自然金{110}晶面微形貌的STM观察

自然金常呈不规则粒状或团块状产出，规则晶体少见，因此自然金晶体的晶面形貌研究资料不多。作者用扫描隧道显微镜对自然金菱形十二面体晶面进行观察，获得金（Ａｕ）（１１０）晶面一系列微形貌图象，并从晶体生长和晶体结构的角度讨论了各种微形貌现象的成因。     

中国原生金刚石的碳同位素组成及其来源

中国两大主要的原生金刚石产地--山东蒙阴和辽宁复县产出有大量的高质量金刚石.通过对这些纯净金刚石碳同位索组成的激光消熔质谱分析,发现这些地区单颗粒金刚石普遍存在碳同位素组成环带,而且含固态矿物包裹体的金刚石比不含包裹体的金刚石的环带结构更为明显;同时揭示了形成这些金刚石的碳来源于地幔深部,即幔源碳,而无来自地表的由重循环作用形成的壳源碳.     

Growth mechanism and surface defects in the {210} form in pyrite crystals

This paper is a study of the etch pits on the {210} surfaces of pyrite. There is great similarity between them and the etch pits which appear on the {100} and {111} forms. The presence of six-fold growth spirals, frequent on the {210} form surfaces, result from a cooperation of two three-fold growth spirals generated from screw dislocations with the same sign of their Burgers vectors and different modulus.     

Pressure-Temperature Evolution of a Late Palaeozoic Paired Metamorphic Belt in North-Central Chile (34{degrees}-35{degrees}30'S)

In the Chilean Coastal Cordillera, two units, the Western andEastern Series, constitute coeval parts of a Late Palaeozoicpaired metamorphic belt dominated by siliciclastic metasediments.The Western Series also contains rocks from the upper oceaniccrust and represents an accretionary prism. Omnipresent high-pressureconditions are reflected by Na–Ca-amphibole and phengitein greenschists. Peak PT conditions of 7·0–9·3kbar, 380–420°C point to a metamorphic gradient of11–16°C/km. Three unique occurrences of blueschistyield deviating conditions of 9·5–10·7 kbar,350–385°C and are interpreted as relics from the lowermostpart of the basal accretion zone preserving the original gradientof 9–11°C/km along the subducting slab. Pervasiveductile deformation related to basal accretion occurred nearpeak PT conditions. Deformation and PT evolution of the metapsammopeliticrocks is similar to that of the metabasites. However, a raregarnet mica-schist yields peak PT conditions of 9·6–14·7kbar, 390–440°C reflecting a retrograde stage aftercooling from a high-temperature garnet-forming stage. It isconsidered to be an exhumed relic from the earliest siliciclasticrocks subducted below a still hot mantle wedge. A retrogradeoverprint of all rock types occurred at 300–380°C.Continuous reactions caused crystal growth and recrystallizationwith abundant free water mostly under strain-free conditions.They record a pressure release of 3–4 kbar without erasingpeak metamorphic mineral compositions. The Eastern Series lacksmetabasite intercalations and represents a less deformed retro-wedgearea. In the study area it was entirely overprinted at a uniformdepth at 3 ± 0·5 kbar with temperatures progressivelyrising from 400°C to 720°C towards the coeval Late Palaeozoicmagmatic arc batholith. The interrelated pattern of PT datapermits a conceptual reconstruction of the fossil convergentmargin suggesting a flat subduction angle of 25° with continuousbasal accretion at a depth of 25–40 km and a short mainintrusion pulse in the magmatic arc. The latter was accompaniedby the formation of a thermal dome in the retro-wedge area,which remained stable relative to the vertically growing accretionaryprism characterized by cyclic mass flow. KEY WORDS: paired metamorphic belt; greenschist; blueschist; central Chile; thermobarometry     

Iron speciation in minerals and glasses probed by $$\hbox{M}_{2/3}$$-edge X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy

We present a spectroscopic study of the iron \(\hbox{M}_{2/3}\)-edge for several minerals and compounds to reveal information about the oxidation state and the local coordination of iron. We describe a novel approach to probe the iron \(\hbox{M}_{2/3}\)-edge bulk sensitively using X-ray Raman scattering. Significant changes in the onset and shape of the Fe \(\hbox{M}_{2/3}\)-edge were observed on ferrous and ferric model compounds with Fe in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. Simulation of the spectra is possible using an atomic multiplet code, which potentially allows determination of, e.g., crystal-field parameters in a quantitative manner. A protocol is discussed for determination of the Fe oxidation state in compounds by linear combination of spectra of ferric and ferrous end members. The presented results demonstrate the capabilities of Fe \(\hbox{M}_{2/3}\)-edge spectroscopy by X-ray Raman scattering to extract information on the ratio of trivalent to total iron \(\hbox{Fe}^{3+}/\sum \hbox{Fe}\) and local coordination. As X-ray Raman scattering is performed with hard X-rays, this approach is suitable for in situ experiments at high pressure and temperature. It thus may provide indispensable information on oxidation state, electronic structure and local structure of materials that are important for physical and chemical processes of the deep Earth.     

新型GV5000宽频诱导发光测试仪的研制及其应用于筛分无色小颗粒合成钻石和天然钻石

天然钻石中普遍含有聚合氮以及复杂的生长结构,而合成钻石不含氮或含少量单氮并有典型的与合成条件有关的生长结构,利用此类性质可对天然和合成钻石进行区分。但对粒度细小或镶嵌复杂的钻石样品进行检测时,现有仪器由于局限性难以实现有效测量。本文研制了一种新型宝石发光性测试装置——宽频诱导发光测试仪(GV5000),通过对激发光源和滤光片、结构设计和测试方式的研发,实现了可同时观察多个小颗粒样品(最小为0.002 ct)的荧光特征和磷光特征,建立了一种以发光特征差异性作为筛分条件快速、准确筛分无色小颗粒天然钻石和合成钻石的分析方法。应用本方法测试了9015粒样品,并通过红外光谱、光致发光光谱等方法对筛查结果进行验证,表明97%的天然钻石具有蓝白色荧光并无磷光,而合成钻石的发光特征明显区别于天然钻石。本方法避免了样品大小和形状的影响,提高了小颗粒钻石鉴定的准确度和检测效率,对天然钻石的筛查率可达97%,对合成钻石的筛查率可达100%。     

CVD合成钻石的层状生长结构和紫外荧光特征

最近NGTC实验室检测出多批次CVD合成钻石,这些CVD合成钻石均具有明显的鉴定特征,使用钻石观测仪（DiamondViewTM）观察可见蓝色、橙红色荧光和蓝色磷光以及细密层状生长纹理,光致发光光谱中可见737 nm处的特征发光线.这些特征均与其生长结构及生长过程中进入钻石晶体中的杂质有关.笔者以最近检测过程中发现的一颗CVD合成钻石为例,使用高倍率显微技术对其层状结构的微细特征及其在钻石观测仪下的荧光特征的关系进行了详细观察和对比.结果显示,此样品与之前检测到的CVD合成钻石略有差异.此次检测到的样品在钻石观测仪（DiamondViewTM）下观察具有较宽的层状生长分区,层与层之间的分界线十分明显且在高倍显微镜下也可见到细微的生长特征.通过对样品特征的分析,了解了晶体生长过程中多阶段生长条件的变化,更直观的展现了CVD合成钻石的生长过程.     

In situ study of the $$ R\overline{3} c \to R\overline{3} m $$ orientational disorder in calcite

The temperature dependences of the crystal structure and intensities of the (113) and (211) reflections in calcite, CaCO₃, were studied using Rietveld structure refinements based on synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. Calcite transforms from to at about T _c = 1,240 K. A CO₃ group occupies, statistically, two positions with equal frequency in the disordered phase, but with unequal frequency in the partially ordered phase. One position for the CO₃ group is rotated by 180° with respect to the other. The unequal occupancy of the two orientations in the partially ordered phase is obtained directly from the occupancy factor, x, for the O1 site and gives rise to the order parameter, S = 2x − 1. The a cell parameter shows a negative thermal expansion at low T, followed by a plateau region at higher T, then a steeper contraction towards T _c, where the CO₃ groups disorder in a rapid process. Using a modified Bragg–Williams model, fits were obtained for the order parameter S, and for the intensities of the (113) and (211) reflections. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Between a Hotspot and a Cold Spot: Isotopic Variation in the Southeast Indian Ridge Asthenosphere, 86{degrees}E-118{degrees}E

Glasses from a 2600 km section of the Southeast Indian Ridgewest of the Australian–Antarctic Discordance all possessNd–Pb–Sr isotopic signatures typical of Indian Oceanridge basalt. The boundary between Pacific- and Indian-Ocean-typeridge basalt within the Discordance thus marks the westernmostextent of shallow Pacific-type asthenosphere beneath the ridge.Along-axis He, Nd, Pb, and Sr isotopic patterns are largelyindependent of ridge segmentation, but a weak tendency is evidentfor the most strongly Indian-Ocean-type mantle to be relativelyfusible and for shallower asthenosphere to have lower ³He/⁴He.On average,     

Weathering Processes in the Min Jiang: Major Elements, {}^{87}{\text{Sr/}}{}^{86}{\text{Sr}},\;\delta {}^{34}{\text{S}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } ,\;{\text{and}}\;\delta {}^{18}{\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} }

We investigated the dissolved major elements, $ {}^{87}{\text{Sr/}}{}^{86}{\text{Sr}},\;\delta {}^{34}{\text{S}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } ,\;{\text{and}}\;\delta {}^{18}{\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } $ composition of the Min Jiang, a headwater tributary of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). A forward calculation method was applied to quantify the relative contribution to the dissolved load from rain, evaporite, carbonate, and silicate reservoirs. Input from carbonate weathering dominated the major element composition (58–93%) and that from silicate weathering ranged from 2 to 18% in unperturbed Min Jiang watersheds. Most samples were supersaturated with respect to calcite, and the CO₂ partial pressures were similar to or up to ～5 times higher than atmospheric levels. The Sr concentrations in our samples were low (1.3–2.5 μM) with isotopic composition ranging from 0.7108 to 0.7127, suggesting some contribution from felsic silicates. The Si/(Na^* + K) ratios ranged from 0.5 to 2.5, which indicate low to moderate silicate weathering intensity. The $ \delta {}^{34}{\text{S}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } \;{\text{and}}\;\delta {}^{18}{\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } $ for five select samples showed that the source of dissolved sulfate was combustion of locally consumed coal. The silicate weathering rates were 23–181 × 10³ mol/km²/year, and the CO₂ consumption rates were 31–246 × 10³ mol/km²/year, which are moderate on a global basis. Upon testing various climatic and geomorphic factors for correlation with the CO₂ consumption rate, the best correlation coefficients found were with water temperature (r ² = 0.284, p = 0.009), water discharge (r ² = 0.253, p = 0.014), and relief (r ² = 0.230, p = 0.019).     

Partition of Ni between olivine and sulfide: the effect of temperature,f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } and f_{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}} }

The experimental distribution coefficient for Ni/ Fe exchange between olivine and monosulfide (K_D3) is 35.6±1.1 at 1385° C, \(f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = 10^{ - 8.87} ,f_{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}} } = 10^{ - 1.02} \) , and olivine of composition Fo96 to Fo92. These are the physicochemical conditions appropriate to hypothesized sulfur-saturated komatiite magma. The present experiments equilibrated natural olivine grains with sulfide-oxide liquid in the presence of a (Mg, Fe)-alumino-silicate melt. By a variety of different experimental procedures, K _D3 is shown to be essentially constant at about 30 to 35 in the temperature range 900 to 1400° C, for olivine of composition Fo97 to FoO, monosulfide composition with up to 70 mol. % NiS, and a wide range of \(f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) and \(f_{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}} } \) .     

平武板状绿柱石{0001}晶面的溶蚀像特征与晶体生长

板状绿柱石产于花岗岩云英岩化边部或晶洞壁的白云母-钠长石-绿柱石-水晶的矿物组合中,钠长石呈自形晶,绿柱石的洁净度与透明度相对较差。晶体测量表明,晶体的单形晶面发育依次为c{0001}→s{11 2-1}→p{10 1-1}→m{10 1-0}→v{21 3-1}、n{45 9-4}、a{11 2-0}。微分干涉显微镜(DIC)及扫描电镜(SEM)研究表明:各单形晶面上生长纹(微形貌)反映面网结构的对称性,c{0001}单形晶面上的六边形溶蚀坑(50～170μm)是由平行晶体C轴的各单形晶面生长层从晶体中心向外叠堆组成,层生长机理制约晶体生长全过程,平行双面(c)的生长层较薄(5～8μm)且较稳定,六方双锥(s)生长层较厚且圆滑,六方柱(m)生长层由晶体中心往外其厚度由厚逐渐变薄(12～20μm),台间隔由窄变宽。晶体溶蚀是从面网密度最大的c{0001}开始,溶蚀面积依平行双面(c)、六方双锥(s)单形晶面由大变小,六方柱(a)、复六方双锥(v、n)单形晶面因面网密度小而未受到溶蚀。据矿物共生组合、流体包裹体均一法测量与拉曼光谱(LRS)分析表明板状绿柱石是在中–高温(303℃)、过饱和度较大、成矿介质的钠长石化发育且热动力环境相对稳定的条件下形成,气液包裹体主要由H2O、CO2及微量CH4、N2组成,CO2及微量CH4、N2可能与碳酸盐围岩有关。     

Variations in Melt Productivity and Melting Conditions along SWIR (70{degrees}E-49{degrees}E): Evidence from Olivine-hosted and Plagioclase-hosted Melt Inclusions

Melt inclusion and host glass compositions from the easternend of the Southwest Indian Ridge show a progressive depletionin light rare earth elements (LREE), Na₈ and (La/Sm)_n, but anincrease in Fe₈, from the NE (64°E) towards the SW (49°E).These changes indicate an increase in the degree of mantle meltingtowards the SW and correlate with a shallowing of the ridgeaxial depth and increase in crustal thickness. In addition,LREE enrichment in both melt inclusions and host glasses fromthe NE end of the ridge are compatible with re-fertilizationof a depleted mantle source. The large compositional variations(e.g. P₂O₅ and K₂O) of the melt inclusions from the NE end ofthe ridge (64°E), coupled with low Fe₈ values, suggest thatmelts from the NE correspond to a variety of different batchesof melts generated at shallow levels in the mantle melting column.In contrast, the progressively more depleted compositions andhigher Fe₈ values of the olivine- and plagioclase-hosted meltinclusions at the SW end of the studied region (49°E), suggestthat these melt inclusions represent batches of melt generatedby higher degrees of melting at greater mean depths in the mantlemelting column. Systematic differences in Fe₈ values betweenthe plagioclase- and the olivine-hosted melt inclusions in theSW end (49°E) of the studied ridge area, suggest that theplagioclase-hosted melt inclusions represent final batches ofmelt generated at the top of the mantle melting column, whereasthe olivine-hosted melt inclusions correspond to melts generatedfrom less depleted, more fertile mantle at greater depths. KEY WORDS: basalt; melt inclusions; olivine; plagioclase; Southwest Indian Ridge     

Melting Behaviour of Model Lherzolite in the System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-FeO at 0{middle dot}7-2{middle dot}8 GPa

Fe–Mg exchange is the most important solid solution involvedin partial melting of spinel lherzolite, and the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–FeO(CMASF) is ideally suited to explore this type of exchange duringmantle melting. Also, if primary mid-ocean ridge basalts arelargely generated in the spinel lherzolite stability field bynear-fractional fusion, then Na and other highly incompatibleelements will early on become depleted in the source, and themelting behaviour of mantle lherzolite should resemble the meltingbehaviour of simplified lherzolite in the CMASF system. We havedetermined the isobarically univariant melting relations ofthe lherzolite phase assemblage in the CMASF system in the 0·7–2·8GPa pressure range. Isobarically, for every 1 wt % increasein the FeO content of the melt in equilibrium with the lherzolitephase assemblage, the equilibrium temperature is lower by about3–5°C. Relative to the solidus of model lherzolitein the CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system, melt compositionsin the CMASF system are displaced slightly towards the alkalicside of the basalt tetrahedron. The transition on the solidusfrom spinel to plagioclase lherzolite has a positive Clapeyronslope with the spinel lherzolite assemblage on the high-temperatureside, and has an almost identical position in P–T spaceto the comparable transition in the CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–Na₂O(CMASN) system. When the compositions of all phases are describedmathematically and used to model the generation of primary basalts,temperature and melt composition changes are small as percentmelting increases. More specifically, 10% melting takes placeover 1·5–2°C, melt compositions are relativelyinsensitive to the degree of melting and bulk composition, andequilibrium and near-fractional melting yield similar melt compositions.FeO and MgO are the oxides that exhibit the greatest changein the melt with degree of melting and bulk composition. Theamount of FeO decreases with increasing degree of melting, whereasthe amount of MgO increases. The coefficients for Fe–Mgexchange between the coexisting crystalline phases and melt,K_dFe–Mg^xl–liq, show a relatively simple and predictablebehaviour with pressure and temperature: the coefficients forolivine and spinel do not show significant dependence on temperature,whereas the coefficients for orthopyroxene and clinopyroxeneincrease with pressure and temperature. When melting of lherzoliteis modeled in the CMASF system, a strong linear correlationis observed between the mg-number of the lherzolite and themg-number of the near-solidus melts. Comparison with meltingin the CMASN system indicates that Na₂O has a strong effecton lherzolite melting behaviour only at small degrees of melting. KEY WORDS: CMASF; lherzolite solidus; mantle melting     

An Experimental Study of the Sulfur Content in Basaltic Melts Saturated with Immiscible Sulfide or Sulfate Liquids at 1300{degrees}C and 1{middle dot}0 GPa

The sulfur content in basaltic melts coexisting with eithersulfide or sulfate melts was determined experimentally. Theexperimental conditions were in the range of 1300–1355°Cand 1·0–1·6 GPa, conditions appropriatefor the melting of the upper mantle above subduction zones.Under these conditions, both sulfide and sulfate were presentas immiscible liquids, as inferred from the round geometriesof the quenched sulfide and sulfate phases. The measured S contentin basaltic melts saturated with sulfate liquids ([S] = 1·5± 0·2 wt %) was 10 times higher than the S contentin basaltic melts saturated with sulfide liquids ([S] = 0·14± 0·02 wt %). In our experiments, sulfate liquidswere stable at fO₂ as low as FMQ = +1·85 [FMQ = log (fO₂)_sample– log (fO₂)_FMQ, where FMQ is the fayalite–magnetite–quartzoxygen buffer], and evidence from other sources indicates thatsulfates will be stable at lower fO₂ in melts with lower activitiesof silica. Because chalcophile and highly siderophile elements,such as Cu, Ni, Au, and Pd, are partitioned preferentially intosulfide phases, melting of sufficiently oxidized sources, inwhich sulfides are not stable, would favor incorporation ofthese elements into the silicate melt produced. Such melts wouldhave a higher potential to generate ore deposits. This studyshows that the high sulfur contents of such oxidized basaltsalso means that relatively small amounts of such magmas canprovide significant amounts of sulfur to exsolving volatilephases and account for the bulk of the sulfur expelled in somevolcanic eruptions, such the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. KEY WORDS: basalt; mantle; oxidation state; sulfate; sulfur     

Time Markers for the Evolution and Exhumation History of a Late Palaeozoic Paired Metamorphic Belt in North-Central Chile (34{degrees}-35{degrees}30'S)

A multi-method geochronological approach is applied to unravelthe dynamics of a paired metamorphic belt in the Coastal Cordilleraof central Chile. This is represented by high-pressure–low-temperaturerocks of an accretionary prism (Western Series), and a low-pressure–high-temperatureoverprint in the retro-wedge with less deformed metagreywackes(Eastern Series) intruded by magmas of the coeval arc. A pervasivetransposition foliation formed in metagreywackes and interlayeredoceanic crust of the Western Series during basal accretion nearmetamorphic peak conditions (350–400°C, 7–11kbar) at 292–319 Ma (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar phengite plateau ages).⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar UV laser ablation ages of phengite record strain-freegrain growth and recrystallization with a duration of 31–41Myr during a pressure release of 3–4 kbar. During earlyaccretion the main intrusion in the arc occurred at 305 Ma (Pb–Pbevaporation; zircon) and the Eastern Series was overprintedby a short high-temperature metamorphism at 3 kbar, 296–301Ma (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar muscovite plateau ages). Fission-track ages ofzircon (206–232 Ma) and of apatite (80–113 Ma) aresimilar in both series, indicating synchronous cooling duringdistinct periods of exhumation. Early exhumation (period I)during continuing basal accretion proceeded with mean ratesof 0·19–0·56 mm/yr, suggesting that erosionin a tectonically active area was an important unroofing mechanism.At the same time mean rates were 0·03–0·05mm/yr in the Eastern Series, where crustal thickening was minor.A shallow granite intruded into the Western Series at 224 Ma,at the end of basal accretion activity, when exhumation ratesdecreased to 0·04–0·06 mm/yr in both seriesduring period II (100–225 Ma). Major extension, basinformation and local bimodal dyke intrusion at 138 Ma were accompaniedby mean cooling rates of 1–2°C/Myr. Accelerated coolingof 3–5°C/Myr at 80–113 Ma suggests a mid-Cretaceousconvergence event (period III). After 80 Ma cooling rates decreasedto 1–2°C/Myr (period IV). The pressure–temperature–deformation–timeinformation for subduction, basal accretion and exhumation inthe accretionary wedge of central Chile illustrates that theseprocesses reflect a continuous cyclic mass flow that lastednearly 100 Myr, while the retro-wedge remained stable. Afterthe cessation of accretion activity a similarly long periodof retreat of the subducting slab occurred; this ended withrenewed convergence and shortening of the continental margin. KEY WORDS: exhumation rates; Ar/Ar geochronology; fission-track geochronology; Chile; paired metamorphic belt     

辽宁与南非天然金刚石同步辐射形貌的比较研究

主要采用同步辐射貌相术和红外光谱研究了产于南非和我国辽宁天然金刚石的晶体缺陷特征,分析了这两个产地金刚石的同步辐射形貌像和红外光谱的异同,对同步辐射形貌像中星芒像的形成原因进行了分析,认为星芒像是晶体在生长过程中产生的晶格弯曲畸变造成的,与晶体内部片状氮含量无关,辽宁和南非金刚石最大晶格弯曲畸变角分别为1.75°和0.98°。星芒的出现与晶体是否受到熔蚀有密切的关系。辽宁金刚石的星芒像强,晶体受到的熔蚀较弱;南非金刚石的星芒像弱,晶体受到的熔蚀强。     

Hafnium Isotope and Trace Element Constraints on the Nature of Mantle Heterogeneity beneath the Central Southwest Indian Ridge (13{degrees}E to 47{degrees}E)

Hafnium isotope and incompatible trace element data are presentedfor a suite of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) from 13 to 47°Eon the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), one of the slowest spreadingand most isotopically heterogeneous mid-ocean ridges. Variationsin Nd–Hf isotope compositions and Lu/Hf ratios clearlydistinguish an Atlantic–Pacific-type MORB source, presentwest of 26°E, characterized by relatively low _Hf valuesfor a given _Nd relative to the regression line through all Nd–Hfisotope data for oceanic basalts (termed the ‘Nd–Hfmantle array line’; the deviation from this line is termed_Hf) and low Lu/Hf ratios, from an Indian Ocean-type MORB signature,present east of 32°E, characterized by relatively high _Hfvalues and Lu/Hf ratios. Additionally, two localized, isotopicallyanomalous areas, at 13–15°E and 39–41°E,are characterized by distinctly low negative and high positive_Hf values, respectively. The low _Hf MORB from 13 to 15°Eappear to reflect contamination by HIMU-type mantle from thenearby Bouvet mantle plume, whereas the trace element and isotopiccompositions of MORB from 39 to 41°E are most consistentwith contamination by metasomatized Archean continental lithosphericmantle. Relatively small source-melt fractionation of Lu/Hfrelative to Sm/Nd, compared with MORB from faster-spreadingridges, argues against a significant role for garnet pyroxenitein the generation of most central SWIR MORB. Correlations between_Hf and Sr and Pb isotopic and trace element ratios clearly delineatea high-_Hf ‘Indian Ocean mantle component’ that canexplain the isotope composition of most Indian Ocean MORB asmixtures between this component and a heterogeneous Atlantic–Pacific-typeMORB source. The Hf, Nd and Sr isotope compositions of IndianOcean MORB appear to be most consistent with the hypothesisthat this component represents fragments of subduction-modifiedlithospheric mantle beneath Proterozoic orogenic belts thatfoundered into the nascent Indian Ocean upper mantle duringthe Mesozoic breakup of Gondwana. KEY WORDS: mid-ocean ridge basalt; isotopes; incompatible elements; Indian Ocean