased from 54 to 166 and the number of settlements with a population over 100 000 has grown from 3 to 8, and the number of small towns with a population just over 30 000 has increased four times compared to the situation at the beginning of the century. While urban concentration has been growing, there has been a degradation of rural settlements, especially in the category of less than 500 inhabitants. This study deals with the spatial structure of Hungarian settlements, categorizing the towns according to their regional roles, population and dynamics of growth. The changes of their social and economic spheres influence their internal structures. The study attempts to summarize all the territorial, regional consequences of the recent social and economic changes that have been defining or modifying the urban development in Hungarian settlements.     

隧道衬砌随机分析的区间有限元法

隧道衬砌结构内力计算中,围岩的力学参数和结构的参数具有不确定性,同时,其不确定性是有界的。对于这些参数的不确定性,在工程上可以用一个合理的区间数值来估计。对于单个随机变量,可以采用有限元方程来求解结构内力;而对于多个随机变量的情况,考虑到计算模型的不确定性和数学求解的复杂性,利用有限元程序来导出各变量对结构内力的作用效应,进而得到不同参数组合的区间值,最终确定隧道衬砌的结构内力区间值,为隧道衬砌结构内力的计算和工程应用提供一种新方法。     

结构性饱和黄土动力特性试验研究

基于室内不排水动三轴试验,研究了5种因素,即围压、超固结比、偏压固结比、动剪应力比、加载频率等对饱和黄土动力特性的影响。本文强调了结构性在饱和黄土动力特性研究中的重要性,结构性的破坏是影响土体动力力学特性的一个重要转折点。并阐明了用塑性残余变形来表征土体内部结构的变化并以此作为孔压增长函数自变量的合理性。     

基于实测的软土路基沉降时效研究

软土路基的稳定性对公路的性状与运营质量具有举足轻重的作用,它与路基的内部结构、成分、体量、外界环境有着密切的关系。通过布设边桩点、埋设沉降板、布设测斜管的方式进行沉降观测。在大量的实测数据基础上,运用回归分析原理,对软土路基的沉降时效问题进行了整体性研究,总结出环太湖流域软土路基沉降时效的经验型数学表达式。从锡澄高速公路软土路基沉降时效的预测效果来看,预测结果和实测数据较为吻合。     

Internal structure of simple S-bursts of Jovian decameter-wavelength emission

The fine internal structure of fundamental Jovian decameter-wavelength millisecond outbursts (S-bursts) is studied. Broadband data obtained with the Waveform Receiver (WFR) on the UTR-2 decameter radio telescope have been analyzed using wavelet transforms. The millisecond S-bursts have a complex internal pulse microstructure, whose parameters are presented. Our results offer new prospects for understanding Jovian decameter-wavelength emission.     

千灵山岩质边坡地质雷达探测及稳定性分析

岩质高陡边坡容易产生边坡失稳、崩塌滑落等地质灾害,其稳定性分析尤为重要。以北京市丰台区千灵山岩质高陡边坡为例,根据地质雷达实测剖面分析得到的岩体内部结构及室内试验获得的岩石力学参数,建立了边坡的地质力学模型,并用有限元强度折减法对千灵山岩质高陡边坡进行稳定性分析,得到了高陡岩质边坡安全稳定系数和潜在滑动面,具有一定的实用价值。