洋脊俯冲与斑岩铜金矿成矿

很多大型、超大型斑岩铜、金矿都与洋脊俯冲密切相关. 环太平洋地区是世界上探明的超大型斑岩铜、金矿聚集的地区, 其中东太平洋沿岸中、南美洲的智利、秘鲁等地分布着多个正在俯冲的洋脊, 多数洋脊俯冲带都形成了大型、超大型斑岩铜、金矿; 而西太平洋的洋脊俯冲的数量少、规模小, 相应的斑岩铜、金矿的规模和数量都明显少于东太平洋, 造成了环太平洋地区斑岩铜、金矿分布不均一的特征. 其原因在于, 在洋脊俯冲过程中, 热的、年轻的洋壳容易发生部分熔融形成埃达克岩, 由于铜、金是中度不相容元素, 其在洋壳中的含量远比地幔和陆壳的平均丰度高, 因此, 洋壳部分熔融形成的岩浆具有系统偏高的铜、金含量, 有利于形成斑岩铜、金矿. 在中国东部、中亚造山带等地区剥蚀程度较低的地段寻找洋脊俯冲的迹象将有助于寻找大型、超大型斑岩铜、金矿以及其他相关矿床.     

大洋俯冲带变质作用、流体行为与岩浆作用

依据有效的实验岩石学和相平衡模拟结果、结合俯冲带热结构模型,讨论了大洋地壳中的基性岩、沉积岩和超基性岩在不同俯冲阶段发生的脱水和熔融作用,及其对俯冲带岩浆作用的影响.大多数洋壳在弧前(90～100km)俯冲阶段基性岩和超基性岩脱水很少,明显脱水作用发生在表层沉积物中.在弧下俯冲阶段基性岩和超基性岩都发生强烈脱水,如基性岩中90%以上的水是由绿泥石、蓝闪石、滑石和硬柱石相继在弧下100～200km深度分解释放的,这与以往基于实验模拟得到的结果大不相同;超基性岩在弧下120～220km深度发生叶蛇纹石、绿泥石和10?相脱水;但变质沉积岩在弧下深度对流体贡献不大,其主要含水矿物为多硅白云母,可以一直稳定至300km深处分解成钾锰钡矿,多硅白云母分解后直到地幔过渡带深度俯冲洋壳板片不再有明显流体释放.在少数热俯冲带中,变质沉积岩和基性岩都可以发生部分熔融(尤其是水化熔融)形成富水花岗质熔体或超临界流体,含碳酸盐矿物的沉积物可以熔融形成含钾碳酸岩熔体.在少数冷俯冲带中,超基性岩中出现A相,可把水带至地幔过渡带深处.俯冲板片特别是沉积物可以携带很多强不相容的次要元素和微量元素,通过板片流体影响俯冲带岩浆岩的地球化学成分.在弧下俯冲阶段,俯冲带的地热梯度不穿过碳酸盐化榴辉岩和橄榄岩的固相线,其中的碳酸盐矿物可被携带到深部地幔.碳酸盐化榴辉岩会在400km深度发生熔融形成富碱的碳酸岩熔体,而碳酸盐化橄榄岩则不会在俯冲带下部的地幔过渡带中发生熔融.     

马尼拉海沟俯冲带热结构的模拟研究

俯冲带热结构的数值模拟研究是对地表观测研究的重要补充,也是验证地球动力学模型的重要方法.本文沿马尼拉海沟俯冲带东火山链(EVC)和西火山链(WVC)各取一条剖面,依据地质、地球物理条件,进行了有限元热模拟计算.计算过程中,分析了摩擦和剪切热对俯冲带热结构的影响,模拟了EVC和WVC两条测线下俯冲带的热结构,并结合岩石学实验结果预测了俯冲板块发生脱水和部分熔融的位置.模拟结果表明,在100 km深度处,考虑摩擦和剪切热时,俯冲板块表面的温度约为865 ℃;而不考虑摩擦和剪切时,俯冲板块表面的温度仅为770 ℃,二者温差可达95 ℃.在相同深度处,考虑摩擦和剪切热时,在EVC和WVC测线下俯冲板块表面的温度分别为865 ℃和895 ℃,俯冲洋壳底部温度分别为560 ℃和605 ℃.俯冲板块表面少量矿物开始脱水的深度小于50 km,但大量脱水和部分熔融主要发生在深度100 km左右,这与地表观测的火山活动位置一致.     

西藏泽当英云闪长岩的地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素特征: 特提斯洋内俯冲的新证据

对雅鲁藏布江缝合带泽当段岛弧火成岩组合中英云闪长岩的分析表明, 该岩石具有与典型埃达克岩相似的特征: 高SiO₂(58%~63%), Al₂O₃(18.4%~22.4%), Sr(810×10^-6~940×10^-6), Sr/Y(77~106), 低HREE(Y=9×10^-6~11×10^-6, Yb＝1×10^-6~1.3×10^-6), 富集LREE, 并有微弱的Eu正异常. I_Sr(0.70421~0.70487)较低, 而¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.512896~0.512929)和εNd(t)值(+6.7~+7.3)较高. 以上特征表明, 泽当英云闪长岩是由洋壳俯冲到一定深度后部分熔融而成, 熔融过程中可能卷入了少量大洋沉积物. 这套俯冲洋壳成因的埃达克岩的厘定, 指示中生代时特提斯洋开始发生洋内俯冲, 印证了前人所提出的洋内岛弧的存在.     

活动海岭俯冲与岛弧火山活动的热模拟研究

为解释活动海岭的俯冲会造成岛弧火山活动的间断这一现象,本文采用有限单元法对活动海岭俯冲的热演化过程进行了模拟计算．一般情况下,摩擦剪切生热使岛弧下100km左右深度形成地温反转,俯冲板片海洋地壳内角门岩等含水矿物脱水,释放的水进入其上覆板块,降低了地幔岩石的熔点,使热的地幔楔状体内发生部分熔融,形成岛弧火山活动．高温的活动海岭俯冲时不再出现这种温度反转,俯冲板片在较浅深度达到较高温度而脱水,水进入上覆相对较冷的地幔楔状体不能造成熔融,因此岛弧火山活动会中断．     

活动海岭俯冲与岛弧火山活动的热模拟研究

为解释活动海岭的俯冲会造成岛弧火山活动的间断这一现象,本文采用有限单元法对活动海岭俯冲的热演化过程进行了模拟计算．一般情况下,摩擦剪切生热使岛弧下100km左右深度形成地温反转,俯冲板片海洋地壳内角门岩等含水矿物脱水,释放的水进入其上覆板块,降低了地幔岩石的熔点,使热的地幔楔状体内发生部分熔融,形成岛弧火山活动．高温的活动海岭俯冲时不再出现这种温度反转,俯冲板片在较浅深度达到较高温度而脱水,水进入上覆相对较冷的地幔楔状体不能造成熔融,因此岛弧火山活动会中断．     

三维数值模拟研究俯冲区火山的时空活动性

俯冲板块的深部脱水使得上覆地幔含水, 从而降低含水地幔的熔点, 导致上覆地幔部分熔融。 部分熔融的地幔柱一旦喷发到地表就是俯冲带火山, 也形成新的地壳。 相对于周围的地幔来讲, 具有较小密度和黏度的部分熔融地幔的时空活动性就控制着俯冲带火山的时空分布特征。 本文主要回顾近年来运用三维热力学岩石力学模型数值模拟研究与板片脱水相关的俯冲带火山活动的时空分布特性。 结果表明, 部分熔融地幔的有效黏度和密度是影响俯冲板片之上的三维地幔柱横向分布特征的主要因素。 高黏度的部分熔融地幔(10²⁰~10²¹ Pa·s )易于形成近平行于海沟的、 长波长(70~100 km)的、 薄的波状地幔柱; 低黏度(10¹⁸~10¹⁹ Pa·s )的熔融地幔易于形成平行于海沟的, 短波长(30~50 km)的蘑菇状地幔柱和垂直于海沟的山脊状地幔柱。 当部分熔融地幔和周围地幔的密度相差小于50 kg/m³时, 在俯冲板片之上只能形成长波长低幅度(宽50~100 km, 高10~15 km)的地幔山丘。 岩浆产率随着时间的变化反映了火山活动的生命周期性。 板块俯冲速度会影响地幔柱形成的深度和范围大小。 高效率熔融提取会增加新地壳增长总量。 低的板块俯冲速度和低的熔融提取效率会增加上地壳(花岗岩质)和中地壳(英安岩质)化学成分的比例。 数值模拟结果可以很好地解释如日本东北、 新西兰、 南阿拉斯加俯冲区火山的横向分布特征。     

南阿尔金早古生代俯冲碰撞过程中的花岗质岩浆作用

南阿尔金俯冲碰撞杂岩带早古生代存在517,501~496,462~451和426~385 Ma四个期次的花岗质岩浆岩.第一期岩浆岩侵位于区内蛇绿岩型镁铁质岩石之中,后三期分别对应于该构造带高压-超高压岩石~500 Ma的峰期变质及其~450和~420 Ma的两期退变质时间.结合区域地质背景、镁铁-超镁铁质岩和高压-超高压变质作用研究成果综合分析,这四期岩浆岩分别是南阿尔金早古生代板块俯冲碰撞过程中,先期俯冲洋壳,之后陆壳深俯冲导致地壳加厚引发下地壳以及深俯冲板片断离导致中上地壳和造山后伸展减薄阶段部分熔融作用的产物.其中,洋壳型埃达克岩的形成时代(517 Ma)为南阿尔金洋壳俯冲作用时限提供了直接约束,陆壳深俯冲引发的高压-超高压峰期变质时代(~500 Ma)作用滞后这一事件约10 Myr,表明南阿尔金早古生代时期由洋壳俯冲转换为陆壳俯冲可能是一个连续的构造演化过程.这四期花岗质岩石与区内蛇绿岩型镁铁-超镁铁质岩石以及高压-超高压变质岩石的形成,共同记录了南阿尔金早古生代时期从大洋俯冲、之后的大陆深俯冲碰撞再到后来深俯冲陆壳折返抬升的完整构造演化过程.     

南秦岭勉略构造带三岔子古岩浆弧的地球化学特征及形成时代

南秦岭勉略构造带三岔子镁铁-超镁铁杂岩可划分为两个岩块: 三岔子古岩浆弧和庄科古洋壳残片(蛇绿岩). 三岔子古岩浆弧主要由岛弧型安山质熔岩、玄武及玄武安山质辉(闪)长岩、安山质岩墙、斜长花岗岩及部分超镁铁岩组成, 它们具有典型的岛弧火山岩地球化学特征, 如高场强元素(Nb, Ti)亏损和低Cr, Ni含量. 该类岩石的轻稀土富集和富钾的特征及斜长花岗岩中含有9亿年锆石捕掳晶特征表明它们可能发育在南秦岭微陆块南缘的活动陆缘环境. 斜长花岗岩的岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄为(300±61) Ma, 它表明勉略古洋盆在石炭纪已开始向南秦岭微陆块下消减. 这一年龄和大别山浒湾构造带洋壳俯冲成因榴辉岩的形成时代(309 Ma)一致, 它说明勉略洋在石炭纪可东延至大别山. 三岔子古岩浆弧中类似高镁埃达克岩的存在表明这一俯冲洋壳是年轻(< 25 Ma)而且较热的大洋岩石圈.     

西太平洋岩石圈有效弹性厚度的空间分布与控制因素

西太平洋地区板块间相互作用强烈,热演化和构造演化过程复杂.为了揭示构造相互作用对岩石圈强度的影响,本文使用自由空气重力异常模型WGM2012和地形模型ETOPO1,基于小波变换的导纳法计算得到了该地区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te).西太平洋区域的Te主要分布在5～85 km之间,南海等张裂环境地区Te普遍小于20 km,俯冲带附近Te一般大于80 km,与俯冲板片年龄呈正相关.参照平板冷却模型,弹性岩石圈底界面主要分布在200～500℃等温面之间,随洋壳年龄增大逐渐趋于平稳,热点及年轻洋壳部分地区弹性岩石圈底界面处于200℃等温面之上.西太平洋海山与年轻海盆等区域Te与居里点深度一般呈正相关,与地表热流一般呈负相关,但由于强烈的构造运动、热液循环、岩浆活动、地幔流变性等因素的影响,整体Te与居里点深度和地表热流所反映的岩石圈热结构相关性不高.     

岩浆与构造作用对洋壳厚度的影响——以西北印度洋为例

洋中脊及邻区洋盆的洋壳厚度能很好地反映区域岩浆补给特征,对于研究洋中脊内部及周缘岩浆活动和构造演化过程具有很好的指示意义.西北印度洋中脊作为典型的慢速扩张洋中脊,其扩张过程与周缘构造活动具有很强的时空关系.本文利用剩余地幔布格重力异常反演了西北印度洋洋壳厚度,由此分析区域内洋壳厚度分布和岩浆补给特征.研究发现,西北印度...     

Summary of Arctic Geophysics

The Cenozoic history of the Eurasian Basin is well understood because it involves the Eurasian (EU) and North American (NA) plates and is therefore constrained by data from more southerly regions and contains a readilly decipherable magnetic pattern. Reconstruction of the older portion of the Arctic Ocean is more difficult; however, information collected on ice station CESAR in 1983, interpreted in conjunction with regional geologic and geophysical data, provides insight into its oceanic affinities and age. A dredged outcrop of the Alpha ridge, consisted of weathered fragmental alkaline volcanic rocks. Refraction data reveal a thick crust nearly 40 km and a high velocity lower crust on this ridge. The basal layer velocity is typical of all plateaus known to be oceanic crust. It is hypothesized that Alpha Ridge therefore represents a late Cretaceous oceanic plateau. A more recent analogue is the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge. The magnetic information are shown to be consistent with this interpretation of oceanic crust. The Amerasia Basin is closed by rotating the Arctic-Alaska plate against NA during the Cretaceous. This reconstruction, its timing and its position are consistent with the geology of the Canadian Arctic Islands and Alaska.     

西南印度洋岩浆补给特征研究:来自洋壳厚度的证据

西南印度洋中脊为典型的超慢速扩张洋中脊,其岩浆补给具有不均匀分布的特征.洋壳厚度是洋中脊和热点岩浆补给的综合反映,因此反演洋壳厚度是研究大尺度洋中脊和洋盆岩浆补给过程的一种有效方法.本文通过对全球公开的自由空气重力异常、水深、沉积物厚度和洋壳年龄数据处理得到剩余地幔布格重力异常,并反演西南印度洋地区洋壳厚度,定量地分析了西南印度洋的洋壳厚度分布及其岩浆补给特征.研究发现,西南印度洋洋壳平均厚度7.5 km,但变化较大,标准差可达3.5 km,洋壳厚度的频率分布具有双峰式的混合偏态分布特征.通过分离双峰统计的结果,将西南印度洋洋壳厚度分为0~4.8 km的薄洋壳、4.8~9.8 km的正常洋壳和9.8~24 km的厚洋壳三种类型,洋中脊地区按洋壳厚度变化特征可划分为7个洋脊段.西南印度洋地区薄洋壳受转换断层控制明显,转换断层位移量越大,引起的洋壳减薄厚度越大,减薄范围与转换断层位移量不存在明显相关性.厚洋壳主要受控于该区众多的热点活动,其中布维热点、马里昂热点和克洛泽热点的影响范围分别约340 km,550 km和900 km.Andrew Bain转换断层北部外角形成厚的洋壳,具有与快速扩张洋中脊相似的转换断层厚洋壳特征.

     

洋中脊扩张速率对洋壳速度结构的约束

洋中脊速度结构是揭示大洋岩石圈演化过程的重要约束.为探讨不同扩张速率下洋中脊的洋壳速度结构特征,挑选了全球152处快速（全扩张速率> 90 mm·a^-1）、慢速（全扩张速率20~50 mm·a^-1）和超慢速（全扩张速率 < 20 mm·a^-1）扩张洋中脊和非洋中脊的洋壳1-D地震波速度结构剖面,通过筛选统计、求取平均值等方法对分类的洋壳1-D速度结构进行对比研究,获得了不同扩张速率下洋中脊洋壳速度结构差异以及洋中脊与非洋中脊洋壳速度结构差异的新认识：（1）快速、慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊的平均正常洋壳厚度分别为6.4 km、7.2 km和5.3 km,其中洋壳层2的厚度基本相似,洋壳厚度差异主要源自洋壳层3;其洋壳厚度变化范围分别为4.9~8.1 km、4.6~8.7 km和4.2~10.2 km,随着洋中脊扩张速率减小,洋壳厚度的变化范围逐渐增大;（2）快速扩张洋中脊的洋壳速度大于慢速和超慢速,可能与快速扩张脊洋壳生成过程中深部高密度岩浆上涌比较充足有关;（3）非洋中脊（>10 Ma）的洋壳比洋中脊（< 10 Ma）的洋壳厚~0.3 km,表明洋壳厚度与洋壳年龄有一定的正相关性.

     

Serpentinite protrusions in the oceanic crust

Serpentinite may be a significant component of the oceanic crust, not as a continuous layer, but as vertical tectonic protrusions and sills emplaced from the upper mantle into fault zones parallel to the axis of spreading ridges. The diapiric emplacement of serpentinite bodies occurs within 100–200 km of ridge axis, with a rate of ascent on the order of 1 mm/year. Serpentinite protrusions may cause small-scale linear magnetic anomalies parallel to ridge axis. Serpentinites are distributed in the oceanic crust according to an orthogonal pattern, with large serpentinite protrusions aligned along major fracture zones, and smaller serpentinite bodies emplaced in bands parallel to ridge axis.     

Emplacement processes of proto-arc basalt in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc system

Ascertaining the emplacement mechanism of oceanic basaltic lavas is important in understanding how ocean floor topography is produced and oceanic plates evolve, particularly during the early stages of crustal development of a supra-subduction zone. A detailed study of the volcanic stratigraphy at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1438 in the Amami Sankaku Basin, west of the Kyushu–Palau Ridge, has revealed the development of lava accretion and ridge topography on the Philippine Sea plate at about 49 Ma. Igneous basement rocks penetrated at Site U1438 are the uppermost 150 m of ~6 km-thick oceanic crust, and comprise, in a downhole direction, sheet flows (12.6 m), lobate sheet flows (61.3 m), pillow lavas (50.7 m), and thin sheet flows (25.3 m). The lowermost sheet flows are intercalated with layers of limestone and epiclastic tuff. Lithofacies analysis reveals that the lowermost sheet flows, limestone, and tuff formed on an axial rise, the pillow lavas were emplaced on a ridge slope, and the lobate sheet flows formed off ridge on an abyssal plain. The lithofacies of the basement basalt corresponds to the upper portions of fast-spreading oceanic crust, suggesting that subduction initiation was associated with intermediate to fast rates of seafloor spreading. The surface sheet flows are olivine–clinopyroxene-phyric basalt and differ from the lower basalt flows that contain phenocrysts of olivine and plagioclase, with or without clinopyroxene. The depleted chrome-spinel composition and olivine–clinopyroxene phenocryst assemblage in the surface sheet flows suggests a slight contribution of water for magma generation not present for the lower basalt flows. Considering the lithological difference between the backarc and forearc oceanic crust in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc, with sheet flow dominant in the former, seafloor spreading occurred faster in the later stage of subduction initiation.     

Paleobathymetry of the crest of spreading ridges related to the age of ocean basins

Measurements of the crest of the spreading ridge in the young ocean basins of the Afar region and Gulf of Aden and in the mature Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans show that the depth of the ridge crest is correlated (r = 0.99) with the logarithm of the age of the ocean basin. Ridge crests in a very young basin (Afar) are at sea level, at about 1.5 km in young basins (Gulf of Aden), and at about 2.6 km in mature basins (Indian, Atlantic, Pacific). A new curve that relates crestal depth and age of the ocean basin is coupled with the existing depth/age curve for oceanic crust in a comprehensive scheme which can be used for relating depth and age of oceanic crust.     

The Troodos ophiolitic complex was probably formed in an island arc

The Troodos ophiolitic complex in Cyprus has been widely regarded as a fragment of oceanic crust that was created in a mid-oceanic ridge. However, about one-third of the analyzed rocks of the lower pillow lavas and sheeted complex in it follows a calc-alkalic trend. This strongly suggests that the massif was created as a basaltic volcano in an island arc with a relatively thin oceanic-type crust rather than in a mid-oceanic ridge. Other chemical features and the structure of the massif are also consistent with an island arc origin. Some other ophiolitic complexes also appear to have been formed in island arcs.     

Thermally induced brittle deformation in oceanic lithosphere and the spacing of fracture zones

Brittle deformation of oceanic lithosphere due to thermal stress is explored with a numerical model, with an emphasis on the spacing of fracture zones. Brittle deformation is represented by localized plastic strain within a material having an elasto-visco-plastic rheology with strain softening. We show that crustal thickness, creep strength, and the rule governing plastic flow control the formation of cracks. The spacing of primary crack decreases with crustal thickness as long as it is smaller than a threshold value. Creep strength shifts the threshold such that crust with strong creep strength develops primary cracks regardless of crustal thicknesses, while only a thin crust can have primary cracks if its creep strength is low. For a thin crust, the spacing of primary cracks is inversely proportional to the creep strength, suggesting that creep strength might independently contribute to the degree of brittle deformation. Through finite versus zero dilatation in plastic strain, associated and non-associated flow rule results in nearly vertical and V-shaped cracks, respectively. Changes in the tectonic environment of a ridge system can be reflected in variation in crustal thickness, and thus related to brittle deformation. The fracture zone-free Reykjanes ridge is known to have a uniformly thick crust. The Australian-Antarctic Discordance has multiple fracture zones and thin crust. These syntheses are consistent with enhanced brittle deformation of oceanic lithosphere when the crust is thin and vice versa.     

Evidence for the protracted construction of slow-spread oceanic crust by small magmatic injections

Gabbroic cumulates drilled south of the Kane Transform Fault on the slow-spread Mid-Atlantic Ridge preserve up to three discrete magnetization components. Here we use absolute age constraints derived from the paleomagnetic data to develop a model for the magmatic construction of this section of the lower oceanic crust. By comparing the paleomagnetic data with mineral compositions, and based on thermal models of local reheating, we infer that magmas that began crystallizing in the upper mantle intruded into the lower oceanic crust and formed meter-scale sills. Some of these magmas were crystal-laden and the subsequent expulsion of interstitial liquid from them produced ‘cumulus’ sills. These small-scale magmatic injections took place over at least 210?000 years and at distances of ∼3 km from the ridge axis and may have formed much of the lower crust. This model explains many of the complexities described in this area and can be used to help understand the general formation of oceanic crust at slow-spread ridges.