湖泊沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学

概要地回顾了近年来国内外湖泊沉积物中重金属环境污染方面的研究成果,介绍了湖相沉积物重金属研究的主要内容、方法和可能的发展方向。认为就重金属成因方面应加强区分其主要来源是岩石和矿物风化的碎屑产物、大气降尘、人类活动等的研究;重金属污染方面更应重视污染物质的生物有效性、迁移转化机理和重金属“二次污染”的研究;研究手段上,注重运用同位素示踪与定年技术来研究重金属的来源和污染历史,应用高分辨率沉积物钻心研究环境的变迁。最后提出加强多学科的综合研究,建立中国湖泊基准数据库,为探讨湖泊湿地的可持续发展提供依据。     

陕北泥炭中重金属元素丰度及其潜在生态危害

采用原子吸收分光光度计法对陕北榆林地区的孟家湾、河湾、尔林兔3个地区泥炭中的重金属元素进行了分析,并根据Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对其潜在生态危害性进行了评价。结果表明:Cd元素的含量超过土壤背景值,Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn 4个元素的含量均低于土壤背景值;重金属元素的生态危害指数除Cd较高,属极高水平外,Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn均较低。这3个地区泥炭中的重金属元素生态危害程度为中等以上,且尔林兔>河湾>孟家湾。     

Evaluation of the frequency of micronucleus in epithefial cells of children exposed to arsenic and heavy metals pollution in a mining area of Mexico

Mining industry is one of the most important economical activities of Latin America, where As, Pb and Cd are commonly associated with the extraction of precious and base metals. Mining activities become a source of contamination if control measures are not adapted to avoid the pollution of soils by these potentially toxic elements （PTE） for the human, because they have the capacity to produce damage to the DNA generating a genomic instability in the individual and this directly can lead to the development of chronic diseases like cancer. The considered population of greater risk is the infantile since they have an exceptional vulnerability to the acute or chronic effects of environmental toxics and in addition have a higher susceptibility to these PTE compared with the adults. For that reason, it is assumed that the infantile population exposed to soil contaminated by the mixture of As, Pb and Cd, has damage in the DNA of its cells and this provokes a greater susceptibility to develop neoplasics processes or other environmental diseases. Individual sensitivity to the cytogenetics effects produced by the polluting agents or their metabolites is based on the differences in the magnitude of the repair systems induction, reason why it is necessary to determine the genotoxicity in exposed children by means of the evaluation of a damage biomarker that allows to establish a biological meaning to predict the adverse effects in health.     

江西赣州地区土壤-水稻系统重金属含量特征及健康风险评价

为研究江西省赣州市主要耕作区土壤-水稻系统中重金属的含量及人体健康风险,系统采集了赣州市主要耕作区水稻及根系土样品954组,分析了水稻籽实和根系土中Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb的含量及根系土pH值,利用美国环保署（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评估模型进行健康风险评价。研究表明：随着土壤pH值升高,水稻籽实中各重金属元素超标率逐渐降低,其中Cd是土壤和水稻中最主要的污染元素;在土壤-水稻系统中,Cd的迁移能力和土壤pH值是决定水稻籽实重金属是否超标的主要因素。健康风险评价结果显示,研究区重金属总非致癌风险指数HI < 1,说明几乎不存在由食用水稻得慢性疾病的风险。致癌健康风险值为7.10×10-3,Cd是最主要的致癌风险因子,Cr和Pb致癌风险属于可接受范围。基于行政单元的人体健康风险区划表明,上犹县、兴国县和南康区存在一定的风险,虽然重金属没有出现显著超标,但是有关部门应对水稻及根系土中Cd元素含量予以重视,将Cd元素作为赣州市土壤重金属污染防控工作中优先控制的重金属。     

中国北方某湖泊底泥污染分析及重金属潜在生态风险评价

以中国北方某湖泊(以下称A湖)为例,开展了底泥中氮磷污染及重金属生态风险评价研究,探讨多种评价方法的相关性,并分析底泥中氮磷元素向上覆水迁移造成水体富营养化的风险.选取A湖中心区域的10个底泥监测点位数据,对其总氮、总磷及重金属(Pb、Cr、As、Cd、Ni)含量进行分析,并采用有机污染指数法评价总氮污染,单因子指数法...     

黄沙坪碳酸盐型尾矿中重金属的赋存状态与污染评价

污染指数法用于碳酸盐型尾矿(指富含碳酸盐的金属硫化物尾矿)重金属污染评价存在局限性。通过研究湖南黄沙坪铅锌矿尾矿中Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu及As等元素赋存状态(包括尾矿铅垂剖面结构、元素总量及其水溶态分量的分布和影响因素以及次生胶结物纤铁矿与元素结合作用等),结合元素迁移活性(水溶取率)和污染指数分析,得出如下结论:1该尾矿发育层(带)状结构,即浅表胶结硬化层(中褐色,氧化/酸化)→中部弱胶结层(黄褐色,次氧化)→深部尾砂层(橄榄灰-绿灰色,弱/未氧化),重金属元素在尾矿中浅部的胶结层中富集;2纤铁矿为主要次生胶结物,纤铁矿与元素结合作用的差异性影响尾矿中元素的稳定性/迁移活性;3尾矿中Zn、Cd的迁移活性和污染指数均较高,是主要的污染因子,应重点防控;As的污染指数虽高,但因其迁移活性较低,仍属次要污染因子;Pb、Cu的迁移活性及污染指数均较低,对环境影响可能较小。采用污染指数与元素赋存状态分析相结合的方法,对(黄沙坪)碳酸盐型尾矿的重金属污染危险进行综合评价,可避免污染指数法的局限性。     

湖南株洲市土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

对株洲市土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As污染现状进行了调查与评价。结果表明:①株洲市60个样品中Cd已达到重度污染程度,污染严重;Cu、Hg、As处于中度污染;Pb、Zn、Cr属于轻度污染。内梅罗综合污染指数也已达重污染。②不同土地利用类型土壤中各重金属含量由高到低变化如下:Cu、Zn、Cr为水田→菜地→旱地;Pb、Hg、As为旱地→水田→菜地;Cd为菜地→旱地→水田。③不同土壤类型中各重金属含量由高到低变化如下:Zn、Cd、As为潮土→粘土→红壤;Pb、Hg为粘土→潮土→红壤;Cr为红壤→潮土→粘土;Cu为潮土→红壤→粘土。     

承德市土壤重金属空间结构与分布特征

基于地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对承德全域表层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、微量元素Se正态分布特征、主导分布趋势及相互作用规律进行了分析,确定了不同元素最适宜的地统计插值模型并厘定出其空间分布规律。结果表明：As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的质量含量平均值分别为8.28,0.200,60.85,24.37,0.034,27.76,26.65,77.10 mg/kg,Cd、Cu、Hg和Pb变异系数分别为385%、143%、350%、118%,分异性强。Zn含量均值受土壤类型影响显著,Cr、Cu、Ni含量均值则受土地利用类型影响显著。经过不同趋势阶数元素插值误差的综合对比,确定As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Ni、Se适宜选择无趋势参数,Hg和Cu适宜选择一阶趋势参数,而Cd适宜选择二阶趋势参数。As的理论模型为指数模型,主要受到结构性因素的影响;Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、Se的理论模型为线性模型,主要受到随机性因素的影响。通过普通克里格插值图可见区内9种元素具有北低南高的特点,中部地区形成了一条较宽的Pb高值带,与Cd相似。按照含量分布特点,土壤中Cr和Ni、Cu和Hg、Zn和Pb、Se和Cd之间的高值空间展布区具有相似性且来源相同,仅As具有个性,分析结果与传统统计学结果数据保持部分一致性。     

重庆南山老龙洞地下河表层沉积物重金属环境地球化学特征及生态风险评价

2013年12月采集了重庆南山老龙洞地下河表层沉积物样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICPMS)、电感耦合等离子体发光质谱仪(ICP-OES)分析样品中Mn、Pb、Cu、As和Cr的含量,并用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的生态风险进行评估。结果表明:地下河表层沉积物存在重金属富集现象,富集程度依次为CrCuMnPbAs,其中UGR0处重金属污染相对较严重;地下河表层沉积物重金属含量主要受总有机碳(TOC)控制,与沉积物pH、粒径无显著相关性,TOC也控制着重金属稳定度,影响着重金属的迁移性,进而影响上覆水水质;地累积指数法评价显示地下河表层沉积物重金属整体上处于轻度污染状态,潜在生态风险指数法评价表明老龙洞地下河表层沉积物重金属含量水平引发有害生物效应的可能性不大。     

Aspect of the specialty metals potentials of pegmatites in western Oban Massif, SE Nigeria: A preliminary geochemical approach

Minerals in general and rare-metals in particular are of invaluable importance in the development and industrialization of any nation.This is true as they could affect a nation’s national income,employment ratio,Gross National Product,and its entire economy.The study area(western Oban Massif-SE Nigeria) was investigated for its specialty metals bearing potentials because of(1) its geology,which is similar to other specialty metals bearing areas of the world;(2) past works,which points to the area as a likely source of economic deposit of such metals;and(3) the soaring cost of these rare metals in the light of recent upsurge in global information/telecommunication technology.Results from the study,show that only cesium(Cs) and beryllium(Be) show minute signs or indications of enrichment if properly harnessed.Thus these metals should be studied in details to ascertain their economic potentials.The rocks are too deficient in the other rare-metals(lithium,zirconium,strontium,tantalite,niobium,tungsten,gallium,and chromium) to warrant further analysis.     

Sources, distribution and storage of heavy metals in the Río Pilcomayo, Bolivia

The Río Pilcomayo rises on the Cerro Rico de Potosí precious metal-polymetallic tin deposits of Bolivia, and flows in a southeasterly direction for ca. 600 km to Bolivia's southern border with Argentina. Mining of the Potosí deposits has occurred continuously since 1545, generating large quantities of waste materials in the headwater of the basin. In addition, a tailings dam breach at the Porco mine in 1996 released an estimated 235 000 m³ of tailings and fluid into the upper reaches of the Río Pilaya, the largest tributary to the Pilcomayo.Concentrations of As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ag, Tl and Zn in contemporary channel sediments upstream of the Pilaya confluence are significantly elevated above background values. Elevated levels appear to be associated with pyrite- and other sulphide mineral-bearing tailings materials transported more than 200 km downstream of the Potosí mines. Significant downstream declines in elemental concentrations occur within 15 km, and again between 150 and 200 km, from the mines. The initial decrease in concentrations is due to the rapid dilution of nearly pure tailings effluent released to the river from milling facilities near Potosí. The latter decrease results from a combination of geomorphic processes including the storage of sediment-borne metals within the channel bed and the influx of ‘clean’ sediment from several large tributaries. Downstream of the Pilaya confluence, concentrations of Cu, Pb, Hg and Zn are only slightly elevated above background values, and Ag, Cd, Sb and Tl cannot be distinguished from background levels. These data suggest that while the Porco tailings spill may have had a significant short-term impact on sediment and water quality along the lower reaches of the Río Pilcomayo, its longer-term impacts were limited. Metals stored and eroded from alluvial deposits of historical age in upstream reaches appear to be an important source of metals to the river today. An additional, and perhaps more significant source, is the release of tailings effluent to the river from modern milling operations. The transport of these contaminants downstream of Icla (203 km from Potosí) appears to be restricted by aggradational processes occurring in the vicinity of Puente Sucre. In addition, downstream of the confluence of the Río Pilaya, inputs of large amounts of ‘clean’ sediment have caused dilution of the metal contaminants. Data from other studies where similar geomorphic processes have occurred suggest that the metals in the upper Pilcomayo may eventually be moved downvalley as the aggradational processes are reversed and channel stabilisation occurs. Thus, the most significant impacts of metal contamination may not be realised in downstream areas for decades.     

Mineralogy, geochemistry and release of heavy metals in wastes from indigenous zinc smelting in Northwest Guizhou

Environmental impact resulting from mining activities is serious and ubiquitous all over the world, and it has become one of the important aspects in environmental geochemistry. The environment was seriously damaged by wastes from historical zinc smelting in Northwest Guizhou. The geochemical distributions of Pb and Zn in the different grain-size fractions of wastes indicate that the coarser particles show similar or even higher heavy metal concentrations than finer ones in the samples, although the concentrations of heavy metals tend generally to increase as the size fractions get finer. The heavy metal contents are very high, with maximum values of 31631, 57178, 2367 and 311.5 mg/kg for Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd, respectively. It is also shown that the residual fraction of Pb is less than that of Zn, accounting for 0.39%-15.75% and 14.3%-46.2%, respectively, of the total, and this is likely relative to Zn-silicate minerals formed from smelting. Although the relative partitioning of Pb and Zn is very low （0.03%- 1.3.% for Pb; 0.03% -3.3% for Zn）, the exchangeable fraction of the waste contains large amounts of heavy metals （1.5%-385 μg/g for Pb; 3-590 μg/g for Zn）. Heavy metals in exchangeable forms have the highest solubility to give the highest potential bioavailability in contrast to other chemical forms. Mineralogical study indicates that the wastes were found to be highly heterogeneous materials, dominated by quartz, feldspar, carbonatite, iron or/and aluminum vitric compounds and a few secondary mineral phases, and their contents vary with the type of smelting wastes. The secondary minerals formed from smelting and sequentially weathering are the major chemical phase for heavy metals. Complex composition of many phases and substitution of elements suggested that many of the phases were found to be non-stoichiometric compounds. Pb was found to be the main Pb phase in the wastes by precipitation or/and adsorption.     

广西茅尾海入海河口表层沉积物重金属分布及风险评价

为揭示茅尾海入海河口表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险,在茅岭江、大榄江、钦江入海河口采集13件表层沉积物样品进行重金属分析。研究结果表明,茅尾海沉积物中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn含量平均值分别为7.78×10-6、0.14×10-6、37.6×10-6、18.9×10-6、0.004 8×10-6、22.5×10-6、54.7×10-6,均低于GB 18668—2002的一类标准。沉积物中重金属空间分布差异较大,茅尾海东部工业区和西部茅岭江附近具有较高的重金属含量。重金属污染分析表明,大部分重金属元素显示为无污染—轻度污染水平,Cr具有中等污染水平;生态风险分析显示,重金属总体处于较低潜在风险,东部工业区Hg、Cd显示出中等生态风险。通过相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析探讨重金属污染物来源,结果显示重金属污染主要受河流控制,Hg、As、Cd还受到临港工业区废水排放的影响。综合研究表明,茅尾海生态环境总体较好,但建议重点关注东部工业区重金属排污状况。     

炼锌固体废渣中重金属(Pb、Zn)的存在状态及环境影响

利用XRD、TEM/EDS和连续提取实验研究了土法炼锌固体废渣中重金属的矿物学特征及不同粒度中重金属的相态分布特征。与通常发现的重金属一般富集在小粒径废渣中的情况不同,本工作所研究的废渣样品中大粒径废渣与细粒径废渣相似,甚至有更高的金属含量。化学形态研究表明,冶炼过程形成的矿物(或玻璃质)集合体和堆积后的风化过程形成的次生矿物是废渣中重金属存在的主要化学相。同时发现Pb的残渣态很少(0.39%～15.75%),而Zn的残渣态较高(14.3%～46.2%),这可能与冶炼工艺所形成较多Zn的硅酸盐矿物有关。尽管可交换态Pb、Zn在不同相态中的相对比例非常小(Pb0.03%～1.30%;Zn0.03%～3.30%),但其绝对含量却比一般土壤或沉积物要高(Pb1.5～385μg/g;Zn3～590μg/g)。由于重金属可交换态有比其他化学相态更高的活动性和生物可利用性,因此,对环境有较大的潜在影响。废渣样品的微束分析表明,Pb在废渣中见有金属Pb存在形式或呈纳米金属Pb颗粒包裹于其他矿物或铁合金及熔球集合体中。同时不排除有Pb的碳酸盐矿物存在的可能。而以硅锌矿Zn2(SiO4)、锰硅锌矿(Zn,Mn)2犤SiO4犦和纤维状的丝锌铝石Zn8Al4犤(OH)8(SiO4)5犦·7H2O等矿物形式存在以及Fe、Mn等的铝硅酸盐形式存在的Zn,可能是导致Zn的残渣态较高的原因。与连续提     

石家庄城市土壤重金属空间分布特征及源解析

文章对石家庄市土壤重金属含量水平进行了研究,通过采集的220个城市土壤样品,分析了Al2O3、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等8个元素。结果表明,与土壤背景值相比,石家庄市土壤中除As和Al2O3外的重金属含量总体明显升高。采用相关分析和主成分分析,对土壤重金属元素来源进行解析,认为有3种主要来源:一是Cu、Zn、Pb与人类的工业生产、汽车尾气排放有关。二是Ni、Cr、Cd除与工业生产有关外,还与燃煤活动排放有关。三是As、Al2O3主要与土壤母质有关(自然来源)。石家庄城市土壤的重金属含量高值区与工业区域、交通分布相吻合。     

大冶大港河水系沉积物中重金属来源分析

大冶铜绿山铜铁矿是长汀中下游重要的金属矿山之一,近年来矿山周边环境问题引起了广泛的关注.测试分析了大港河20件水系沉积物样品中重金属含量、磁化率和粒度等指标,运用平均富集因子和主成分分析方法探讨了沉积物中重金属元素的含量变化特征及元素之间的共生组合规律,评价了重金属的富集程度,并分析了其可能来源,得到以下基本认识:(1...     

雄安新区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及源解析

研究雄安地区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及其来源,对于支撑新区土地资源和环境管理具有重要意义。基于雄安新区土壤环境调查,运用地统计学方法和ArcGIS 技术分析模拟了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr等8种元素空间分布特征,综合运用空间分析、多元统计学方法和正定因子矩阵模型解析这些元素的主要来源。结果表明：（1）区内土壤质量总体良好,4.35 %的土壤样品Cd和Cu含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险管控值;与河北省背景值相比,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg存在不同程度中度和显著富集。（2）As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr含量呈现出由北部向南部逐渐增高的趋势,高值区主要分布在新区西南部;Hg元素分布分散,高值区主要分布在城镇及工业企业周边。（3）不同土地利用类型土壤剖面重金属和砷元素垂向分布受pH值、有机碳和铁铝氧化物等理化性质影响显著。（4）研究区土壤重金属和砷元素富集受人类活动影响明显,人为来源贡献率达67.12 %,Hg元素主要来源于人为排放的大气沉降富集,As元素富集受到废渣堆放和利用的影响,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素富集受工业生产、污水灌溉以及尾气排放等活动影响。研究成果可为雄安新区合理制定土地资源开发利用和生态保护措施提供技术支撑。     

广西红水河中下游马山地区地下水重金属含量及分布特征

为了解红水河中下游马山地区地下水重金属含量及分布特征,以西南岩溶地下水污染调查评价中广西红水河中下游马山地区地下水数据为基础,对该地区27件样品的重金属含量特征、重金属间相关关系、重金属与其它化学组分的相关性以及地下水重金属分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:研究区地下水中重金属含量整体偏低,平均质量浓度顺序为Fe＞(Al)＞Zn＞Mn＞Pb＞Se＞As＞Cd,重金属平均质量浓度均小于中国生活饮用水标准值,且绝大部分重金属含量远远低于该标准值。Mn与Fe、As、Al存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,Zn与Pb、Cd存在明显的相关性,Se与其它７种重金属的相关性均不明显,可能是由于Se与其它重金属的来源差异较大所致。地下水的酸碱性对重金属的富集影响较小,但地下水中主化学成分HCO3-和Ca2+对重金属的富集有较大影响,TDS对绝大部分重金属的影响较小,对As和Cd具有一定的影响。地下水中Mn、Zn、As、Pb、Cd、Se、Al、Fe质量浓度在空间上表现出一定的地区分布特点,整体上重金属高浓度点主要集中在马山县城周围以及古寨、乔利街乡镇周围。      

云南个旧锡矿区矿业活动对土壤重金属的累积贡献

矿业活动是土壤重金属累积的重要原因之一。分析云南个旧锡矿区矿业活动区、与矿业活动区地质条件相同的矿业活动影响区和未受矿业活动影响的参照区表层土壤7种重金属元素之间的相关性,以参照区表层土壤重金属总量、参照区土壤重金属似背景值分别评价矿业活动对矿业活动区和矿业活动影响区土壤重金属的累积贡献量和贡献率。结果表明,矿业活动区重金属累积贡献率排序为Pb>Zn>As>Cu>Cd>Cr>Hg,影响区重金属累积贡献率排序为Pb>Zn>As>Cu>Cd>Cr>Hg,Pb、Cd、As、Zn、Cu与矿业活动关系密切,矿业活动区Pb、Cd、As均表现为极高累积和极高风险,应作为矿业活动治理的重点元素。     

Release of heavy metals during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales in western Hunan,China

Weathering of heavy metal enriched black shales may be one of the most important sources of environmental contamination in areas where black shales are distributed. Heavy metal release during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales (LCBS) in western Hunan, China, was investigated using traditional geochemical methods and the ICP-MS analytical technique. Concentrations of 16 heavy metals, 8 trace elements and P were measured for samples from selected weathering profiles at the Taiping vanadium ore mine (TP), the Matian phosphorous ore mine (MT), and Taojiang stone-coal mine (TJ). The results show that the bedrock at these three profiles is enriched with Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, U, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, and P. Based on mass-balance calculation, the percentages of heavy metals released (in % loss) relative to immobile element Nb were estimated. The results show significant rates of release during weathering of: V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, U, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Tl for the TP profile; Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, Cd, and Sn for the MT profile; and Sc, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Th, Cd, Sn, and Tl for the TJ profile. Among these heavy metals, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Sn show very similar features of release from each of the three weathering profiles. The heavy metals released during weathering may affect the environment (especially topsoil and surface waters) and are possibly related to an observed high incidence of endemic diseases in the area.