TIDAL FEATURES IN THE CHINA SEAS AND THEIR ADJACENT SEA AREAS AS DERIVED FROM TOPEX／POSEIDON ALTIMETER DATA

Some important tidal features of 8 major tidal constituents (M2, S2, K1, O1, P1,Sa, N2 and K2 ) in the china Seas and their adjacent sea areas were obtained using six years‘ TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data. The results showed that the obtained co-tidal and co-range charts for these major tidal constituents agreed well with those of previous researches using observational data from coastal tidal gauge stations and numerical models.     

Tidal analysis in the venturi-shaped area between Zhenhai and Shenjiamen in the East China Sea

In order to better understand the general tidal features in the venturi-shaped area between Zhenhai and Shenjiamen in the northern coastal region of Zhejiang Province in the East China Sea, the tidal data were obtained from both the three permanent tide stations of Zhenhai, Dinghai and Shenjiamen, and four temporary tide stations of Mamu, Chuanshan, Guoju and Liuheng, along with the current speed being observed at Luotou Waterway. Results from harmonic analysis show that: (1) The area was dominated by shallow water tides with irregular semi-diurnal features, and the smallest tidal range occurred in the area near a crossing line between Zhenhai and Dinghai stations, indicating that a tidal node existed in the southern Hangzhou Bay; (2) Formulae, HS2/HM2 >0.4 and gM2-(gK1+gO1)=270° (where H and g are harmonic constants), could be used as judging criteria for high and low tidal level diurnal inequalities; (3) The duration difference between ebb and flood tides could be roughly assessed by the ratio of HM4 vs. HM2; and the larger the ratio is, the bigger the duration difference is. At the same time, the duration period could be assessed by 2gM2-gM4, the epoch difference between M2 and M4 tidal constituents. If 2gM2-gM4 <180°, then the ebb duration is longer than the flood duration; if 180°< 2gM2-gM4 <360°, the result is reversed; (4) Taking Dinghai station as a center point, the highest tidal levels and the average high tidal levels, as well as the average tidal ranges at all stations became higher and larger both southeastwards and northwestwards, while the lowest tidal levels and the average low tidal levels appeared to be lower both southeastwards and northwestwards; and (5) The tidal patterns were not all in line with the tidal current patterns. As a conclusion, the smallest tidal range occurred in the narrow part of the venturi-shaped area. Along the both sides of the area, the highest tidal level and tidal range became higher and larger, while the lowest tidal level became lower with the increase of the distance from the narrow throat area. This is somehow different from the theory that the tidal level increases gradually when it moves towards the top narrow area of a V-shaped bay or estuary.     

A MULTI-WINDOW GIS APPROACH FOR WATER QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS

ＡＭＵＬＴＩ－ＷＩＮＤＯＷＧＩＳＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＦＯＲＷＡＴＥＲＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＤＡＴＡＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＬｉｎＨｕｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＴｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇ，Ｓｈａｔｉｎ，ＮｅｗＴｅｒｒ...     

Tidal current observation in the southern Yellow Sea in the summers of 2001 and 2003

Direct current observations in the Yellow Sea interior are very scarce due to intense fishing and trawling activities. Most previous studies on tides in the area were based on coastal measurements or satellite altimeter sea levels and have not been rigorously compared with direct measurements. In this paper, tidal currents are studied with current profiles from three bottom-moored Sontek Acoustic Doppler Profilers （ADPs） deployed in the southern Yellow Sea in summer of 2001 and 2003. The measured current series were dominated by tidal currents. Maximum velocities are between 40-80 cm/s at the mooring stations. M2 current is the most dominant primary tidal constituent, while MS4 and M4 are the most significant shallow water tides with much smaller amplitudes than the primary tides.     

用VB作50年台风路径资料检索与分析

介绍利用VisualBASIC可视化编程语言作 50年台风路径资料以及实时台风路径资料的检索与分析。包括台风路径资料检索程序的设计、多种路径资料的检索方法、相似路径检索方法和双台风路径检索方法等 ;利用所开发的程序框架 ,分析了若干个例的检索结果 ,如 4 8h内影响厦门市的台风路径高频中心在 19.5°N ,12 6.2°E等 ,对实际台风预报业务具有一定的参考价值     

深圳湾潮流动力特征研究

应用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对深圳湾4测站两周日海流观测获得的表、中、底层海流资料进行分析,计算了4测站O_1、K_1、M_2、S_2、M_4、MS_4 6个主要分潮的潮流调和常数,并给出各测站在各层的潮流椭圆要素。计算结果表明:深圳湾主要为不规则半日潮流海区,浅水分潮流在总海流中的影响较大;站位1、2和4主要分潮流的北分量大于东分量,而站位3主要分潮流的北分量小于东分量。观测期间余流的流向主要呈北和东北向;最小余流速度出现在站位3;余流流速表层最大,中层次之,底层最小。整个海区潮流的可能最大流速表层在76～102cm/s之间;中层在80～106cm/s之间;底层在56～88cm/s之间。整个海区潮流表现出往复流的性质。     

Relationship between soil and water conservation practices and soil conditions in low mountain and hilly region of Northeast China

The soil and water conservation practices of ecological restoration（ER）,fish scale pit（FP）,furrow and ridge tillage across the slope（FR）,shrub strips（SS）,and vegetation-covered ridge（VR） are characteristic of the Jixing small watershed of the low mountain and hilly region of Jilin Province,Northeast China. This study aims to elucidate the effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil conditions after the short-term implementation of practices. Soil samples were collected from five soil and water conservation sites（ER,FP,FR,SS,and VR） and two controls（BL and CT） to investigate their properties. To evaluate the influence of soil and water conservation practices on soil quality,an integrated quantitative index,soil quality index（QI）,was developed to compare the soil quality under the different soil and water conservation practices. The results show that not all soil and water conservation practices can improve the soil conditions and not all soil properties,especially soil organic carbon（SOC）,can be recovered under soil and water conservation practice in short-term. Moreover,the QI in the five soil and water conservation practices and two controls was in the following order： ER VR BL FR CT SS FP. ER exhibited a higher soil quality value on a slope scale. In the low mountain and hilly region of Northeast China,ER is a better choice than the conversion of farmlands to planted grasslands and woodlands early in the soil and water conservation program.     

Analysis and Prediction of Influence Imposed on Jiaozhou Bay Tidal Currents and Tidal Energy of M_2 Tidal System by Jiaozhou Bay Reclamation

The 3-D ECOMSED ocean model was applied to establish a time-dependent boundary model for Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), in which the operator-splitting technique was used and the ‘dry and wet’ method was introduced. The influence caused by JZB reclamation on the surface level, residual currents, tidal system and tidal energy of M2 tidal system were predicted and analyzed. The results show that JZB reclamation has slight impact on the M2 tidal system, in which the variation of amplitude and phase is less than 1%.The ch...     

低渗透油田油井见水规律分析

为了解决低渗透油田不规则面积注水井网中油井见水时间的计算及其影响因素的定量表征问题,将面积注采井网单元细分为一源一汇三角形最小计算单元,运用非达西渗流流管微元法得到不同面积注采井网类型条件下的生产井见水时间计算通式.以鄂尔多斯盆地X油田为例,研究井网类型、储层非均质性和裂缝发育程度对低渗透油田油井见水时间的影响,并通过统计回归得到沿裂缝方向、裂缝半长与油井见水时间之间的经验公式.结果表明:储层非均质性和裂缝规模对油井见水时间的影响最大,井网类型对其影响程度最小;不规则井网或油井所在最小三角形井网单元差异较大时,油井见水存在一个阶梯上升规律;油井见水时间与裂缝半长呈幂指数减小关系.     

Water quality evaluation in Tidal River reaches of Liaohe River Estuary, China using a revised QUAL2K model

Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pollutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K) and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model (1D model) were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal river reach of the Liaohe River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were chosen as water quality indices in the two model simulations. The modelled results show that the major reasons for degraded rivers remain petroleum and non-point source pollution. Tidal water also has a critical effect on the variation of water quality. The sensitivity analysis identifies that flow rate, point load and diffuse load are the most sensitive parameters for the four water quality indices in the revised QUAL2K simulation. Uncertainty analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation gives the probability distribution of the four water quality indices at two locations (6.50 km and 44.84 km from the river mouth). The statistical outcomes indicate that the observed data fall within the 90% confidence intervals at all sites measured, and show that the revised QUAL2K gives better results in simulating the water quality of a tidal river.     

基于地面三维激光扫描强度数据的潮滩表层含水量估算

大面积潮滩表层含水量的测定是潮滩研究中的难题,传统的测量方法难以同时满足高效和精度的要求。地面三维激光扫描技术凭借其高精度、高分辨率以及主动性强等优点,已经高效运用在潮滩地形研究中。但是,对潮滩含水量进行有效分析,仅利用点云的空间几何信息是不够的,还需要对点云的强度数据进行挖掘。地面激光扫描仪提供了包含目标表面光谱反射特性的点云强度数据,利用强度数据可以有效地进行目标表面特性提取。本文提出了一种新的长距离地面激光扫描仪强度数据改正方法,对入射角和距离效应进行有效改正。利用Riegl VZ-4000长距离地面激光扫描仪建立室内含水量模型并对上海市崇明岛一处潮滩进行测试分析,同时收集26个潮滩沉积物样品并利用传统干湿称重法进行含水量验证计算。结果表明：相比于传统技术,利用改正后的激光强度值估算大面积潮滩沉积物表层含水量是一种精确和高效的方法。改正后的激光强度值与潮滩表层含水量存在幂函数关系,相关系数为0.961,估算精度为91.94%。     

地下水位中潮汐与气压效应分析

从井水位中潮汐与气压效应的原理分析入手,着重解决输入量间的多重共线性问题。采用偏最小二乘法回归模型对水位数据中的潮汐与气压效应进行计算发现,该方法得到的潮汐与气压响应系数可正确反映潮汐引力与气压波动的物理过程;潮汐系数、气压系数、气压作用的滞后与延时常数等与含水层参数（储水率、孔隙度、渗透率、体积模量等）以及井孔区域的地壳应力应变状态密切相关。通过川03井连续60 d井水位（步长为9 d）的计算,可从响应系数里识别明显的地震同震响应、震后调整过程和清晰的地震前兆异常。     

LATE QUATERNARY SEISMIC SEQUENCES AND SEDIMENTATION ALONG THE COAST OFF TAISHAN, GUANGDONG, AS REVEALED BY HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC DATA

Seismic stratigraphic analysis of 150 km of high-resolution seismic profiles (GEO-PULSE and 3.5 kHz) obtained along the muddy coast off Taishan, Guangdong provided valuable information on the offshore Quaternary stratigraphy, tectonics, sedimentary evolution, and environmental and engineering geology of this area. The following late Quaternary stratigraphic sequences were mapped. (1) Pleistocene alluvial silty sand and shallow marine clay; (2) coarse fluvial channel sand; (3) nearshore and bay clayey sediments. The incision of fluvial channels occurred in two stages: dttring the Late Pleistocene and at the beginning of the Holocene. The Pleistocene fluvial channels have been filled by coarses and overlain by more than 10 m of late Pleistocene clay and 20 - 30 m of Holocene clay. The coastal area is dissected by two major fault systems: the first group strikes ENE-WSW and controls the evolution of the adjacent Quaternary basin, while the second one trends NNE-SSW. These fault systems must be taken into account in any coastal engineering considerations. In addition, both granitic and metamorphic basements were recognized.     

高含水期水平井挖潜物理模拟

结合油藏渗流与水平井筒内流体流动的耦合性,以水驱油相似原理为基础,建立三维油藏物理胶结水平井多层模型,并从其微观孔隙特征及油水渗流特征等方面与实际油藏进行对比.以物理模型为基础,从动态变化指标及油水分布特征等角度研究不同挖潜方式在高含水期挖潜效果的差异性,总结水平井挖潜提高采收率的规律.结果表明:在交错井网及正韵律储层的条件下,高含水期剩余油多富集于井组中心储层顶部区域;高含水期应用水平井进行挖潜剩余油,其在多个动态变化指标上优于直井,并且水平井对井组边角区域及储层中下部位剩余油的控制能力也较强;水平井与常规井网的不同配置关系对挖潜效果有较大影响,水平井挖潜动态也随着含水率上升呈现不同的规律.     

基于灰关联的k匿名数据流隐私保护算法

与静态数据不同,数据流具有潜在无限、快速到达、变化频繁等特点,使得数据流隐私保护面临问题.在保证匿名要求的前提下,从降低信息损失和节约计算时间角度,提出一种基于灰关联的数据流隐私保护匿名算法(DSAoGRA),采用灰色关联度描述元组间的相似度,将元组划分成k匿名簇,实现数据流的k匿名化.数据实验结果表明,该算法在满足匿名要求的同时,比CASTLE算法具有较低的信息损失和较少的计算时间.     

Dynamical Control of Asymmetrically Oblique Tidal Currents to the Sedimentary Characteristics and Development of Linear Sand Ridges in the Liaodong Shoal,East Bohai Sea

The Liaodong Shoal is a group of linear sand ridges located in the east Bohai Sea of China.In this study,54 surface sediment samples have been collected,current measurements at 4 stations have been carried out and bathymetric data were obtained.The current directions are rightward deflected relative to the strikes of the sand ridges.Affected by the narrowing effect of the ridge,the current velocities exhibited an anti-‘C’type vertical profile.The velocities of the lower currents linearly correlate with the water depths.The near-bed current velocities over the troughs are estimated to be higher than those over the ridges,and this feature could be explained by the loss of kinetic energy together with the conversion between kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.The sedimentary characteristics that are compatible with the tidal dynamics are developed across the ridges and troughs,including grain size compositions,grain size parameters,mineral compositions and Dhm indexes.The existence of the angles between the current directions and the strikes of the sand ridges is the key factor for the growth of the sand ridges.The asymmetric hydrodynamic features between the flood and ebb currents lead to the differences in the topographical and sedimentary characteristics on both sides of a sand ridge.Insufficient material supply led to the degradation of the sand ridges,and the reduction of the tidal current intensity has led to the development of the subordinate sand ridges in the troughs.Sand ridges are migrating.     

引潮位展开的不同规格化形式及其转换

在引潮位展开过程中,为使大地系数的数值在不同阶次中保持相对稳定,对其进行规格化处理。从引潮位的基本理论公式出发,在分析缔合勒让德函数及其完全规格化的基础上,给出了引潮位展开中3类不同规格化(Doodson规格化、Cartwright & Tayler规格化、Hartmann & Wenzel规格化)公式的具体形式,得到3者之间的转换关系与转换系数。同时给出Doodson规格化中2~6阶规格化因子的具体数值,指出并改正Doodson、Roosbeek文献和IERS 2003、2010规范中的3处错误。     

DYNAMIC VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAIHU LAKE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF ITS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS

ＤＹＮＡＭＩＣ　ＶＡＲＩＡＴＩＯＮＳ　ＯＦ　ＷＡＴＥＲ　ＱＵＡＬＩＴＹ　ＩＮ　ＴＡＩＨＵ　ＬＡＫＥ　ＡＮＤ　ＭＵＬＴＩＶＡＲＩＡＴＥ　ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳ　ＯＦ　ＩＴＳ　ＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＴＩＡＬ　ＦＡＣＴＯＲＳＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＶＡＲＩＡＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＷＡＴＥ...     

自动气象站与人工观测数据差异的原因分析

通过对气压、温度、雨量、湿度、风向风速等气象基本要素进行人工观测与自动观测所获得的数据进行比较计算，分析了两种观测资料的差异，以及人工与自动观测数据差异的诸多原因，其中包括仪器的测量原理与观测方法不同，观测时间和空间不同，观测方式与计算方法不同，观测时次不同等等。     

岩溶地下水化学组分随降水周期变化的规律性——以桂林、柳州地区为例

利用岩溶水长期水化学监测资料进行数理统计和制图，揭示了不同类型岩溶地下水化学成分的变化与降水丰、枯季节、丰枯周期年变化的规律性。纯灰岩地区岩溶水的主要化学组分表现枯季高、丰季低；白云岩地区岩溶水则不显示此规律性，丰、枯季节主要组分含量变化不大，甚至有相反趋势的显示。降水丰枯周期年的变化在岩溶水化学成分的变化上，也有很好的显示。枯水周期年，岩溶水主要化学组分含量逐年增高，丰水周期年则逐年降低