藏北温泉盆地地热田水文地球化学特征研究

藏北温泉盆地地热资源丰富,但研究程度较低。为查明温泉盆地地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,揭示热循环机理,定量评估研究区热储温度、冷水混入比例、热循环深度等,利用温泉盆地地热田共18组温泉水样进行水化学分析,进行定量计算。结果表明:温泉盆地温泉水水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO3?SO4型。温泉盆地地下热水在向上运移过程中,受浅层地下水的混合作用影响,使得热水变为“未成熟水”。温泉水中文石、方解石等钙质热液的饱和度指数大于0。热储温度60.93~96.52 ℃,热循环深度3 238.06~5 215.28 m,冷水混入比例在20.97%~70.19%之间。硅-焓模型计算出未混入冷水时深部热储温度在81.94~167.26 ℃之间,热储循环深度4 405.56~9 145.56 m。      

河北秦皇岛市温泉堡温泉的形成与开发利用建议

秦皇岛市温泉堡附近有3处温泉。1号和2号温泉是燕山期花岗岩地下破碎带热水储集带的排泄点,3号温泉的出露受断裂控制,是下寒武统府君山组灰岩岩溶含水层的排泄点。地下热水矿化度小于260mg/L,F-含量达5mg/L以上,水化学类型属于Na·Ca-HCO3·SO4型。同位素研究结果表明,温泉的补给来源为大气降水,1号温泉水年龄约19a。利用SiO2温标法计算出热储温度为94.01℃;估算热水循环深度为2792.45m。温泉的天然放热量大于25.13×1013J/a,温泉堡地区的地热资源量达7.29×1014J以上。1号和2号温泉的开采量不宜超过其天然流量,3号温泉流量大,尚有开发潜力。     

云南昌宁柯街断裂带温泉水化学特征

通过对柯街断裂带上2个温泉(梁园温泉和大地温泉)水样的阴阳离子分析,正确划分了温泉水的水化学类型;同位素数据表明,2个样品的δD和δ18 O值均在大气降水线附近,且未显示δ18 O值向右漂移现象,说明该区地下热水具有现代大气降水的氢氧同位素组成特征,推断温泉形成与火山、岩浆型热源没有直接关系。大气降水的同位素组成与海拔高程之间的耦合关系,证明了地下热水补给源区位于西部山区;通过采用SiO2温标计算得出了温泉的热储温度和热水循环深度。梁园温泉热储温度为100.1℃,热水循环深度是1 643.3m,大地温泉热储温度为79.8℃,热水循环深度是1 237.2m。柯街断裂带的构造特征及岩性特征与地下热水的水化学组成、深循环机制和冷热水的混合机制有着本质的联系。     

青海贵德县扎仓温泉特征及其开发利用

扎仓温泉位于青海省贵德县扎仓寺村,其开发利用至今已有600多年的历史。温泉出露于断裂带交汇部位,地下热水矿化度为1 310~1 390 mg/L, 水化学类型属于SO₄·Cl-Na型。研究结果表明,温泉的补给来源为大气降水,温泉水年龄约165 a。利用SiO₂温标法计算出热储温度为136 ℃,估算热水循环深度为1 385 m。温泉的天然放热量大于1.23×10¹⁴J/a,扎仓沟地区的地热资源量达2.07×10¹⁴J以上。热水宜直接用于供暖、洗浴、温室种植和养殖等。该地热田深部尚有地热能潜力。     

重庆市统景温泉水化学特征及混合作用

为了探讨温泉水的热储温度、深部热水与冷水的混合作用,以期为勘探、评价和合理开发利用温泉资源提供科学依据,文章对重庆统景温泉、岩溶地下水和地表水物理化学指标进行监测和分析。结果表明:（1）温泉水化学类型为SO4-Ca·Mg型,浅层岩溶水为HCO3-Ca·Mg型,温塘河为HCO3-Ca型;温泉水TDS、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、Si、B、Sr高于岩溶地下水和地表水,主要与温泉水流经碳酸盐岩热储层并发生强烈的水岩作用有关。（2）不同地热温标法的对比应用发现,阳离子和玉髓地热温标法不适用,而无蒸汽损失石英和修正后的SiO2地热温标法更适于计算统景温泉热储的温度,利用这两种方法算出来的热储平均温度为86 ℃。（3）通过Na-K-Mg三角图判断出岩溶地下水在深部含水层与地下热水发生混合。利用混合模型和硅-焓图解法估算出鸳鸯泉中冷水的混入比例分别为89%、86%;2号井中冷水的混入比例分别为80%、79%。2号井冷水混入比例比鸳鸯泉低,可能受2号井周围水泥护壁的影响。      

云南勐海县勐阿街温泉水化学和同位素特征及成因

勐阿街温泉地处云南西南部勐阿盆地,现主要有4个温泉出露点,在澜沧江断裂带西侧沿NW向小型断裂磨刀河—曼懂断裂带出露。地下热储带分布于华力西期—印支期的中酸性侵入岩中,热水富集在花岗岩断裂破碎带及断裂交汇位置。温泉近20年来主要成分未发生较大变化,温泉矿化度较低（0.31~0.34 g/L）,水化学类型为HCO3—Na型,为中低温、弱碱性温泉。热水中F-含量为12.8~13.2 mg/L,H2SiO3含量为52.5~67.6 mg/L,含有锂、锶、钨等微量元素。温泉水化学类型成因为含CO2的地下水对花岗岩体发生溶滤作用而形成,F-含量高可能是由于溶解了花岗岩中含氟的黑云母,H2SiO3含量较高的原因是温泉水与含硅酸盐岩的岩石发生大面积接触溶滤作用。氢氧稳定同位素组成表明勐阿街温泉的补给水源为大气降水,并具有轻微的18O漂移现象,表明水与围岩的氧同位素交换程度较高,热储温度较高。用同位素方法估算温泉的补给区高程在1 200 m左右,补给温度约为10 ℃,推测温泉水源主要来自勐阿街盆地周围山地的大气降水,计算得热储温度为93~104 ℃。勐阿街温泉成因为其周围山区大气降水入渗补给后,经历深循环受大地热流加热后,沿断裂带上升出露成泉。热水在上升途中与浅部冷水相遇,冷水混合比例52%~76%,热水循环深度为3 000~3 360 m。     

云南昌宁橄榄河热泉水化学特征及复合成因机制研究

通过对橄榄河温泉盖层和热储层地质体的岩性和构造特征分析,依据水化学数据,利用Piper三角图解法、同位素水文学方法和地球化学温标等方法,对橄榄河温泉地下热水的水化学类型、补给机制、热储特征和冷热水混合机制等关键问题进行了分析。结果表明地下热水源于大气降水补给,且地下热水在上升至地表的过程中与浅层冷水发生着混合,冷水混入比例约为62%~64%;温泉水化学类型为HCO3 -Na型,表明热水化学组分与围岩化学成分之间具有耦合关系;地下热水循环深度约2 070 m,橄榄河温泉的成因受控于柯街深大断裂,其控制着地下热水的储存、运移和混合程度。研究成果填补了橄榄河热泉的相关研究空白,为该温泉的开发利用提供了科学支撑。      

四川巴塘地热田水文地球化学特征及成因

地下热水的地球化学特征能够揭示深部地热过程。川西巴塘地区域地热资源丰富,但当前研究程度较低。为进一步查明川西地区地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,揭示热循环机理,定量评估研究区热储温度、冷水混入比例、热循环深度等,利用巴塘热坑和巴塘热水塘两处地热田共20组温泉水样进行水化学分析和氢氧同位素分析,进行定量计算,并分析巴塘地区地下热水的演化过程。结果表明:巴塘地区地下热水主要为HCO3—Na型;水中Sr2+、Li+和F-与Cl-的相关性不佳;主要受大气降雨补给;冷水混入比例为64%~68%,未混入冷水时深部热储温度为218~229 ℃,热储循环深度4 546.32~4 777.89 m;Na+、HCO-3、SiO2浓度在热水循环过程中变化相对较大。说明Sr2+、Li+和F-只来自于水岩作用的矿物溶解,且该地区地下水补给主要来自于大气降水,川西地区地热水于围岩发生水岩作用,进行离子交换,在完成一系列水化学作用及水岩作用后,升至地表,最终形成温泉水。研究成果可为川西巴塘地区地热研究提供数据支撑及理论支持,同时也为川西整体区域地热研究提供方法借鉴,为研究区地下水开发利用研究提供参考。     

西藏东部阿旺地下热水化学特征及其成因初探

本文基于西藏阿旺乡的地热地质背景, 综合应用野外调查、水文地球化学、环境同位素方法, 初步探究了区内出露地下热水的发育特征及其成因机制。结果表明, 地下热水化学类型为HCO₃-Na型, 这与地下热水在径流过程中与围岩发生溶滤作用和阳离子交互作用有关。氢氧同位素分析显示地下热水补给来源为大气降水, 并伴随有轻微的氧漂移现象, 表明水岩作用较强烈, 热储温度较高。采用同位素方法估算补给高程在4600~4800 m左右, 推测地下热水的补给区为阿旺乡西北部山区。Na-K-Mg三角图判别法和矿物饱和度指数表明地下热水为未成熟水, 其在上升过程中受到了浅表冷水的混合, 冷水混入比为60% ~70%, 采用地球化学温标计算得到的深部热储温度为170~200 ℃, 地下热水循环深度为4500~5300 m。阿旺地区地下热水成因模式为:大气降水自补给区入渗进入深循环, 经大地热流加热形成热水, 热水在地下循环过程中沿断层破碎带上升受到浅循环冷水混合后出露地表形成温泉。     

深变质岩区地热流体化学特征及成因——以滇西陇川盆地温泉为例

为了对深变质岩区地热流体的成因和演化进行深入研究,在滇西陇川盆地开展了地质、放射性测量、磁法测量、水文地质和水文地球化学等调查工作,深入分析了盆地内尺巴处温泉的水文地球化学及同位素特征。结果表明：温泉水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄·CO₃-Na型,温泉中Li⁺质量浓度为0.220 mg/L,达到了锂矿泉水的命名标准,F^-质量浓度为8.29 mg/L,可称为氟水,具医疗价值;温泉热水中冷水混入比例为0.72,热水补给高程为1 166.83 m,补给区温度为9.96℃,热储温度为191.71℃,循环深度为2 082.29 m,温泉天然放热量为9.49×10¹² J/a;温泉水来源于大气降水,为深循环上升泉;地下水水化学组分的成因类型为岩石风化型,其主要组分来源于水岩相互作用;热源主要为深部未冷却的岩浆传导热及活动断裂产生的构造热,其次有少部分岩体中放射性同位素产生的放射热;深变质岩区温泉水中的pH值,SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Na⁺、SiO₂质量浓度及总碱度高于冷水泉,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺质量浓度低于冷水泉。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.