南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳的分布

中国南极科学考察第16航次期间(1999年11月～2000年4月),在南极普里兹湾及邻近海域的不同站位与水深采集海水样品用于溶解有机碳测定,通过高温催化氧化法完成样品的分析.结果表明,在调查期间,南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域各测站上层水体(0～100m)溶解有机碳浓度的变化范围为14.3～181.1μmol/dm3,平均为52.5μmol/dm3,该变化幅度比Ross海、太平洋等海域的相应值略大.溶解有机碳垂直分布的特征是0大于25大于50大于100m,即随深度的增加溶解有机碳浓度逐渐减小,与生物活动在垂直方向上的强弱变化相关.根据200m以深水柱溶解有机碳的垂直分布,可确定研究海域难降解溶解有机碳的浓度为40.4μmol/dm3,与其他研究所报道的数值(～42μmol/dm3)相近.上层水体(0～100m)过剩溶解有机碳的空间分布显示,64°S以北海域溶解有机碳过剩较多,而64°S以南海域则过剩溶解有机碳较少.溶解有机碳浓度与分布特征显示,普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳浓度与南大洋其他海域相当,具有低溶解有机碳的一般特征.溶解有机碳浓度的空间分布呈现由西南向东北方向逐渐增加的趋势,这可能与南极陆架夏季上层水的北向扩展有关.生物活动及水体运动是研究海域溶解有机碳分布的主要影响因素.     

南极普里兹湾溶解态镉的分布

利用25次南极科考获得的海水样,采用原子分光光度法(AAS)测定了海水中溶解态镉的含量,研究了东南极普里兹湾不同空间与时间尺度下海水中溶解态镉的分布特征.并利用同航次相关的营养盐、叶绿素a等数据,分析了影响海水中溶解态镉分布的主要因素.研究结果显示,普里兹湾表层海水中溶解态镉的分布与叶绿素a具有良好的相关性,生物过程是...     

南极普里兹湾1.5万年来气候演变的沉积记录

南极普里兹湾两沉积柱样代表了1.5万年来的沉积记录.其粒度特征、矿物成分、硅藻分布和地球化学等沉积特征表明,沉积记录对气候变化的反应十分敏感,尤其是发现14310aBP前后的Heinrich事件,据此将该区1.5万年来的古气候演化划分为8个阶段.     

东南极普里兹湾陆架区大型底栖动物群落结构

To explore the spatial pattern of macrobenthic communities and their response to environmental factors in the Prydz Bay,samples were collected using a 0.25-m2 box corer at 10 stations from November 2012 to April 2013.A total of 50 species of macrobenthos belonging to 8 phyla and 33 families were identified,of which polychaetes(e.g.,Maldane sarsi)and sponges(e.g.,Halichondria sp.and Leucosolenia sp.)were the most prominent groups.The macrobenthos in study area were categorized into five functional groups based on the feeding type,and the detritivorous group represented by polychaetes showed the highest average abundance,while the planktophagous group represented by sponges showed the highest average biomass.Macrobenthos abundance(0–592 ind./m2)and biomass(0–1155.5 g/m2)in the Prydz Bay were relatively lower than those of other Antarctic shelf soft-bottom waters,although the compositions of the dominant species and functional feeding groups were similar.The results of the Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that the average biomass of the macrobenthos and the biomass of the planktophagous group in the study area were negatively correlated with the water depth,sediment grain size and silt percentage.However,these variables were clearly not strong determinants of macrobenthos assemblage structure.Many factors not measured in the study,e.g.,sediment organic matter and iceberg interference,have probably influenced the spatial distribution of macrobenthic community structure in the Prydz Bay.     

夏季南极普里兹湾氮吸收受融冰调控

本研究将稳定同位素（¹⁵N）与放射性核素（²²⁶Ra）示踪相结合,探讨了2006年夏季南极普里兹湾融冰过程对氮吸收的调控作用。硝酸盐及铵盐的比吸收速率均与浓度呈正相关关系,表明底物浓度效应的存在。开阔洋区具有较高的f比值,而在埃默里冰架附近f比值低得多。f比值与冰融水份额之间存在负相关关系,暗示融冰过程在调控水体氮吸收方面起着重要作用。融冰改变了当地上层水体的层化条件,显著地影响南大洋的生物泵效率及对大气二氧化碳的吸收。本研究为南大洋上层水体碳、氮动力学的调控机制提供了新的认识,且有助于对历史记录的解读及对未来气候变化的预测。     

An isotopic perspective on the correlation of surface ocean carbon dynamics and sea ice melting in Prydz Bay (Antarctica) during austral summer

The stable carbon isotope composition of particulate organic carbon (δ¹³C_POC) and naturally occurring long-lived radionuclide ²²⁶Ra (T_1/2=1600 a) were applied to study the variations of upper ocean (<100 m) carbon dynamics in response to sea ice melting in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during austral summer 2006. Surface δ¹³C_POC values ranged from −27.4‰ to −19.0‰ and generally decreased from inner bay (south of 67°S) toward the Antarctic Divergence. Surface water ²²⁶Ra activity concentration ranged from 0.92 to 2.09 Bq/m³ (average 1.65±0.32 Bq/m³, n=20) and increased toward the Antarctic Divergence, probably reflecting the influence of ²²⁶Ra-depleted meltwater and upwelled ²²⁶Ra-replete deep water. The fraction of meltwater, f_i, was estimated from ²²⁶Ra activity concentration and salinity using a three-component (along with Antarctic Summer Surface Water, and Prydz Bay Deep Water) mixing model. Although the fraction of meltwater is relatively minor (1.6–11.9%, average 4.1±2.7%, n=20) for the surface waters (sampled at ~6 m), a positive correlation between surface δ¹³C_POC and f_i (δ¹³C_POC=0.94×f_i−28.44, n=20, r²=0.66, p<0.0001) was found, implying that sea ice melting may have contributed to elevated δ¹³C_POC values in the inner Prydz Bay compared to the open oceanic waters. This is the first time for a relationship between δ¹³C_POC and meltwater fraction to be reported in polar oceans to our knowledge. We propose that sea ice melting may have affected surface ocean δ¹³C_POC by enhancing water column stability and providing a more favorable light environment for phytoplankton photosynthesis, resulting in drawdown of seawater CO₂ availability, likely reducing the magnitude of isotope fractionation during biological carbon fixation. Our results highlight the linkage of ice melting and δ¹³C_POC, providing insights into understanding the carbon cycling in the highly productive Antarctic waters.     

南极普里兹湾邻近海域海冰生消发展特征分析

利用美国冰雪数据中心发布的2003—2008年高分辨率海冰密集度数据,分6个阶段对普里兹湾区域海冰季节性变化的空间分布特征进行了研究,并根据普里兹湾海区的地形和环流对这些特征的成因进行了分析。结果表明,普里兹湾海冰冻结过程和融化过程分别经历7个月和5个月,海冰融化速度最快月份是10月和11月,主要表现形式为海冰密集度的减少;海冰冻结速度4月和6月最快,海冰外缘线向北扩展。由于普里兹湾近岸达恩利角冰间湖、普里兹湾冰间湖和Barrier湾冰间湖的存在,海冰的融化呈现大洋区由北向南、近岸区由南向北的双向融化特征;而在普里兹湾口、弗拉姆浅滩和四女士浅滩均存在不易融化的冰舌,两者之间的低密集度海冰区,则对应于暖水侵入普里兹湾的通道。南极绕极流在流经凯尔盖朗海台中部时向北偏转,造成此处在盛冰期较其它经度的海冰外缘更靠北,可达57°S。南极辐散带的表层流场和上升暖流抑制海冰冻结和聚集,形成了低海冰密集度区域。     

2000年夏季南极普里兹湾及邻近海域浮游植物研究

报道了2000年夏季(1月)在62°~69°S,70°30'~75°30'E的南极普里兹湾邻近海域浮游植物种类组成、丰度分布、叶绿素a浓度及其环境调控.结果表明,调查海区共有浮游植物4门33属65种、变种和变型.浮游植物平均细胞丰度为32.67×103个/dm3.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度高值均出现在水体较稳定的近岸海湾和冰间湖及毗邻陆架,在大陆坡和深海区它们的值明显减小.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度在0~50m水层最大,100m以下水层随深度的增加而减小.浮游植物丰度呈昼夜变化,在13:00丰度最高.浮游植物优势种为短菱形藻(Nitzschiacurta),占总丰度的24.8%.浮游植物种类组成和细胞丰度与浮冰和水团稳定性有关.经回归分析,浮游植物细胞丰度与水温、溶解氧成显著正相关,与无机磷(PO_{43--P)和无机氮(NO3--N)成显著负相关.}     

Annual cycle of fCO2 under sea-ice and in open water in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

The annual cycle of dissolved nutrients and the fugacity of CO₂ (fCO₂), calculated from the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH, was studied over a 14-month long period (December 1993 to February 1995) at a site in Prydz Bay near Davis Station, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Significant spring decreases in fCO₂ began under the sea-ice in mid-October, when both water column and sea-ice algal activity resulted in the removal of nutrients and DIC and increased pH. Minimum fCO₂ (<100 μatm) and lowest nutrient and DIC concentrations occurred in December and January. The low summer fCO₂ values were clearly the result of biological activity. The seasonal depletion of dissolved nitrate reached 85% in mid-summer when chlorophyll-a concentrations exceeded 15 mg m⁻³. Oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, calculated from the fugacity difference and daily wind speeds, averaged more than 30 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ during the summer ice-free period. This exchange replaced approximately half of the DIC consumed by biological activity. Apparent nutrient utilisation ratios (C/N/P) were close to Redfield values. In autumn fCO₂ began to rise, continuing slowly well into winter, and reaching a maximum close to modern atmospheric values between July and September. This increase can be attributed to a combination of local remineralisation of organic carbon in the water column and the steady increase in the mixing depth of the water column. At first glance, this suggests that air–sea equilibration occurred in winter despite the sea-ice cover, perhaps by horizontal circulation from regions outside the pack ice, or through openings in the ice. However, the persistent 15 to 20% undersaturation of dissolved oxygen throughout the winter suggests an alternate explanation. The late winter fCO₂ level may represent a characteristic established by global circulation, so that as a result of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, these Antarctic waters are in transition from being a winter-time source of CO₂ to the atmosphere to becoming a sink. Our fCO₂ observations emphasize the need to address seasonal variations in assessing Antarctic contributions to the oceanic control of atmospheric CO₂.     

Air-sea carbon fluxes and their controlling factors in the Prydz Bay in the Antarctic

The Prydz Bay in the Antarctic is an important area in the Southern Ocean due to its unique geographic feature. It plays an important role in the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean. To investigate the distributions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and surface seawater and its air-sea exchange rates in this region, the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） had set up several sections in the Prydz Bay. Here we present the results from the CHINARE-XVI cruises were presented onboard R/V Xue/ong from November 1999 to April 2000 and the main driving forces were discussed controlling the distributions of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. According to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide distributions, the Prydz Bay can be divided into the inside and outside regions. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was low in the inside region but higher in the outside region during the measurement period. This distribution had a good negative correlation with the concentrations of ehlorophyll-a in general, suggesting that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was substantially affected by biological production. The results also indicate that the biological produetion is most likely the main driving force in the marginal ice zone in the Southern Ocean in summer. However, in the Antarctic divergence sector of the Prydz Bay （about 64°S）, the hydrological processes become the controlling factor as the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide is much higher than the atmospheric one due to the upwelling of the high DIC CDW, and this made the outside of Prydz Bay a source of carbon dioxide. On the basis of the calculations, the CO2 flux in January （austral summer） was -3.23 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the inner part of Prydz Bay, i.e. , a sink of atmospheric CO2, and was 0.62 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the outside part of the bay, a weak source of atmospheric CO2. The average air-sea flux of CO2 in the Prydz Bay was 2.50 mmol/（m^2 · d）.     

Cyclone formation and development in the Antarctic Prydz Bay

Using meteorological data of field observation in 1990 - 2000, especially polar orbit high-resolution NOAA satellite cloud maps received from the Antarctic expedition vessel since 1997, the formation and development of the Prydz Bay cyclone are studied in this paper. Some new viewpoints are suggested such as: when surround-polar cyclone enters the Prydz Bay, it can also intensify and develop in summer; cyclone can also develop in the easterlies in this bay. These view points revise old uncom-plete view point that the Prydz Bay is a burial ground of cyclone, and also further consummate formation-development theory of surround-cyclone in the Antarctic westerlies and cyclone in the Antarctic easterlies. In this paper, the mechanism of ice-air-sea interaction in the Prydz Bay is studied, and the physical process of cyclone formation-development is explained. By use of wholly dynamic transportation method, an energy exchange case of a cyclone, which explosively developed after entering the Prydz Bay, is calcu     

南极普里兹湾外海沉降颗粒物通量、组成变化及其与罗斯海对比研究

在南极普里兹湾外开阔海域布放时间系列沉积物捕获器,研究沉降颗粒物中生源组分(生物硅、有机质、碳酸钙)通量、组成、来源及元素的摩尔比值的生物地球化学意义,结果表明Ⅲ-1+站在1000m处颗粒物总通量的变化为13.00~334.59mg/(d·m2),颗粒物中以生物硅为主,占总通量的80%以上;各组分通量呈现明显的季节性变化.结合罗斯海沉降颗粒物通量和元素的摩尔比值的对比研究表明,研究海域1000m深的沉降颗粒物中生物硅与有机碳元素摩尔比值、无机碳与有机碳的元素摩尔比值较高,表明研究海域生物硅与有机碳生物地球化学循环过程是非耦合的,生物活动有效地将CO₂由表层水中移出.     

Relationship between the optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and total concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea region

Absorption and fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements were performed during three oceanographic surveys in 1994 in the southern Baltic Sea (Polish area of the Baltic Proper). DOC was measured both by high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) and low-temperature oxidation (LTO) conventional persulphate methods. CDOM fluorescence was shown to be highly correlated with absorption, with the same regression parameters, despite the seasonal change in different hydrographic conditions and the fluorescence quantum yield variations (1.23 ± 0.07 in April and 0.97 ± 0.12 in September). The results show a good correlation between the optical parameters and DOC although ˜ 70% of the DOC does not display significant absorption in the UV-visible range (350–750 nm). The non-absorbing DOC measured with HTCO method appears unaffected by seasonal changes. Consequently, total DOC can be predicted by optical methods using remote sensing techniques. The non-absorbing DOC measured by LTO method varies from 62% (April) to 76% (September), which implies that there is requirement for estimates on a seasonal basis.     

普里兹湾虎鲸回声定位信号脉冲间隔特征分析

根据2017年中国第33次南极科考期间获取的普里兹湾虎鲸声信号观测资料,采用Teager能量算子法对虎鲸回声定位信号进行了检测,并分析了其脉冲间隔的统计特征。对115段回声定位信号的参数分析结果显示:脉冲间隔的范围为10.5～183.5 ms,均值与标准差分别为67.5和27.6 ms。进一步分析,发现脉冲间隔数值的变化具有显著的规律性,根据拟合表达式可以将信号分成5种类型:加速型、减速型、匀速型、先减速后加速型、先加速后减速型。其中减速型的总体占比最高,为58.3%;其次为匀速型与加速型,分别为20.0%,14.8%;其余2类占比最低,均仅为3.5%。普里兹湾虎鲸回声定位信号脉冲间隔规律性变化可能是虎鲸调节其信号以适应活动海域多海冰环境的结果。此外,加速型、减速型、匀速型与先减速后加速型、先加速后减速型的脉冲间隔参数存在较大差异,且后2种类型的-3 dB带宽以及峰值频率与脉冲间隔存在显著的负相关关系,这表明虎鲸在发出后两种类型的回声定位信号时处理的情况与前3种类型相比可能更为复杂与特殊。     

普里兹湾附近绕极深层水和底层水及其运动特征

利用中国第15次南极科学考察科学考察队的CTD全深度观测资料(1998年11月至1999年2月),分析并讨论了普里兹湾以北的南大洋海域内,绕极深层水(CDW)和南极底层水(AABW)的物理特性及其空间分布.同时还与历史上其他学者的发现进行了比较.指出了在研究海域内,CDW在100～2000m之间从北向南扩展,其高温核(t>1.2℃)和高盐核(S>34.7)在75°E断面上最为深厚,向南扩展得最远;而AABW则在2500m以深由陆坡底部向北扩展,σ_θ>27.875的高密度水体在70°E断面上最为深厚,向北扩展得最远.此外还通过实测的CTD资料证实了CDW和AABW的经向环流特征,以及它们与迪肯流环(Deaconcell)、亚极地流环和深层流环的一致性.     

Review and suggestions for estimating particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon inventories in the ocean using remote sensing data

Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） and particulate organic carbon（POC） are basic variables for the ocean carbon cycle.Knowledge of the distribution and inventory of these variables is important for a better estimation and understanding of the global carbon cycle.Owing to its considerable advantages in spatial and temporal coverage,remote sensing data provide estimates of DOC and POC inventories,which are able to give a synthetic view for the distribution and transportation of carbon pools.To estimate organic carbon inventories using remote sensing involves integration of the surface concentration and vertical profile models,and the development of these models is critical to the accuracy of estimates.Hence,the distribution and control factors of DOC and POC in the ocean first are briefly summarized,and then studies of DOC and POC inventories and flux estimations are reviewed,most of which are based on field data and few of which consider the vertical distributions of POC or DOC.There is some research on the estimation of POC inventory by remote sensing,mainly in the open ocean,in which three kinds of vertical profile models have been proposed：the uniform,exponential decay,and Gauss models.However,research on remote-sensing estimation of the DOC inventory remains lacking.A synthetic review of approaches used to estimate the organic carbon inventories is offered and the future development of methods is discussed for such estimates using remote sensing data in coastal waters.     

杭州湾表层沉积物有机碳分布、来源及近20年来的变化

根据2002年、2008年、2012年、2017年和2022年夏季采样分析结果,对杭州湾表层沉积物中有机碳（TOC）时空分布变化进行了研究。结果表明研究区TOC平均值分别为0.55%(n=16)、0.50%(n=112)、0.44%(n=38)、0.53%(n=38)和0.51%(n=38),总体上呈现南北高东西低的“X”形平面分布特征,高值区出现在北岸金山至南汇咀海域和南侧镇海至慈溪海域,相关性分析表明TOC分布受到沉积物类型的控制,主要赋存于细颗粒沉积物内。沉积物的氧化还原环境也对TOC分布有显著影响。分区进行5个年份TOC统计分析显示,20年来北部海域先减后增,变化较为明显,南部和东部海域2017年增大之后减小,西部海域变化不大。TOC随时间的变化受到自然条件和人为活动造成的长江入海泥沙和有机物质通量下降、海洋源增加等因素的影响。C/N、δ13C特征表明,研究区沉积物中有机碳陆源贡献比例大都在30%～70%,站点差异较大,北岸近岸海域和东南侧海域陆源有机碳比例较高,湾中部和东部海域有机碳的海洋源比例较高。     

Distributions and seasonal variations of dissolved carbohydrates in the Jiaozhou Bay,China

Surface seawater samples were collected in the Jiaozhou Bay, a typical semi-closed basin located at the western part of the Shandong Peninsula, China, during four cruises. Concentrations of monosaccharides (MCHO), polysaccharides (PCHO) and total dissolved carbohydrates (TCHO) were measured with the 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine spectroscopic method. Concentrations of TCHO varied from 10.8 to 276.1 μM C for all samples and the ratios of TCHO to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranged from 1.1 to 67.9% with an average of 10.1%. This result indicated that dissolved carbohydrates were an important constituent of DOC in the surface seawater of the Jiaozhou Bay. In all samples, the concentrations of MCHO ranged from 2.9 to 65.9 μM C, comprising 46.1 ± 16.6% of TCHO on average, while PCHO ranged from 0.3 to 210.2 μM C, comprising 53.9 ± 16.6% of TCHO on average. As a major part of dissolved carbohydrates, the concentrations of PCHO were higher than those of MCHO. MCHO and PCHO accumulated in January and July, with minimum average concentration in April. The seasonal variation in the ratios of TCHO to DOC was related to water temperature, with high values in January and low values in July and October. The concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates displayed a decreasing trend from the coastal to the central areas. Negative correlations between concentrations of TCHO and salinity in July suggested that riverine input around the Jiaozhou Bay had an important effect on the concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates in surface seawater. The pattern of distributions of MCHO and PCHO reported in this study added to the global picture of dissolved carbohydrates distribution.     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的水文结构特征和底层水的来源

利用中国第九次南大洋考察中南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的CTD资料,分析研究了调查海域的水文结构特征及其该区南极底层水(AABW)的来源.研究结果表明,在研究海域,深水洋区近表层流由西向东流,而在普里兹湾内存在一个气旋型涡.水文结构中最明显的海洋学特征是:(1)绕极深层水(CDW)的涌升现象明显,涌升最强的位置是麦克罗伯逊地以北海域,最明显的深度是50～200m层,暖水涌升将冬季冷水分隔成南北两部分,并在其中形成孤立的暖水块;(2)陆缘水边界明显,这是绕极深层水与南极冷水之间形成的锋面,一般处在次表层水中,大致位于64°～66°S之间;(3)存在着双跃层结构.观测期间,普里兹湾以北探水海域存在着南极底层水,其来源可能有二:一为当地形成,二为源于威德尔海和罗斯海.