栉孔扇贝不同种群杂交效果的研究 Ⅱ.中国种群和俄罗斯种群及其杂种F1中期生长发育

在对栉孔扇贝中国养殖种群(CC)、中国野生种群(CW)和俄罗斯种群(RW)及其3 种杂交种群早期(2,3,4月龄)生长发育研究的基础上进行了各种群的中期(6,8,10,12月龄)生长发育测定比较研究,结果表明,3个亲本群体各个性状的中期生长性能表现以中国养殖种群最好;3个杂交组合的杂种群体各个性状的中期生长性能均高于纯种亲本种群,杂种优势均较大,其范围在3%~52%,以CC♀×RW♂杂交效果最好;壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体重在4个生长发育指标中期的4 个阶段均表现出不同程度的杂种优势,杂种优势在性状间存在明显差别,体重的杂种优势远大于壳宽、壳长和壳高的,变化趋势为体重大于壳宽,壳宽大于壳长,壳长大于壳高;季节性变化因素对栉孔扇贝各个性状的生长速度影响非常大,6~8月龄处于冬季最寒冷的时间(11月份至翌年3月份),扇贝越冬期间仅能维持生命,生长率接近于0,温暖季节如6月龄(11月)以前和8月龄(3月份)以后各性状的生长速度提高幅度很大.     

马氏珠母贝养殖群体的生长特性研究

从养殖于深圳大亚湾海区的3月龄马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii养殖群体中挑出较大和较小个体的贝分为2个组,分别命名为大个体组和小个体组,以同样的方式进行养殖,在3—12月龄间每隔1—2月对其生长进行测量;同时取12月龄的贝200个编号进行个体生长测量,到16月龄结束。经t检验,大个体组贝在各个测量阶段4个性状(壳长、高、宽和体重)都显著大于小个体组(p<0.01),大个体组日增长幅度在3—9月龄也大于小个体组;经最小显著差法分析,个体测量的3个亚组间大小存在显著差异(p<0.01),顺序为Ⅰ(Ⅰ’)<Ⅱ(Ⅱ’)<Ⅲ(Ⅲ’),但其日增长量为Ⅰ(Ⅰ’)>Ⅱ(Ⅱ’)>Ⅲ(Ⅲ’),同时显示出初始值较大的个体在后期仍有较大的增长趋势,但个别初始值较小的个体增长快,在生长后期个体也很大。3—9月龄贝的大小平均增长率大于11—16月龄贝,而体重增长要小于11—16月龄贝。该研究结果对选择育种中亲本的选留、珍珠生产中植核贝的选留具有较大的指导作用。     

渤海湾海丰盐场卤虫种群动态及盐度对卤虫种群密度的影响

卤虫是鱼、虾、蟹幼苗极为理想的天然饵料.随着水产育苗发展,卤虫及卤虫卵的需求量在不断增加[1].为了更好地开发、利用和保护卤虫资源,其生态学研究近20a以来受到了明显的重视,但具体研究偏重于实验种群方面,如环境因子(如温度、盐度、饵料等)对卤虫生长、存活、生殖特征(如性成熟速度、生殖方式、生殖力)的影响[2~10],而关于卤虫的自然种群研究较少,原因是进行卤虫的野外生态学研究有诸多困难,如卤虫繁殖速度快且次数多,世代之间有重叠:盐湖或盐池的水文特征经常发生剧烈变化[11,12],故迄今只有Petra[13]和Petra等[14]对Mono湖的Artemiamonica,Gene等[17]对法国Giraud的孤雌生殖卤虫的自然种群进行了系统研究.     

栉孔扇贝不同种群杂交效果 Ⅲ.中国种群与俄罗斯种群及其杂种1~2龄的生长发育

在对栉孔扇贝中国养殖种群(CC)、中国野生种群(CW)与俄罗斯种群(RW)及其杂交种群早期(2,3,4月龄)和中期(6,8,10,12月龄)生长发育研究的基础上,进行了各种群的1~2龄(14,16,19,21,24月龄)生长发育测定比较研究.结果表明,3个亲本群体各个性状的后期生长性能表现以中国养殖种群最好;2个杂交组合CC雌(♀)×RW雄(♂)和CW雌(♀)×RW雄(♂)的杂种群体各个性状的后期生长性能均高于纯种亲本种群,杂种优势均较大,其范围在3.16%~37.18%之间,以CC雌(♀)×RW雄(♂)杂交效果最好,是理想的杂交组合;壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体重4个生长发育指标在后期各个阶段均表现出不同程度的杂种优势,杂种优势在性状间存在明显差别,体重的杂种优势远大于壳宽、壳长和壳高,变化趋势为体重大于壳宽大于壳长大于壳高;栉孔扇贝各个性状的生长率受生长发育季节的影响较大,12~16月龄生长迅速,到16月龄(11月份)生长速度达到高峰,到下一年度的2月下旬(19月龄)几乎没有增长,仅能维持生命,开春以后增长也不大,这说明,栉孔扇贝在来年秋季完成了强度生长,是水产养殖的最佳收获时节,应当尽量避免跨越第二个冬季,以减少越冬损失.     

两种不同生境的白骨壤种群的遗传结构

本文研究了广西沙质土壤和淤泥质土壤白骨壤种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果表明，不同生境的白骨壤种群维持着较高的遗传多样性，观察杂合度为0．350，预期杂合度为0．259。不同生境的白骨壤种群的遗传分化很低，种群间的遗传分化为FST＝0．062 ，表明总的遗传变异中有93．8％来自种群内。基因流顺畅，Nm=3.78。种群间的遗传一致度和遗传距离分别为0．955和0．046。     

不同种群泥蚶的5种同工酶研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对韩国自然种群、广西自然种群、乐清自然种群、山东自然种群和乐清养殖种群泥蚶的苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、醇脱氢酶(ADH)、苹果酸酶(ME)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等5种同工酶进行分析比较。结果表明,不同种群泥蚶的ME同工酶无差异;ADH和SOD同工酶除韩国自然种群泥蚶外,其它4个种群泥蚶无差异;MDH同工酶除乐清自然种群和养殖种群泥蚶外,其它3个种群泥蚶均有差异;CAT同工酶在广西自然种群泥蚶中没有表达,在韩国自然种群泥蚶与山东自然种群、乐清自然种群和乐清养殖种群泥蚶中有一定差异。     

Numerical simulation of micro-bubble drag reduction using population balance model

The phenomenon of drag reduction by the injection of micro-bubbles into turbulent boundary layer has been investigated using an Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model. Multiple-size group (MUSIG) based on population balance models, which resolve a wide range of bubble sizes taking into account the bubble break-up and coalescence have been used for this purpose. The simulated results are compared against the experimental findings of Madavan et al. [1984. Reduction of turbulent skin friction by micro-bubbles. Physics of Fluids 27, 356-363] and also other numerical studies explaining the sophisticated phenomena of drag reduction. For the two Reynolds number cases considered, the buoyancy with the plate on the bottom configuration is investigated, as from the experiments it is seen that buoyancy seem to play a role in the drag reduction. Numerical model employed in the investigation comprises of a micro-bubble laden flow wherein two independent sets of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) transport equations were used to describe both the phases of the flow. The shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model is used as the turbulent closure for the primary phase and a zero equation turbulence model is used for the micro-bubbles. Change in the mean streamwise velocity profiles, void fraction, turbulence modification and other results are presented and discussed with corresponding change in the gas injection rates. The complex mechanism of drag reduction are scrutinised and explained in context to our numerical findings. Special attentions have been also devoted to divulge the effect of bubble coalescence and break-up caused by random collision and turbulent impact. Numerical results showed good agreement for the skin-friction coefficients against experimental data throughout various air injection rates. The MUSIG model was found to be one of the best candidates to resolve the bubble dynamics in micro-bubble-induced drag reduction problems.     

Recent population trends of African penguins Spheniscus demersus in Namibia

The African penguin Spheniscus demersus is endemic to southern Africa and is listed overall as "vulnerable". Over the past century, however, the Namibian population has been severely reduced and is currently listed as "critically endangered". Recent trends at Possession, Halifax, Ichaboe and Mercury islands, which account for 97% of the Namibian population, were examined using counts of moulting adults and active nests at peak breeding. Since 1996, the adult population has decreased at a rate of 2.6% per year. Since 1990, the breeding population has decreased by 3.7% per year. Mercury Island is the only Namibian breeding site where penguin numbers are increasing. Improving the conservation status of the species is critical. Better management strategies need to be identified and implemented.     

Modeling of the population density flow for periodically migrating organisms

The Patlak-Keller-Segel population density flow equation was derived based on the hypotheses concerning the way of movement of the benthic organisms with periodic appearance in the water mass differing from the commonly used assumptions [12, 14, 15]. On the basis of these hypotheses, a time-discrete and space-continuous individual-based model of the population distribution in the environment with the continuous stimulus distribution was built. Using this model, we have shown that the analyzed taxis mechanism (i.e., the decrease of the migration frequency of the individuals from the bottom to the water mass with the increase of the stimulus concentration) leads to the aggregation of the organisms in the places with a high concentration of the stimulus. The population dynamics is well approximated by the continuous model in which the obtained Patlak-Keller-Segel flow equation is used. The numerical modeling has shown that the form of the dependence of the individual migration frequency to the water mass on the stimulus concentration (hyperbolic, exponential, linear, and sigmoid) slightly influences the pattern of the individuals’ distribution.     

栉孔扇贝不同种群杂交效果的初步研究 Ⅰ.中国种群与俄罗斯种群的杂交

对两个不同地理种群的栉孔扇贝的3个群体——俄罗斯种群(R)、中国种群野生群体(CW)和养殖群体(CC)及其3个杂交组合F1代生长发育各组合40～50只进行了3次测定比较研究.结果表明,在壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体重4个生长发育指标上均表现不同程度的杂种优势,2月龄时CW♀×R♂杂交效果最好;3月龄时3个杂交组合的杂种优势均较大,但差异不显著;4月龄时各杂交组合的杂种优势明显,尤其是活体重的杂种优势突出,以R♀×CC♂杂交效果最好;3个亲本群体各个性状的测定性能表现在2,3月龄以俄罗斯种群较好,4月龄以中国养殖群体较好.中国种群2月龄野生群体较养殖群体生长发育快,3月龄时其生长发育差异不显著,4月龄养殖群体生长发育快.