西藏措勤盆地构造特征与地壳缩短

措勤盆地为青藏高原仅次于羌塘盆地的第二大海相盆地,笔者通过对盆地基底和盖层变形特征分析,将措勤盆地基底划分为北部拗陷、北部隆起、中部拗陷和南部隆起4个一级构造单元;盖层划分为北部拗褶带、北部冲断带、中部拗褶带、南部冲断带和南部拗褶带5个一级构造单元,并利用平衡剖面计算得到措勤盆地晚白垩世缩短约24%。     

Tectonic evolution of the Anadyr Basin,northeastern Eurasia,and its petroleum resource potential

The published data on the sedimentation conditions, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Anadyr Basin in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are reviewed. These data are re-examined in the context of modern tectonic concepts concerning the evolution of the northwestern Circum-Pacific Belt. The re-examination allows us not only to specify the regional geology and tectonic history, but also to forecast of the petroleum resource potential of the sedimentary cover based on a new concept. The sedimentary cover formation in the Anadyr Basin is inseparably linked with the regional tectonic evolution. The considered portion of the Chukchi Peninsula developed in the Late Mesozoic at the junction of the ocean-type South Anyui Basin, the Asian continental margin, and convergent zones of various ages extending along the Asia-Pacific interface. Strike-slip faulting and pulses of extension dominated in the Cenozoic largely in connection with oroclinal bending of structural elements pertaining to northeastern Eurasia and northwestern North America against the background of accretion of terranes along the zone of convergence with the Pacific oceanic plates. Three main stages are recognized in the formation of the sedimentary cover in the Anadyr Basin. (1) The lower portion of the cover was formed in the Late Cretaceous-Early Eocene under conditions of alternating settings of passive and active continental margins. The Cenomanian-lower Eocene transitional sedimentary complex is located largely in the southern Anadyr Basin (Main River and Lagoonal troughs). (2) In the middle Eocene and Oligocene, sedimentation proceeded against the background of extension and rifting in the northern part of the paleobasin and compression in its southern part. The compression was caused by northward migration of the foredeep in front of the accretionary Koryak Orogen. The maximum thickness of the Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary complex is noted mainly in the southern part of the basin and in the Central and East Anadyr troughs. (3) The middle Miocene resumption of sedimentation was largely related to strike-slip faulting and rifting. In the Miocene to Quaternary, sedimentation was the most intense in the central and northern parts of the Anadyr Basin, as well as in local strike-slip fault-line depressions of the Central Trough. Geological and geophysical data corroborate thrusting in the southern Anadyr Basin. The amplitude of thrusting over the Main River Trough reaches a few tens of kilometers. The vertical thickness of the tectonically screened Paleogene and Neogene rocks in the southern Main River Trough exceeds 10 km. The quantitative forecast of hydrocarbon emigration from Cretaceous and Paleogene source rocks testifies to the disbalance between hydrocarbons emigrated and accumulated in traps of petroleum fields discovered in the Anadyr Basin. The southern portion of the Anadyr Basin is the most promising for the discovery of new petroleum fields in the Upper Cretaceous, Eocene, and Upper Oligocene-Miocene porous and fracture-porous reservoir rocks in subthrust structural and lithological traps.     

扎日加变质核杂岩的确定及地质意义

产于北巴颜喀拉山扎日加地区的变质核杂岩具有典型的二层结构.由构造片岩、构造片麻岩、千枚岩等组成穹状背斜核,其中心为燕山期二长花岗岩体,盖层为巴颜喀拉山群浅变质砂板岩.核部与盖层之间为剥离断层.它的厘定表明巴颜喀拉沉积盆地下面存在中元古界的古老基底,并对大场金矿的成因类型提出了新的认识.     

柴北缘东段石炭纪沉积特征及原型盆地恢复

在残留盆地展布、地层发育特征及大地构造背景分析的基础上,恢复了柴北缘东段石炭纪的原型盆地格局。研究表明：石炭纪时期,柴北缘处于“三洋夹两陆”的构造背景,经历了早石炭世的两次海侵和晚石炭世的持续海侵;受NWW向断裂系统的控制,盆地整体为昆仑弧后裂谷盆地,但由南向北构造发育特征表现为弧后陆表海盆地一陆表海盆地内低隆起一弧后裂谷盆地的组合特征。石炭系沉积以后,柴北缘经历了多期不同性质的构造运动,石炭纪后期变形强烈,原型龠地特征被彻底改造。     

准噶尔盆地深层地质结构叠加演变与油气赋存

根据地表露头、地震、钻井、测年资料,应用地层回剥方法,对准噶尔盆地深层结构进行了解剖。现今的构造区划是石炭系顶面隆坳格局的反映,深、浅层地层沉积隆坳格局和构造变形特征存在差异。石炭纪末的构造事件导致盆地褶皱变形、隆升剥蚀,形成了北西向为主的背向斜构造。早二叠世-中二叠世,沉积在南部,存在多沉积中心、多构造应力环境,形成了二叠纪早中期重要的烃源岩层系。晚二叠世-侏罗纪存在两期大型湖进坳陷盆地沉积,将下伏盆地埋藏,为盆地重要的区域盖层。早侏罗世-中侏罗世西山窑组含煤岩系是盆地内重要的烃源岩层系,中侏罗统头屯河组沉积前,盆地内形成西南高、北东低的大型车莫古隆起,并遭受了强烈剥蚀。白垩系沉积前,盆地受深层断裂活动控制,在侏罗系形成雁列组合正断层构造。白垩纪-新生代,盆地发生翘倾构造作用,北天山山前强烈沉降,褶皱变形,北部隆升。盆地深层存在石炭系、二叠系和侏罗系富含有机质的烃源岩,与叠合连片发育的三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系、新生界泥岩、煤系、膏泥岩等构成了盆地内多套源盖组合,成为盆地油气富集的基础。盆地深层油气围绕构造变动后的富烃中心区赋存。     

柴达木盆地大柴旦地区盆地中新生代演化机制电性特征分析

柴达木盆地位于青海省西北部,是在昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山控制形成的山间断陷盆地,由于盆地中生代沉积了大范围的侏罗系地层,因此盆地内含有丰富的油气资源,众多学者对柴达木盆地的构造演化做了大量的研究,受限于盆地的山盆耦合模式,地形、地质条件复杂,山前地带大多是地震的空白区,仅在局部获得了地震勘探资料,但资料品质较差。由于缺乏详细资料,关于该区域构造演化的研究没能深入开展,盆地内部构造演化的研究主要在构造背景和构造格架上,对于构造的细节没有得到解析。本文通过音频大地电磁法探测大柴旦地区盆地地质特征,基于三维非线性共轭梯度(3D NLCG)反演算法,获得研究区三维电性模型,结合区域地质、地球物理资料研究盆地构造演化,结果表明：三维电性模型揭示了柴北缘地区盆地中生代以拉张为主形成一系列断陷盆地,新生代以喜山构造活动为主产生一系列挤压为主的冲断构造,造成早侏罗系-晚白垩系地层的局部缺失等地质活动的盆地演化动力学电性特征。     

Consag Basin: northern Gulf of California,evidence of generation of new crust,based on seismic reflection data

The Gulf of California is an excellent example of how new ocean basins form. Tectonically, the northern Gulf of California is an incipient ocean basin and studies on it have defined acoustic basement and reveal the presence of new oceanic crust and intrusive bodies. Some recent studies report fundamental differences between the basins of the northern and southern Gulf of California: that the latter have well-developed oceanic crust beneath a thin cover of sediments, whereas the northern basins show proto-ocean basins, which may reflect thermal insulation of the thick sedimentary cover, the presence of low-angle faults, and more diffuse and distributed deformation. During the 1970s, Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) undertook a 2D seismic reflection survey in the northern Gulf of California, over many active rift basins, including the Consag Basin. Through the processing and interpretation of these data, we describe the structural characteristics of the Consag Basin beyond 2 km depths. Using seismic reflection data, we identified an intrusion in the central part of this basin that may represent new oceanic crust buried by more than 4 km of sediments.     

四川盆地：周缘活动主控下形成的叠合盆地

四川盆地位于扬子板块西缘和青藏高原东缘,地震勘探资料等揭示盆地前寒武纪基底保存完整的古俯冲带和地堑-地垒结构,说明盆地基底后期构造活动非常稳定;显生宙以来经历晚震旦世-石炭纪、二叠纪-中三叠世两幕克拉通边缘强拉张-强挤压,而克拉通内弱拉张-弱挤压的构造演化过程,体现出盆地内部稳定性结构沉积演化特征。克拉通内弱拉张初期以海相碳酸盐岩大面积稳定沉积（即震旦系灯影组和二叠系栖霞-茅口组）和随后的风化壳岩溶作用（即桐湾期、东吴期等不整合面）为特征,弱拉张期以拉张槽（如：绵阳-长宁拉张槽和开江-梁平拉张槽等）的形成为典型特征;弱挤压则以古隆起（如：加里东期乐山-龙女寺古隆起、印支期泸州古隆起等）的发育为典型特征。四川盆地晚三叠世后的前陆盆地演化阶段受控于其周缘造山带逆冲推覆构造活动,是现今地貌和构造盆地的主要建造期,形成了四川盆地周缘突变（线型）和渐变（弥散型）两种盆山结构。盆地西边界（龙门山）和北边界（米仓山-大巴山）即是线型突变边界,也是扬子地块（板块）的边界,边界几何形状和扬子板块刚性特征对盆山系统结构-构造特征等有较大的控制作用;四川盆地的东边界（齐岳山-大娄山）和西南边界（大凉山）即是渐变弥散型边界,同时也是板（陆）块内部的边界,它们受控于邻区（盆外）的构造变形和盆内沉积盖层中滑脱层的分布特征。受控于盆地（克拉通）周缘活动,四川盆地垂向上前寒武纪基底与盖层、盖层内早期和晚期构造具解耦特征。基底与盖层构造的解耦有利于盆地内部前寒武纪基底结构构造的保存和盖层内大型隆-坳结构的形成演化;盖层内早期和晚期构造的解耦有利于早期构造免遭后期破环,对深层油气藏的保存意义重大。总之,四川盆地可能是具独特形成过程和特征的叠合盆地新类型,其突出特征表现为周缘活动、内部稳定及早期和晚期构造解耦。     

Stages in the Magura Basin: a case study of the Polish sector (Western Carpathians)

The Magura Basin domain developed in its initial stage as a Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rifted passive margin that faced the eastern parts of the oceanic Alpine Tethys. In the pre- and syn-orogenic evolution of the Magura Basin the following prominent periods can be distinguished: Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous syn-rift opening of basins (1) followed by Early Cretaceous post-rift thermal subsidence (2), latest Cretaceous–Paleocene syn-collisional inversion (3), Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene flexural subsidence (4) and Late Eocene - Early Miocene synorogenic closing of the basin (5). The driving forces of tectonic subsidence of the basin were syn-rift and thermal post-rift processes, as well as tectonic loads related to the emplacement of accretionary wedge. This process was initiated at the end of the Paleocene at the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB)/Magura Basin boundary and was completed during Late Oligocene in the northern part of the Magura Basin. During Early Miocene the Magura Basin was finally folded, thrusted and uplifted as the Magura Nappe.     

羌塘盆地新构造活动与环境地质效应

本文将羌塘盆地新生代构造运动划分为三个阶段:古近纪为剥蚀、夷平和地壳加厚阶段;中新世为强烈挤压、褶皱阶段;上新世—全新世为高原缓慢整体抬升阶段。羌塘盆地的环境变迁和地质灾害与新生代构造活动密切相关。本区的强烈隆起、半荒漠化、沙尘暴、山洪、泥石流、冰川崩塌和雪崩、地震等均受新构造活动控制。     

青藏高原北羌塘地区晚三叠世地层展布和沉积型式

北羌塘盆地地处拉竹龙-金沙江缝合带和双湖构造混杂岩带之间,自北向南可划分出5个沉积相带/岩石地层单位：以砂泥质复理石-洋岛、岛弧型火山岩-大理岩岩石组合沉积为特征的若拉岗日群,以深水复理石盆地相沉积为特征的藏夏河组,以深水暗色细碎屑岩盆地相沉积为特征的结扎群,以开阔台地相/缓坡相碳酸盐岩沉积为特征的菊花山组,以三角洲相含煤碎屑岩系沉积为特征的土门格拉群.晚三叠世北羌塘盆地显示为南缓北陡的箕状沉积格局,盆地内充填物为南薄北厚的楔形沉积体,且双物源、沉降中心和沉积中心不一致,表明其具有前陆盆地的一系列沉积特征.     

The Thrace Basin: stratigraphic and tectonic-palaeogeographic evolution of the Palaeogene formations of northwest Turkey

The Palaeogene deposits of the Thrace Basin have evolved over a basement composed of the Rhodope and Sakarya continents, juxtaposed in northwest Turkey. Continental and marine sedimentation began in the early Eocene in the southwest part, in the early-middle Eocene in the central part, and in the late Lutetian in the north-northeast part of the basin. Early Eocene deposition in the southern half of the present Thrace Basin began unconformably over a relict basin consisting of uppermost Cretaceous–Palaeocene pelagic sediments. The initial early-middle Eocene deposition began during the last stage of early Palaeogene transtension and was controlled by the eastern extension (the Central Thrace Strike–Slip Fault Zone) of the Balkan-Thrace dextral fault to the north. Following the northward migration of this faulting, the Thrace Palaeogene Basin evolved towards the north during the late Lutetian. From the late Lutetian to the early Oligocene, transpression caused the formation of finger-shaped, eastward-connected highs and sub-basins. The NW–SE-trending right-lateral strike–slip Strandja Fault Zone began to develop and the Strandja Highland formed as a positive flower structure that controlled the deposition of the middle-upper Eocene alluvial fans in the northern parts of the Thrace Palaeogene Basin. Also, in the southern half of the basin, the upper Eocene–lower Oligocene turbiditic series with debris flows and olistostrome horizons were deposited in sub-basins adjacent to the highs, while shelf deposits were deposited in the northern half and southeast margin of the basin. At least since the early Eocene, a NE-trending magmatic belt formed a barrier along the southeast margin of the basin. From the late Oligocene onwards, the Thrace Palaeogene Basin evolved as an intermontane basin in a compressional tectonic setting.     

Structural mapping based on potential field and remote sensing data,South Rewa Gondwana Basin,India

Intracratonic South Rewa Gondwana Basin occupies the northern part of NW–SE trending Son–Mahanadi rift basin of India. The new gravity data acquired over the northern part of the basin depicts WNW–ESE and ENE–WSW anomaly trends in the southern and northern part of the study area respectively. 3D inversion of residual gravity anomalies has brought out undulations in the basement delineating two major depressions (i) near Tihki in the north and (ii) near Shahdol in the south, which divided into two sub-basins by an ENE–WSW trending basement ridge near Sidi. Maximum depth to the basement is about 5.5 km within the northern depression. The new magnetic data acquired over the basin has brought out ENE–WSW to E–W trending short wavelength magnetic anomalies which are attributed to volcanic dykes and intrusive having remanent magnetization corresponding to upper normal and reverse polarity (29N and 29R) of the Deccan basalt magnetostratigrahy. Analysis of remote sensing and geological data also reveals the predominance of ENE–WSW structural faults. Integration of remote sensing, geological and potential field data suggest reactivation of ENE–WSW trending basement faults during Deccan volcanism through emplacement of mafic dykes and sills. Therefore, it is suggested that South Rewa Gondwana basin has witnessed post rift tectonic event due to Deccan volcanism.     

Tectonic evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic time as constrained by detrital zircon ages

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin has experienced a complicated tectonic evolution since the Palaeozoic. Its multi-stage evolution was closely related to the tectonic events that occurred along plate boundaries. The detrital zircon ages and crystallization age (CA)-deposition age (DA)/cumulative proportion curves obtained from Palaeozoic-Mesozoic strata from different tectonic units in and around the western Ordos Basin demonstrate that during the early Palaeozoic, the so-called Helan Aulacogen did not develop along the western Ordos Basin, the Alxa Block was an independent unit from the North China Craton, and the southern Ordos Basin was a foreland basin of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. During the early Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinity belonged to three different tectonic units (i.e. the North China Craton, the Alxa Block, and the North Qilian Orogenic Belt). At the end of the early Palaeozoic, the Alxa Block amalgamated with the Ordos Basin. From the Silurian to the Middle Devonian, the southern Alxa Block was a foreland basin of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt and underwent regional extension during the Late Devonian. During the late Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinities were located in a back-arc extensional setting of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt. The southern part of the western Ordos Basin may have been a retro-arc foreland basin of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt during the Late Triassic, and the northern part of the western Ordos Basin experienced large-scale left-lateral strike-slip at the same time. The CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves can adequately explain the evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic; however, the settings indicated by the CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves in intraplate evolutions are different from those proposed in other studies, which may be due to the number and distribution of samples and rapid lateral changes in sedimentary facies.     

贵州赤水地区晚白垩世古流向特征及构造意义

贵州赤水地区位于四川盆地西南缘,晚白垩世时期该地区沉积了一套厚达1300m的陆相地层。本文通过地表露头的古流向野外观测和室内分析,详细研究赤水地区晚白垩世沉积充填过程及构造意义。赤水地区晚白垩世早期辫状河的古流向为自北东向南西,表明碎屑物源主要来自盆地北侧和东侧。根据物源、地层分布及区域地质背景推断,赤水地区晚白垩世的陆相沉积盆地属于陆内前陆盆地,陆内造山带位于盆地东侧。晚白垩世陆内前陆盆地的形成,可能受控于此阶段华南的构造挤压事件形成的陆内造山作用。     

漠河盆地上侏罗统物源分析及其地质意义

为了探讨晚侏罗世漠河盆地的构造类型,笔者等对其物源特征进行了系统分析。通过古水流分析、母岩成分分析和源区构造背景分析认为:①晚侏罗世漠河盆地的物源来自南北两个方向;②北部物源区位于西伯利亚板块南缘,为蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山带,母岩成分主要为花岗岩、变质岩、中酸性火山岩、中基性火山岩和沉积岩;③南部物源区位于大兴安岭北部,为下伏板块基底,母岩成分主要为花岗岩、变质岩和沉积岩;④北部造山带物源区的构造背景为早中生代的活动大陆边缘。晚侏罗世漠河盆地具有典型前陆盆地的双向物源特征,一方面来自北部造山带,一方面来自盆地下伏板块基底。根据物源特征、区域大地构造背景和俄罗斯上阿穆尔盆地(黑龙江在俄罗斯称为阿穆尔河)有关资料认为晚侏罗世漠河盆地可能为漠河—上阿穆尔周缘前陆盆地的南半部分,其形成和演化受蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山带制约。     

Genesis of sandstone-type uranium deposits along the northern margin of the Ordos Basin,China

Sandstone-type U mineral resources are among the important sources for nuclear energy.The U deposits in the Ordos Basin in China form part of the northern segment of the sandstone-hosted Central Asian Uranium MegaProvince.Two types of mineralizations are recognized in this basin: "phreatic permeable type" and "interlayer permeable type",both exhibiting features equivalent to roll-front subtypes.The "interlayer permeable type" is widely accepted as the dominant mineralization type for sandstone-type uranium deposits within large-scale basins,also designated as the "interlayer oxidation zone type",based on the horizontal color zoning model representing changing redox conditions.Here we synthesize data from several drill holes within the Ordos Basin,which suggest that major Mesozoic tectonic movements controlled the evolution of the sedimentary system in the basin.These tectonic movements contributed to the formation of three angular unconformities and four parallel unconformities as inferred from the stratigraphic relationships.In addition,other features such as vertical color zoning,paleo-channel controlled tabular or lentoid ore bodies(without roll-type) and a group interlayer horizontal zoning of altered minerals are also documented.Sequence stratigraphic analysis indicates that the Ordos Basin generally witnessed four cycles of water level variations during Mesozoic.During the variations,three high water level and three low water level events were recorded.Biological characteristics imply that the Ordos Basin went through multiple arid to humid climatic evolutions during Mesozoic.Combining the newly documented features with some novel concepts on the hydrodynamic mechanism for supergene ore-forming fluids,we propose a metallogenic model which invokes the importance of tectonic movements and water level fluctuations to explain the genesis of uranium deposits along the northern margin of the Ordos Basin.     

柴北缘西段新生代弧形构造带演化历史及成藏过程

本文在钻井和二、三维地震数据精细解释的基础上,详细研究了柴北缘西段晚新生代弧形构造带演化历史和油气成藏过程。认为柴北缘西段是由一系列沿造山带前缘展布的弧形逆冲断裂和褶皱组成的弧形构造带。晚新生代以来的构造演化具有自山前向盆内扩展,东西两侧向中间传播的特点,油气运聚与构造演化过程紧密耦合。各弧形构造带两侧形成时间早,生储盖配置好,且具有古构造背景,是油气运聚的长期指向,应是下一步优先勘探目标。     

The paleotectonic and paleogeography reconstructions of the Tarim Basin and its adjacent areas (NW China) during the late Early and Middle Paleozoic

Tarim Basin is the large, very complex, oil-bearing basin in China, surrounded by the Tianshan–Beishan, West Kunlun and Altyn Tagh mountain belts to the north, south, and southeast, respectively. Understanding the processes and evolution of this complex superimposed basin, especially with respect to the effects of single tectonic movements, is a difficult challenge, which concerns the tectonic and dynamic interrelationships between the basin and the orogenic belts during the different stages of the Paleozoic in the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan tectonic systems and for the evaluation of the resource potentials in Tarim Basin. In this study, we focused on 3-dimensional, basin-scale structural architecture and the properties of two regional unconformities that occur within the basin and its adjacent areas. Here, we outline the structural deformations underlying the unconformity, the structural architecture styles and the distributions of the unconformity, and the stratigraphic sequence and nature of the sedimentary rocks immediately overlying the unconformity. During the late Early and Middle Paleozoic tectonic movements, disconformities developed mainly in the northern and the central parts of the basin, and angular unconformities which beneath layers were monocline and faulted-fold deformations developed in the southern, or the southern and northern parts of the basin, respectively. Before the Silurian, the Low Hotian Uplift, the NE-trending faulted-folded belts of the Tangguzibas Depression and the southern Tazhong Uplift underwent intense deformation related to SE–NW-directed tectonic compression. In addition, the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression developed during periods of activity on the South Altyn Tagh Fault. The structural deformation, as well as the depositional facies, formed in response to the subduction and closure of the South Altun Ocean and West Kunlun–Kudi Ocean, and the resulting collisional orogeny. Prior to deposition of Upper Devonian sediments, structural deformation and erosion occurred in two marginal parts of the basin. The extent and intensity of deformation on the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression were also reduced, whereas the NE-trending folds developed in the Manjiaer Depression. The Tabei Uplift experienced uplift and deformation. The closure of the North Altun Ocean and the eastern part of the South Tianshan Ocean with south-subduction may be the main driving forces for the tectonic activity. Extensive areas in the northern and southern margins of the basin were uplifted and denudated by orogenic activity as a prelude to the molasse basin that developed in the early Late Devonian in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the basin. The structural architecture of the unconformities reveals the geometry and dynamics of the basin–orogen system in single tectonic movements.