Two-sided long baseline radargrammetry from ascending-descending orbits with application to mapping post-seismic topography in the west Sichuan foreland basin

One-sided ascending or descending Synthetic Aperture Radar（SAR） stereoradargrammetry has limited accuracy of topographic mapping due to the short spatial baseline（-100 km） and small intersection angle. In order to improve the performance and reliability of generating digital elevation model（DEM） from spaceborne SAR radargrammetry, an exploration of two-sided stereoradargrammetry from the combination of ascending and descending orbits with geometric configuration of long spatial baseline（-1000 km） was conducted in this study. The slant-range geometry between SAR sensors to the earth surface and the Doppler positioning equations were employed to establish the stereoscopic intersection model. The measurement uncertainty of two-sided radargrammetric elevation was estimated on the basis of radar parallax of homogeneous points between input SAR images. Two stereo-pairs of ALOS/PALSAR（Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar） acquisitions with the orbital separation almost 1080 km over the west Sichuan foreland basin with rolling topography in southwestern China were employed in the study to obtain the up-to-date terrain data after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake that hit this area. Thequantitative accuracy assessment of two-sided radargrammetric DEM was performed with reference to field GPS observations. The experimental results show that the elevation accuracy reaches 5.5 m without ground control points（GCPs） used, and the accuracy is further improved to 1.5 m with only one GPS GCP used as the least constraint. The theoretical analysis and testing results demonstrate that the twosided long baseline SAR radargrammetry from the ascending and descending orbits can be a very promising technical alternative for large-area and high accuracy topographic mapping.     

规则格网DEM局地坡面凸凹性精度分析

DEM地表形态精度分析理论与方法的建立,对DEM数据的生产和广泛应用具有重要意义。本文从局地坡面形态的凸凹性角度,剖析规则格网DEM格网点位置、格网分辨率对DEM局地坡面凸凹性的影响,以期进一步完善和发展DEM质量分析的理论与方法。论文首先阐述了DEM局地坡面凸凹性的基本概念,研究建立了规则格网DEM的局地坡面凸凹性量化分析方法,并以黄土丘陵5、10、15、25、……、155 m DEM为例,采用比较分析方法研究了局地坡面凸凹性随DEM格网点位置和格网分辨率的变化特征。研究表明:对于本研究中的1:5万DEM,10 m(跃变率≤0.3%)是其最佳的格网分辨率阈值,当DEM实际格网分辨率高于该阈值时,实际DEM与最佳格网分辨率DEM具有近乎相同的局地坡面凸凹性,主要在正地形与负地形的过渡区域会发生不同程度的坡面凸凹性变化;当DEM实际格网分辨率低于该阈值时,实际DEM的局地坡面凸凹性,会随着DEM格网点布设位置和DEM格网分辨率发生较大的不确定性变化。     

Quantitative assessment of remotely sensed global surface models using various land classes produced from Landsat data in Istanbul

Digital elevation model(DEM) is the most popular product for three-dimensional(3D) digital representation of bare Earth surface and can be produced by many techniques with different characteristics and ground sampling distances(GSD). Space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imaging are two of the most preferred and modern techniques for DEM generation. Using them, global DEMs that cover almost entire Earth are produced with low cost and time saving processing. In this study, we aimed to assess the Satellite pour l'observation de la Terre-5(SPOT-5), High Resolution Stereoscopic(HRS), the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER), and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM) C-band global DEMs, produced with space-borne optical and SAR imaging. For the assessment, a reference DEM derived from 1∶1000 scaled digital photogrammetric maps was used. The study is performed in 100 km2 study area in Istanbul including various land classes such as open land, forest, built-up land, scrub and rough terrain obtained from Landsat data. The analyses were realized considering three vertical accuracy types as fundamental, supplemental, and consolidated, defined by national digital elevation program(NDEP) of USA. The results showed that, vertical accuracy of SRTM C-band DEM is better than optical models in all three accuracy types despite having the largest grid spacing. The result of SPOT-5 HRS DEM is very close by SRTM and superior in comparison with ASTER models.     

基于DEM的SAR影像几何定位参数校正方法

针对大范围无地面控制的SAR影像几何纠正,利用在一定时间和空间范围内SAR系统几何定位参数误差具有一定稳定性的特点,提出基于DEM的几何定位参数校正方法。该方法首先基于DEM进行影像模拟生成模拟SAR影像;然后在模拟SAR影像上提取特征点,针对特征点将模拟SAR影像和原始SAR影像进行匹配,得到特征点在原始SAR影像上的同名特征点,再结合DEM进行模拟影像间接定位获取特征点的地理坐标,以此作为几何定位参数校正的参考点;进而根据严密SAR几何构像模型构建几何定位参数校正模型,解算几何定位参数校正值;最后,利用几何参数校正值改正区域内其他SAR影像几何定位参数,提高区域内SAR影像几何定位精度。以高分三号影像进行试验,使用本文方法获取一景影像的几何定位参数校正值,对同一轨道内的和不同轨道的其他SAR影像进行参数校正,并对参数校正前后的几何定位精度进行评价。结果显示,同一轨道内的影像定位精度由66.0 m提高到9.7 m,不同轨道的影像定位精度由65.0 m提高到13.5 m,表明本文方法能够显著提高SAR影像几何定位精度。     

多尺度相关性分析的机载双极化InSAR轨道误差校正方法

在高分辨率机载干涉SAR成像处理过程中,由于载机飞行过程中偏离理想轨迹,需要高精度的惯导系统和GPS系统记录载机的运动轨迹并进行运动补偿.然而,由于目前传感器导航精度的限制,在完成运动补偿处理后仍然存在轨道误差,从而影响干涉相位的精度,本文提出了一种机载双极化InSAR轨道误差去除方法.该方法利用小波多尺度分析对不同极...     

基于地貌特征的数字高程模型融合方法

数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model, DEM）是一种至关重要的空间信息,广泛应用于各行各业。其中,ASTER GDEM与SRTM几乎覆盖了全球陆域,为地学研究提供了非常实用的高程数据支撑,但是由于二者传感器采集数据原理的不同,使得高程数据在不同地貌条件下的高程精度亦存在程度不一的误差。本文提出了一种新型的基于地貌特征的DEM融合方法,使得融合GDEM与SRTM后的DEM数据,消除了地貌特征的影响、显著地提高了DEM质量。该方法主要分为地理配准和高程融合2个步骤：①基于河流线对等线性地貌特征的位置数据,构建了GDEM与SRTM的水平偏移相关的误差评价函数,采用多级网格搜索法求得DEM间的水平偏移距离,实现对DEM的配准;②按照DEM高程值在不同地貌单元及边界线附近的高程变化特征,建立地貌分区的高程融合模型来融合两种地理配准后的DEM高程,尤其是实现了地貌单元边界线附近的高程平滑过渡。本文以怀柔北部地区为实验区,以1:5万地形图为参考,对2种DEM数据进行融合,统计结果表明：① 融合DEM在各地貌单元的误差均显著下降,地形表达较之融合前更加精确;② 高程差呈现正态分布,明显区别于融合前DEM不对称的多峰分布形态,说明地貌影响被有效地剔除;③ GDEM和SRTM数据的精度对坡度有较大依赖性,融合后DEM的精度在不同坡度范围下均优于GDEM和SRTM,显著降低了融合前DEM对坡度的依赖程度;④ 在不同坡向下,GDEM和SRTM的RMSE取值波动较大,融合DEM的RMSE取值在各方向表现稳定,高程精度较GDEM和SRTM有显著提高。     

DEM地形描述误差(Et)计算模型研究

论文依据DEM地形描述误差（简称Et）的产生机理,在分析现有Et计算模型的基础上,研究建立了顾及DEM格网布设位置的新型Et计算模型,同时以1:5万黄土丘陵地形为例,采用对比分析法揭示了DEM高程插值模型对Et计算结果准确性的影响。实验测试表明：（1）模型能有效地解算出Et的标准差、平均值、最大值、最小值等指标,准确展示出Et的空间分布特征,有助于实现DEM地形描述质量与应用不确定性的分区评价;（2）与双线性、三次卷积、局部二次多项式等常用DEM插值模型相比,以4×4 DEM格网单元为搜索圆的完全规则样条函数插值模型所重构的DEM地表形态,能更为理想地反映Et的量值大小和空间分布。     

基于升降轨Sentinel-1A SBAS InSAR的西南山区滑坡隐患早期识别研究

以贵州省水城县为研究区,使用SBAS InSAR分别对2018-07~2019-07鸡场镇滑坡发生前31期升轨和30期降轨Sentinel-1A数据进行处理,提取地表形变场。结果表明：1）鸡场镇滑坡发生前SBAS InSAR形变场并未出现明显形变,已超出12 d重访周期SAR的形变监测能力;2）研究区存在5个明显形变区,推断与斜坡失稳、地下/露天采矿和矿物加工的抽排水有关;3）升降轨数据的SBAS InSAR形变场相互补充、验证,可显著提升卫星雷达对山区滑坡隐患早期识别和形变监测能力。研究方法可为贵州省以及中国西南山区滑坡隐患调查与早期识别提供技术参考。     

基于信息损失量的坡度精度分析

从DEM中可获取众多地形因子。其中,坡度作为基本的地形因子,其精度对于退耕还林、水土流失评估等研究具有重要影响。但是,由于DEM只能是真实地表形态的近似表达。如何模拟坡度误差的规律成为研究的热点。本文在黄土高原地区选取代表不同地貌类型的神木、绥德、延川、富县和宜君5个研究样区,以1:1万地形图为基本数据源,建立不同分辨率的DEM,用以分析坡度信息损失量随DEM分辨率变化的规律。故此,提出了基于单个栅格方式的坡度信息量损失指标,并在每一样区随机选取的20个子实验样区得到了其与DEM分辨率的函数关系,以及相关的经验公式,据此求得所需的最适宜DEM分辨率,并在每一样区随机地选取16个子样区进行了检验。     

基于多尺度相关性分析的InSAR对流层延迟误差改正算法

针对合成孔径雷达干涉技术中对流层延迟误差会影响DEM精度的问题,提出采用小波多尺度相关性分析方法来减弱与高程相关的对流层延迟误差的影响,来提高合成孔径雷达干涉DEM的估计精度。该方法基于小波多分辨率分析理论,根据差分干涉相位不同组成的频率特性,利用小波分解重构均方根误差变化率确定分解层数,降低地形残差相位、噪声相位等对大气延迟误差相位估计的干扰,提取对流层延迟误差相位所在频带;然后结合对流层延迟误差相位和雷达坐标系下的DEM在不同尺度上的相关性定权并进行降权处理,重构解缠差分干涉图,改正差分干涉相位中与高程相关的对流层延迟的影响。采用本文方法对覆盖河南义马地区的2景ENVISAT ASAR数据进行处理,得到对流层延迟误差改正后的差分干涉图,估计的与高程相关的对流层延迟相位,与地形变化情况吻合。将对流层延迟误差改正后的干涉图用于DEM高程估计,结果显示本文方法重建的DEM与Aster GDEM的标准差由30.7 m提高到26.37 m,提高了InSAR DEM估计精度。     

Uncertainty of slope length derived from digital elevation models of the Loess Plateau,China

Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models（DEMs）, the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availability and accuracy of soil erosion as well as hydrological modeling. This study investigates the formation and distribution of existing errors and uncertainties in slope length derivation based on 5-m resolution DEMs of the Loess Plateau in the middle of China. The slope length accuracy in three different landform areas is examined to analyse algorithm effects. The experiments indicate that the accuracy of the flat test area is lower than that of the rougher areas. The value from the specific contributing area（SCA） method is greater than the cumulative slope length（CSL）, and the differences between these two methods arise from the shape of the upslope area. The variation of mean slope length derived from various DEM resolutions and landforms. The slope length accuracy decreases with increasing grid size and terrain complexity at the six test sites. A regression model is built to express the relationship of mean slope length with DEM resolution less than 85 m and terrain complexity represented by gully density. The results support the understanding of the slope length accuracy, thereby aiding in the effective evaluation of the modeling effect of surface process.     

A new strategy combined HASM and classical interpolation methods for DEM construction in areas without sufficient terrain data

Spatial interpolation is an important method in the process of DEM construction. However, DEMs constructed by interpolation methods may induce serious distortion of surface morphology in areas lack of terrain data. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a strategy combining high-accuracy surface modeling(HASM) and classical interpolation methods to construct DEM. Firstly, a triangulated irregular network(TIN) is built based on the original terrain data, and the area of the triangles in the TIN is used to determine whether to add supplementary altimetric points(SA-Points). Then, classical interpolation methods, such as Inverse Distance Weighted(IDW) method, Kriging, and Spline, are applied to assign elevation values to the SA-Points. Finally, the SA-Points are merged with the original terrain data, and HASM is used to construct DEM. In this research, two test areas which are located in Nanjing suburb in Jiangsu Province and Guiyang suburb in Guizhou Province are selected to verify the feasibility of the new strategy. The study results show that:(1) The combination of HASM and classical interpolation methods can significantly improve the elevation accuracy of DEMs compared with DEM constructed by a single method.(2) The process of adding SA-Points proposed in this study can be repeated in many times. For the test areas in this paper, compared with the results with only one execution, the results with more executions are in much more accordance with the actual terrain.(3) Among all the methods discussed in this paper, the one combined HASM and Kriging produce the best result. Compared with the HASM alone, absolute mean error(MAE) and root mean square error(RMSE) of the best result were reduced from 1.29 m and 1.83 m to 0.68 m and 0.45 m(the first test area), and from 0.32 m and 0.38 m to 0.21 m and 0.28 m( The second test area).     

基于等高线空间关系的鞍部点提取方法

鞍部点是反映地表形态起伏变化的重要地形特征点之一,准确地提取鞍部点有利于地形的空间关系和结构特征分析。现有的鞍部点提取方法通常是直接基于规则格网DEM数据,无法顾及鞍部点与周围地形的空间拓扑关系和复杂地形对其的影响,不仅产生大量的伪鞍部点,而且忽略一些关键地区的鞍部点。本文根据鞍部点的地形形态特征,设计了一种基于等高线数据的鞍部点提取算法。该算法利用等高线闭合的特征,将等高线按照一定规则转成等高面数据,再利用等高面之间的相邻拓扑关系实现递归查找并自动提取鞍部点。实验结果显示:①鞍部点的数量和位置与等高距的大小显著相关,在一定尺度范围内,等高距越小,提取出鞍部点越多,位置精度也逐渐提高;②与基于规则格网DEM数据提取方法相比,该方法能更有效的过滤大量伪鞍部点,提高了鞍部点的提取精度,同时也降低了鞍部点提取算法的复杂度;与基于等高线的增量缓冲方法(Incremental Buffering Algorithm)相比,本文的方法能有效提高鞍部点提取的完整性,更适用于本文DEM的尺度即5 m DEM数据。     

CryoSat DEM与多种南极DEM的对比分析

南极洲被巨厚冰雪覆盖,地质构造以南极横断山脉为界,总体分为东南极地盾和西南极活动带。数字高程模型（DEM）是研究南极冰盖变化的基础数据之一。通过多期次数字高程模型相比较获得高程的变化信息,是分析南极冰盖厚度变化和物质平衡的重要手段。然而不同类型DEM之间存的平面误差和垂直误差影响分析结果的精度。首先利用配准消除DEM间的水平误差,然后计算并按坡度提取CryoSat DEM与其他DEM的平均高程差和标准差,最后分析高程差的时空变化特征。通过分析发现,DEM之间存在不同的平面误差。其中TanDEM_X DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最小,而ICESat DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最大。在垂直方向上,0°~1°的坡度范围内,CryoSat DEM与TanDEM_X DEM的平均高程差在3.5~5.5 m之间,标准差小于18.0 m;CryoSat DEM和Bamber 1km DEM的平均高程差在-2.5~+1.0 m之间,标准差小于24.2 m;CryoSat DEM与ICESat DEM的平均高程差在-25.0~-1.0 m之间,标准差小于47.2 m;CryoSat DEM与RAMPv2 DEM的平均高程差在1.3~3.2 m之间,标准差小于45.6 m。通过研究发现南极冰盖内部高程增加,但西南极冰盖和东南极冰盖高程均在降低,且西南极降低明显,同时南极边缘地区高程降低明显。本研究为全球变化研究和南极物质平衡研究提供了重要参考。      

ALOS PALSAR�״�Ӱ��InSAR���ݴ����еĻ��ߺ͵���������

?????????????InSAR?????е????????????????????ζ??α??????????????????????????????????????о?????????????????ALOS PALSAR???????????????????α????????????????????????ALOS PALSAR?????????3??5 m???????е???????????￡??α?????????????????????о?????????????????С?????????????????????DEM?????????￡?SRTM DEM????????ALOS PALSAR??????????1cm???α???????????????????С??400 m??     

Comparison of DEM accuracies generated from different stereo pairs over a plateau mountainous area

Digital elevation models(DEMs) can be quickly and conveniently generated using very high resolution(VHR) satellite stereo images. Previous studies have evaluated and compared DEM accuracy based on VHR satellite stereo pairs collected by different satellite sensors. However, few studies analyzed the accuracy of a DEM based on stereo image pairs from a satellite with the same orbit and different orbits for a region with significant topographic fluctuations in the plateau area. Referring to former studies, this paper had two objectives: to generate a digital elevation model(DEM) and evaluate its horizontal and vertical accuracy over a plateau area with high relief; and to study the mapping capability of multiorbit and multitemporal stereo pair images in the plateau mountainous region. To achieve these objectives, we collected the 2015 Worldview-2 stereo image pair and another three World View-2 images acquired in 2013, 2014, and 2015. First, the 2015 DEM was obtained using a strict physical model based on along-track stereo image pairs, and the reliability of the DEM was verified with field data. Then, the images obtained in 2013, 2014, and 2015 were combined into different-orbit stereo image pairs, DEMs were produced using rational function models, and the DEMs were verified using field data and the 2015 DEM as standards. The results showed that the relief degree has a particular influence on the DEM, and the precision of the DEM decreases as the topographic relief increases. Off-nadir angles can also influence DEM accuracy, with a larger angle corresponding to a lower DEM accuracy. The research also shows that the DEM obtained from four sets of experiments meets the accuracy requirement of a 1:5,000 digital elevation map, digital line graphic(DLG), and digital orthophoto map(DOM). Among these four groups of DEMs, the one based on the 2015 stereo pairs with the same satellite achieved the highest precision.     

太阳辐射模拟的DEM尺度影响因素分析

利用DEM分析方法为起伏地形下太阳辐射模拟提供了条件。然而DEM的尺度效应对太阳辐射模拟产生很大的影响。本文以黄土丘陵和秦岭高山为实验样区,以一系列不同分辨率的DEM,模拟日、月及年总天文辐射,比较其误差大小及地形分析的差异。实验结果显示,随着DEM栅格分辨率的降低,天文辐射逐渐增大;当栅格分辨率大于地面相对高差时,模拟的天文辐射基本稳定,坡向、坡度等地形因子对辐射的再分配作用已不显著。黄土丘陵区,当DEM分辨率接近1000m时,天文辐射年总量的相对误差为22%,超过该区域一个冬季的天文辐射量。秦岭山区地表起伏大,误差较黄土丘陵地区小,最大相对误差为17.8%。总之,地表起伏越小,DEM栅格分辨率对太阳辐射模拟的影响越大。     

2022年青海门源地震震源机制与同震滑动分布研究

采用Sentinel-1A卫星提供的升降轨雷达影像数据研究门源地震同震形变及震源机制。首先利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉(D-InSAR)技术获得门源地震的同震形变场;然后以升降轨同震形变场为源数据,利用弹性半空间位错模型进行反演,确定地震的断层几何参数和滑动分布;最后基于同震滑动模型对升降轨同震形变场进行正演。结果表明,沿雷达视线方向的升轨和降轨同震形变场最大抬升形变量分别为39 cm和58 cm,最大沉降形变量均为56 cm。此次门源地震为左旋走滑型地震事件,发震断层方向为NWW-SEE、走向为109°、倾角为86°,主要集中在地下2～6 km处,最大滑动量为4.2 m,释放的地震距为8.22×10¹⁸Nm(M_W6.6)。正演结果表明,本文滑动分布模型准确可靠。     

2021年漾濞MW6.1地震同震形变提取与断层源模型反演研究

基于D-InSAR技术,收集Sentinel-1卫星升、降轨及精密轨道数据,结合外部DEM,成功提取2021-05-21云南省大理州漾濞县M_W6.1地震的同震形变场。结果显示,升轨卫星视线向最大形变量级约为6.0 cm,降轨卫星视线向最大形变量级约为7.9 cm。以升、降轨InSAR观测结果为约束,对漾濞地震的断层几何参数及滑动分布进行联合反演发现,此次地震的最优发震断层走向为136.6°、倾角为83.1°,断层破裂主要集中在地下2~12 km深度处,最大滑动量约为0.45 m,位于地下7 km深度处,断层在近地表未出现大面积显著滑移现象,表明此次地震未破裂至地表。     

顾及数据配准的江西省SRTM DEM精度评价和修正

目前,ICESat/GLAS是大尺度SRTM DEM精度评价的主要数据源.然而,现有的精度评价方法均忽略了2组数据的有效配准.为此,本文分析了数据配准前、后SRTM DEM整体精度差异,以及不同地形因子和土地利用类型对SRTM DEM影响程度.在此基础上,充分考虑SRTM DEM精度影响因素,分别借助多元线性回归(ML...