Real-time kinematic positioning of LEO satellites using a single-frequency GPS receiver

Due to their low cost and low power consumption, single-frequency GPS receivers are considered suitable for low-cost space applications such as small satellite missions. Recently, requirements have emerged for real-time accurate orbit determination at sub-meter level in order to carry out onboard geocoding of high-resolution imagery, open-loop operation of altimeters and radio occultation. This study proposes an improved real-time kinematic positioning method for LEO satellites using single-frequency receivers. The C/A code and L1 phase are combined to eliminate ionospheric effects. The epoch-differenced carrier phase measurements are utilized to acquire receiver position changes which are further used to smooth the absolute positions. A kinematic Kalman filter is developed to implement kinematic orbit determination. Actual flight data from China’s small satellite SJ-9A are used to test the navigation performance. Results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional kinematic positioning method in terms of accuracy. A 3D position accuracy of 0.72 and 0.79 m has been achieved using the predicted portion of IGS ultra-rapid products and broadcast ephemerides, respectively.     

Absolute Positioning with Single-Frequency GPS Receivers

The use of precise post-processed satellite orbits and satellite clock corrections in absolute positioning, using one GPS receiver only, has proven to be an accurate alternative to the more commonly used differential techniques for many applications in georeferencing. The absolute approach is capable of centimeter accuracy when using state-of-the-art, dual-frequency GPS receivers. When using observations from single-frequency receivers, however, the accuracy, especially in height, decreases. The obvious reason for this degradation in accuracy is the effect of unmodeled ionospheric delay. This paper discusses the availability of some empirical ionospheric models that are publicly available and quantifies their usefulness for absolute positioning using single-frequency GPS receivers. The Global Ionospheric Model supplied by International GPS Service (IGS) is the most accurate one and is recommended for absolute positioning using single-frequency GPS receivers. Using high-quality single-frequency observations, a horizontal epoch-to-epoch accuracy of better than 1 m and a vertical accuracy of approximately 1 m is demonstrated. ? 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

同时估计电离层延迟的单频精密单点定位方法

提出一种基于单频码和相位观测量的单频精密单点定位方法,将每个观测量的电离层延迟量与接收机钟差、对流层天顶延迟、接收机位置、相位模糊度一起作为未知参数。采用约化参数的平方根信息滤波与平滑算法进行参数解算。该方法适用于实时定位和事后处理,且不需要外部的电离层模型。采用全球分布的32个IGS监测站16 d实测数据进行静态解算试验,结果表明E、N、U方向的RMS分别为0.023 m、0.018 m、0.059 m;基于一组机载GPS数据进行动态解算试验,得到E、N、U方向的RMS(与载波相位动态相对定位结果比较)分别为0.168 m、0.151 m、0.172 m。     

GPS单频精密单点定位的研究实现

本文研究建立了电离层参数估计的单频精密单点定位的数学模型,并综合考虑各项误差模型改正,运用卡尔曼滤波算法,开发了单频精密单点定位程序,最后利用实测数据进行实验。实验结果表明:静态平面、高程方向精度均优于0.15m,动态精度优于0.3m。     

北极地区BDS-3伪距单点定位精度分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统（BDS-3）在北极地区的定位性能,本文基于METG站和SOD3站分析了北极地区BDS-3的卫星可见数、PDOP 值、单频和双频伪距单点定位精度.经研究发现,北极地区BDS-3卫星可见数和 PDOP 值与GPS卫星一致,B1I频率与B3I频率伪距单点定位精度相当,相比于GPS卫星L1频率伪距单点定位精度略差,B1I／B3I频率组合下的伪距单点定位精度低于任一单频伪距单点定位精度,并且相比于GPS卫星L1／L2频率组合下的伪距单点定位精度略差.      

北斗广域实时精密定位服务系统研究与评估分析

采用IGS、MGEX、北斗地基增强网的实时观测数据,研制北斗广域精密定位服务系统,实时生成北斗高精度轨道、钟差、电离层产品,提供厘米级北斗双频PPP、分米级单频PPP、米级单频伪距定位服务。对实时产品评估分析的结果表明:北斗卫星实时轨道与钟差产品URE统计精度约为2.0cm,实时电离层精度优于4.0TECU。采用全国分布的实时测站动态定位精度(95%置信度)评估分析表明:北斗双频PPP精度存在明显的区域特征,高纬度以及西部边缘地区的定位精度平面约0.2m,高程约0.3m;中部地区定位精度平面优于0.1m,高程优于0.2m,接近GPS实时PPP精度水平;北斗与GPS融合可以提高单北斗、单GPS的定位性能,尤其是显著加快了PPP收敛时间,收敛时间缩短到20min内。另外,除边缘地区外,北斗单频PPP实现平面0.5m,高程1.0m;北斗单频伪距单点定位实现平面2.0m,高程3.0m。     

星载GPS 伪距观测量重建及定轨精度分析

讨论了如何从星上下传的卫星位置数据中重建星载GPS 伪距观测量, 分析了重建伪距数据事后动力学 定轨精度及该方法对提高LEO 卫星位置精度的贡献。GRACE-A 卫星2008 年3 月1 日—14 日实测数据计算结果表明: 重建数据事后动力学定轨能显著提高地面主控站接收到的LEO 卫星实时位置精度; 其中由C/A 码伪距和广播星历 实时单点定位得到的卫星位置精度约为15m, 重建伪距事后动力学定轨得到的卫星位置精度约为2m。     

Precision spacecraft navigation using a low-cost GPS receiver

Within the PROBA-2 microsatellite mission, a miniaturized single-frequency GPS receiver based on commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology is employed for onboard navigation and timing. A rapid electronic fuse protects against destructive single-event latch-ups (SEL) and enables a quasi-continuous receiver operation despite the inherent sensitivity to space radiation. While limited to single-frequency C/A-code tracking with a narrow-band frontend, the receiver is able to provide precision navigation services through processing of raw GPS measurements on ground as well as a built-in real-time navigation system. In both cases, ionospheric path delays are eliminated through a combination of L1 pseudorange and carrier phase measurements, which also offers a factor-of-two noise reduction relative to code-only processing. By comparison with satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements, a 0.3-m (3D rms) accuracy is demonstrated for the PROBA-2 reduced dynamic orbit determinations using post-processed GPS orbit and clock products. Furthermore, the experimental onboard navigation system is shown to provide real-time position information with a 3D rms accuracy of about 1?m, which notably outperforms the specification of the Standard Positioning Service (SPS). In view of their lower hardware complexity, mass budget and power requirements as well as the reduced interference susceptibility, legacy C/A-code receivers can thus provide an attractive alternative to dual-frequency receivers even for demanding navigation applications in low Earth orbit.     

基于GPS单频接收机的精密单点定位研究

介绍了利用单频GPS接收机进行精密单点定位的数学模型及解算方案,并采用选权拟合法得到比较准确的状态参数初值及其方差-协方差,加快了卡尔曼滤波的收敛。算例结果表明,利用精密卫星星历及卫星钟改正数并采用单频观测值,半个小时后的定位精度可达1~2分米的水平。     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Likelihood-based GNSS positioning using LOS/NLOS predictions from 3D mapping and pseudoranges

The accuracy of conventional global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) positioning in dense urban areas is severely degraded due to blockage and reflection of the signals by the surrounding buildings. By using 3D mapping of the buildings to aid GNSS positioning, the accuracy can be substantially improved. However, positioning performance must be balanced against computational load. Here, a likelihood-based 3D-mapping-aided (3DMA) GNSS ranging algorithm is demonstrated that enables signals predicted to be non-line-of-sight (NLOS) to contribute to the position solution without explicitly computing the additional path delay due to NLOS reception, which is computationally expensive. Likelihoods for an array of candidate positions are computed based on the difference between the measured and predicted pseudoranges. However, a skewed distribution is assumed for those signals predicted to be NLOS on the basis that the ensuing ranging errors are always positive. An overall position solution is then extracted from the likelihood surface. GNSS measurement data have been collected at several locations in both traditional and modern dense urban environments. Horizontal root-mean-square single-epoch position accuracies of 4.7, 5.6 and 6.5 m are obtained using, respectively, a Leica Viva geodetic receiver, a u-blox EVK M8T consumer-grade receiver and a Nexus 9 tablet incorporating a smartphone GNSS antenna and a GNSS chipset that outputs pseudoranges. The corresponding accuracies using single-epoch conventional GNSS positioning are 20.5, 23.0 and 28.4 m, about a factor of four larger. The 3DMA GNSS algorithms have also been implemented in real time on a Raspberry Pi 3 at a 1-Hz update rate.

     

BDS-3新频点单点定位研究

针对目前有关北斗卫星导航系统(BDS-3)中MEO卫星(BDS-3M)增加的B1C、B2a新频点单点定位研究较少的现状,本文开展了基于新频点B1C、B2a的双频单点定位试验,结合国际GNSS监测评估系统(iGMAS)5个跟踪站连续10 d的数据,对BDS-3的新频点进行数据质量分析、双频伪距单点定位(SPP)和双频静态...     

北斗卫星伪距码偏差特性及其影响分析

在北斗导航卫星伪距码偏差特性分析的基础上,建立了倾斜地球同步轨道卫星（IGSO）和中轨卫星（MEO）的伪距码偏差多项式改正模型;并利用星间单差宽巷小数周一致性,分析建立北斗地球同步轨道卫星（GEO）卫星伪距码偏差改正模型。采用武汉大学北斗试验网、中国陆态网络和MGEX网不同位置、不同类型接收机观测数据进行分析验证,结果表明,北斗卫星伪距码偏差特性与观测值频率、卫星类型相关,所有GEO和IGSO卫星变化规律相同,所有MEO卫星变化规律相同,与接收机类型、测站位置和观测时间无关,偏差值大小随卫星高度角变化,其变化规律稳定,可以采用建立的两类改正模型（GEO/IGSO和MEO）进行修正。通过偏差修正后的伪距无电离层组合的残差、双频SPP以及单频PPP三个方面验证了伪距码偏差改正模型的正确性。     

IRNSS-1A: signal and clock characterization of the Indian regional navigation system

An initial characterization of the L5 and S-Band navigation signals transmitted by the first satellite of the Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS) is presented. In the absence of a public signal specification, a 30 m high-gain antenna has been used to record the signal spectrum and the modulated chip sequences. For the IRNSS standard positioning service, use of a Gold ranging code is confirmed and relevant shift register parameters for the two frequencies are identified. Based on a prototype receiver, L5 single-frequency code and phase observations of IRNSS-1A have also been collected. The tracking performance is described, and the measurements are used to characterize the short-term clock stability of IRNSS-1A.     

非差FCB估计及其在PPP模糊度固定中的应用

模糊度固定能够显著提高精密单点定位(PPP)的精度和收敛速度,是国内外卫星导航定位领域的研究热点．本文通过最小二乘法分离接收机端和卫星端小数周偏差(FCB),恢复非差模糊度的整数特性,将得到的卫星端FCB提供给用户,能够实现非差模糊度固定的PPP．采用全球IGS跟踪站的观测数据进行非差FCB解算,实验结果表明,宽巷FCB的稳定性较好,一周内变化小于0.1周,而窄巷FCB一天内变化较大．将获得的FCB用于模糊度固定PPP实验,E、N、U三个方向的定位精度分别为0.7 cm、0.8 cm和2.1 cm,与浮点解PPP相比,分别提高68％、51％和37％,验证了本文估计的FCB用于模糊度固定PPP的定位性能      

广域实时精密定位与时间服务系统

广域实时精密定位与时间服务已成为GNSS应用领域研究热点,目前国内外学者围绕其模型算法已展开大量的研究。本文重点论述广域实时精密定位与时间服务数据的处理方法和服务系统,给出了基于不同基准约束的卫星钟差解算数学模型,提出通过引入外接原子钟测站、标准时间源(UTC/BDT)等不同时间基准,构建卫星拟稳基准、外接原子钟跟踪站拟稳基准及标准时间源等约束下的钟差解算模型,分析了时间基准对精密单点定位和精密单点授时的影响。本文采用实时卫星轨道、钟差、相位偏差、电离层延迟等服务产品及跟踪站实时数据,验证了系统产品可靠性及终端定位与时间服务性能。实测结果表明:GPS轨道径向精度1.8 cm,钟差STD精度约0.05 ns;BDS-3轨道径向精度6.7 cm,钟差STD精度优于0.1 ns;GPS和BDS-2电离层改正精度分别为0.74 TECU与1.03 TECU。基于该产品实现了用户端PPP、PPP-RTK及PPT、PPT-RTK服务,满足了用户实时厘米级定位和优于0.5 ns的单站时间传递服务,当采用GPS+BDS-2 PPP-RTK解算时,平面收敛至5 cm约需要12 min。     

GPS星历精度对精密单点定位的影响

精密单点定位的实质就是利用精密星历和精密卫星钟改正来实现单机精密定位。本文简要地介绍了精密单点定位的原理及技术关键,在此基础上,分析了IGS目前提供的3种精密星历(IGF、IGR、IGU)的精度和时延性。根据实验数据进一步分析了3种精密星历对精密单点定位精度的影响。通过精度分析,得出利用IGS的超快星历也可以达到厘米级定位精度,为全球厘米级单站RTK提供了有益的参考。     

北斗广域差分分区综合改正数定位性能分析

目前北斗广域分米级星基增强系统在钟差改正数、轨道改正数的基础上,提出了基于相位观测值的分区综合改正数,介绍了分区综合改正数的概念及单频、双频用户的使用方法与定位模型。利用中国范围不同地区的北斗观测数据和对应的分区综合改正信息,统计了单频和双频用户分区综合改正精密单点定位的精度,并对其收敛性进行了分析。通过与使用GFZ提供的北斗超快速精密星历的定位效果比较,验证了分区综合改正定位在实时定位中的优势。在此基础上进一步对中国范围内分区综合改正定位效果与分区中心距离的关系进行了分析,并对不同观测时间长度的定位效果进行比较。结果表明,经分区综合改正后的双频用户平均25 min内动态定位三维误差能收敛至0.5 m以内,收敛后的定位精度为水平0.15 m,高程0.2 m;单频用户平均20 min内动态定位三维误差能收敛至0.8 m以内,收敛后的定位精度为水平0.3 m,高程0.5 m。随着用户站距离分区中心越远,定位效果总体呈现变差的趋势。总体上,当用户在分区中心1 000 km范围内时,北斗广域分区综合改正数将能提供实时分米级定位服务。     

Combined GPS and BDS for single-frequency continuous RTK positioning through real-time estimation of differential inter-system biases

Double-differenced (DD) ambiguities between overlapping frequencies from different GNSS constellations can be fixed to integers if the associated differential inter-system biases (DISBs) are well known. In this case, only one common pivot satellite is sufficient for inter-system ambiguity resolution. This will be beneficial to ambiguity resolution (AR) and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning especially when only a few satellites are observed. However, for GPS and current operational BDS-2, there are no overlapping frequencies. Due to the influence of different frequencies, the inter-system DD ambiguities still cannot be fixed to integers even if the DISBs are precisely known. In this contribution, we present an inter-system differencing model for combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning through real-time estimation of DISBs. The stability of GPS L1 and BDS B1 DISBs is analyzed with different receiver types. Along with parameterization and using the short-term stability of DISBs, the DD ambiguities between GPS and BDS pivot satellites and the between-receiver single-difference ambiguity of the GPS pivot satellite can be estimable jointly with the differential phase DISB term from epoch to epoch. Then the inter-system differencing model can benefit from the near time-constant DISB parameters and thus has better multi-epoch positioning performance than the classical intra-system differencing model. The combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning performance is evaluated with various simulated satellite visibilities. It will be shown that compared with the classical intra-system differencing model, the proposed model can effectively improve the positioning accuracy and reliability, especially for severely obstructed situations with only a few satellites observed.     

BDS精密单点定位在海洋石油钻井平台动力定位系统的应用研究

深水动力定位(DP)石油钻井平台依赖于高精度的位置参考基准,精密单点定位(PPP)技术是提供海上高精度位置服务的首选方式。目前海上石油钻井平台DP系统所需的高精度位置参考基准以GPS为主。随着我国北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的全球组网,BDS实时PPP必将为全海域作业提供自主高精度的位置参考基准。本文就自主研制的BDS实时PPP产品开展实船应用研究,并接入南海作业的某DP系统。结果表明,相比于国外同类产品,收敛后的三维位置差异性小于50 cm,接入DP系统后BDS与GPS信息所占的权值一致,验证了BDS单系统实时PPP在海洋石油钻井平台DP系统应用的可行性。     

星间差分GRAPHIC观测量单频精密单点定位算法

提出了一种基于星间差分GRAPHIC观测量的单频精密单点定位算法,采用正反向滤波实现了静态和动态解算功能。该算法的优点是不需要外部电离层模型进行电离层延迟改正。采用4个IGS站7d的数据和一组机载GPS动态数据进行解算实验,结果表明:静态定位E,N和U方向的RMS分别为0.035,0.007和0.080m;动态定位E,N和U方向的RMS分别为0.117,0.122和0.180m。