中国黄土高原汛期降水异常特征

分析黄土高原汛期降水40a的变化，结果表明黄土高原汛期降水异常有3个敏感区，各敏感区异常降水存在明显的阶段，存在3—5a、8a左右的年际振荡和16—20左右的年代际振荡，3—5a的周期最明显；极端降水主要集中在20世纪60年代，90年代猛然减少。     

Automatic recognition of loess landforms using Random Forest method

The automatic recognition of landforms is regarded as one of the most important procedures to classify landforms and deepen the understanding on the morphology of the earth. However, landform types are rather complex and gradual changes often occur in these landforms, thus increasing the difficulty in automatically recognizing and classifying landforms. In this study, small-scale watersheds, which are regarded as natural geomorphological elements, were extracted and selected as basic analysis and recognition units based on the data of SRTM DEM. In addition, datasets integrated with terrain derivatives(e.g., average slope gradient, and elevation range) and texture derivatives(e.g., slope gradient contrast and elevation variance) were constructed to quantify the topographical characteristics of watersheds. Finally, Random Forest(RF) method was employed to automatically select features and classify landforms based on their topographical characteristics. The proposed method was applied and validated in seven case areas in the Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau for its complex andgradual changed landforms. Experimental results show that the highest recognition accuracy based on the selected derivations is 92.06%. During the recognition procedure, the contributions of terrain derivations were higher than that of texture derivations within selected derivative datasets. Loess terrace and loess mid-mountain obtained the highest accuracy among the seven typical loess landforms. However, the recognition precision of loess hill, loess hill–ridge, and loess sloping ridge is relatively low. The experiment also shows that watershed-based strategy could achieve better results than object-based strategy, and the method of RF could effectively extract and recognize the feature of landforms.     

Long-range precipitation forecasts using paleoclimate reconstructions in the western United States

Long-range precipitation forecasts are useful when managing water supplies.Oceanicatmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence precipitation.Due to a longer cycle of some of the oscillations,a short instrumental record is a limitation in using them for long-range precipitation forecasts.The influence of oscillations over precipitation is observable within paleoclimate reconstructions;however,there have been no attempts to utilize these reconstructions in precipitation forecasting.A data-driven model,KStar,is used for obtaining long-range precipitation forecasts by extending the period of record through the use of reconstructions of oscillations.KStar is a nearest neighbor algorithm with an entropy-based distance function.Oceanic-atmospheric oscillation reconstructions include the El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO),and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation(AMO).Precipitation is forecasted for 20 climate divisions in the western United States.A 10-year moving average is applied to aid in the identification of oscillation phases.A lead time approach is used to simulate a one-year forecast,with a 10-fold cross-validation technique to test the models.Reconstructions are used from 1658-1899,while the observed record is used from 1900-2007.The model is evaluated using mean absolute error(MAE),root mean squared error(RMSE),RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio(RSR),Pearson’s correlation coefficient(R),NashSutcliffe coefficient of efficiency(NSE),and linear error in probability space(LEPS) skill score(SK).The role of individual and coupled oscillations is evaluated by dropping oscillations in the model.The results indicate ’good’ precipitation estimates using the KStar model.This modeling technique is expected to be useful for long-term water resources planning and management.     

运用GAMIT10.34解算成都地区的GPS可降水量

基于麻省理工学院（MIT）2008年发布的GAMIT最新版（v10．34）,就其在Linux操作系统上的安装方法以及解算天顶总延迟（ZI＇D）和反演PwV的流程进行探讨,并以成都地区地基GPS观测网的运用为例,总结GAMIT软件的使用经验及注意事项。     

Freeze–thaw resistance of eco–material stabilized loess

In the Loess Plateau in Northern China,repeated freeze–thaw(FT)cycles deteriorate the strength and structure of loess as a foundation soil,resulting in the instability or failure of supporting structure.Lignosulfonate is an eco–material,utilized as an effective and nontraditional stabilizer to improve the engineering properties of metastable soils.A series of laboratory tests,including unconfined compression tests,cyclic loading–unloading tests and scanning electron microscopy,on calcium lignosulfonate(CL)-and sodium lignosulfonate(SL)-stabilized loess were performed to investigate the stabilization effect,deterioration mechanisms of the FT cycles,and the resistance to FT cycles.Two traditional stabilizers,quicklime(QL)and sodium silicate(SS),were selected,and the engineering properties of QL-and SS-stabilized loess were compared with those of CL-and SLstabilized loess.The results showed that the strength values of CL-and SL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 34.2%and 50%respectively,after 20 FT cycles,whereas those of the traditionally SS-and QL-stabilized specimens decreased by 85.3%and 82.87%,respectively.The elastic moduli of SL-and QL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 22.1%and 92.0%,respectively.The mean energy dissipations of nontraditionally treated specimens also decreased significantly less than those of traditionally treated specimens.Overall,the results showed CL and SL had better stabilization effects on engineering properties of loess than QL and SS,and their stabilized loess specimens exhibited stronger resistance to FT cycles.The study findings demonstrated the significant potential of lignosulfonate for extensive application in cold loess areas.     

Centrifuge model test of an irrigation-induced loess landslide in the Heifangtai loess platform,Northwest China

The Heifangtai platform in Northwest China is famous for irrigation-induced loess landslides. This study conducted a centrifuge model test with reference to an irrigation-induced loess landslide that occurred in Heifangtai in 2011. The loess slope model was constructed by whittling a cubic loess block obtaining from the landslide site. The irrigation water was simulated by applying continuous infiltration from back of the slope. The deformation, earth pressure, and pore pressure were investigated during test by a series of transducers. For this particular study, the results showed that the failure processes were characterized by retrogressive landslides and cracks. The time dependent reductions of cohesion and internal friction angle at basal layer with increasing pore-water pressure were responsible for these failures. The foot part of slope is very important for slope instability and hazard prevention in the study area, where concentration of earth pressure and generation of high pore-water pressures would form before failures. The measurements of earth pressure and pore-water pressure might be effective for early warning in the study area.     

A multiscale spatio-temporal framework to regionalize annual precipitation using k-means and self-organizing map technique

Determination of homogenous precipitation-based regions is a very important task in effective management of water resources. The present study tried to propose an effective precipitation-based regionalization methodology by conjugating both temporal pre-processing and spatial clustering approaches in a way to take advantage of multiscale properties of precipitation time series. Annual precipitation data of 51 years (1960-2010) for 31 rain gauges (RGs) were collected and used in proposed clustering approaches. Discreet wavelet transform (DWT) was used to capture the time-frequency attributes of the time series and multiscale regionalization was performed by using k-means and Self Organizing Maps (SOM) clustering techniques. Daubechies function (db) was selected as mother wavelet to decompose the precipitation time series. Also, proper boundary extensions and decomposition level were applied. Different combinations of the approximation (A) and detail (D) coefficients were used to determine the input dataset as a basis of spatial clustering. The proposed model’s efficiency in spatial clustering stage was verified using three different indexes namely, Silhouette Coefficient (SC), Dunn index and Davis Bouldin index (DB). Results approved superior performance of k-means technique in comparison to SOM. It was also deduced that DWT-based regionalization methodology showed improvements in comparison to historical-based models. Cross mutual information was used to investigate the RGs of cluster 3’s homogeneousness in DWT-k-means approach. Results of non-linear correlation approach verified homogeneity of cluster 3. Verifications based on mean annual precipitation values of rain gauges in each cluster also approved the capability of multiscale approach in precipitation regionalization.     

Effect of cement on the stabilization of loess

Considering the potential use of cementstabilized loess (CSL) as a construction material for structures that are subjected to frequent loess landslides, this paper explores the stabilization and improvement of geotechnical characteristics of loess achieved by the addition of 0%-9% cement by dry weight. Laboratory evaluations investigated the consistency limits, compaction, compressibility, California bearing ratio (CBR), direct shear strength, and unconfined compression strength (UCS) of CSL for different curing stages. A durability index was quantified to estimate the influence of wetting-drying (w-d) cycles on CSL strength, and an optimum cement dosage was also identified. The results reveal that the cohesion of CSL is substantially more sensitive to structure than its friction angle and that cohesion is responsible for shear strength increase after remoulding. The cement proportions have an effective role in the enhancement of compressibility. The development of UCS can be categorized into the early stage (<14 days) and the later stage (>14 days). The increase in strength primarily occurred in the first 14 days. The w-d cycles have a significant influence on the decrease in compression strength. The CBR value increases with increments of additional proportions and compaction times. The relationships of UCS versus the compressibility modulus and UCS versus CBR are established to facilitate the mix design for strength. A rational predictive exponential equation is proposed to predict the durability index for different w-d cycles.     

区域气候模式RegCM3对中国夏季降水的模拟

利用意大利国际理论物理中心（ICTP）最新发布的区域气候模式RegCM3检验我国包括青藏高原地区夏季降水的模拟能力。初始值及边界值取自美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）和国家大气中心（NCAR）的全球再分析资料。模式积分时间为2005年5月1日到2005年8月31日,考虑到模式的“spin-up”时间,只对6月1日-8月31日的模式结果进行分析。模式水平分辨率取为60km,范围包括整个青藏高原在内的我国及周边地区（14°-55°N,70°-140°E）。结果表明：RegCM3具有模拟我国夏季降水主要分布特征的能力,尤其在观测站点稀少的青藏高原地区可提供局地降水分布的较可靠信息。模式较好地模拟了包括整个青藏高原在内的我国区域降水的月际尺度变化和空间分布等基本特征,但对我国东南地区的夏季降水模拟能力有待进一步提高。     

黄土释光测年中石英的分离

根据黄土样品和40～90μm纯石英和长石的氢氟酸(HF)和氟硅酸(H2SiF6)溶蚀实验，认为黄土样品用40％氢氟酸溶蚀40min，尽管可以全部溶蚀掉长石，但对石英的损失太大，不适合黄土中石英的分离。用30％氟硅酸(20mL/g)溶蚀6d，溶蚀分离黄土中40～90μm．的石英颗粒，这样即可以溶蚀掉长石颗粒，又对石英损失较小。石英的纯度既可用IRSL来检测，也可用石英的110℃热释光(TL)峰来检测其纯度。     

Precipitation of calcium carbonate from seawater

Slight perturbations of the oceanic DOC by addition of oxalic acid, tryptophan, and sodium humate did not affect the magnesium content of spontaneously precipitated Mg-calcites. However, the copresence of spontaneously precipitated aragonite and of Mg-calcite as a function of the initial degree of supersaturation was changed by the dissolved organic matter. Times of nucleation for carbonates was affected by organic matter at low organic concentrations because of coating and at high concentrations due to complexation.     

碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究进展

成岩作用是碳酸盐岩储层的重要成因之一,也是控制碳酸盐岩储层评价和预测的重要地质因素。首先概括了碳酸盐岩成岩研究的技术方法,重点剖析了溶蚀作用、白云石化作用、胶结作用、新生变形作用、硅化作用、压实作用和压溶作用的成岩机理及最新认识,归纳总结了生物扰动、构造破裂、烃类充注及微生物等成岩作用的辅助因素。碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究对象从礁滩和微生物岩逐步拓展到潟湖、混积岩及冷水沉积等领域。分析了构造-层序控制下成岩环境和成岩作用的演变,根据沉积能量和成岩性质划分出5种沉积环境-成岩作用组合。碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究存在问题包括：成岩模拟系统与真实地层环境差异大;成岩术语不规范、成岩模式理想化和单一化;潟湖、深水和冷水等非常规碳酸盐岩研究程度低;成岩作用的双刃性及对储层改造的定量化研究不足。指出了碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究的发展趋势：通过结合地层埋藏史,实验模拟方法将逐步趋向真实埋藏环境,成岩模拟软件不断实现模块集成化和智能化;成岩模式更加精细且更具针对性,成岩作用对储层的改造实现定量化研究;非常规碳酸盐岩成岩机理研究更加健全。     

反复入渗对重塑黄土渗透特性的影响

甘肃黑方台黄土经历长期的灌溉入渗破坏了其原生结构，改变了不同深度黄土的颗粒级配，影响了土体的力学性质。为研究反复灌溉入渗对坡体的影响，通过室内土柱渗透试验研究了反复入渗对甘肃黑方台黄土渗透特性的影响，并研究了渗透作用下黄土中细颗粒运移的规律与模式。研究表明:①水力梯度对渗透速率影响较小而干密度对渗透速率影响较大；随着入渗次数的增加，重塑黄土的渗透性能变弱；②黄土在渗流力的作用下，存在细颗粒沿渗流方向运移的现象，且细颗粒在土柱中上部聚集最多；③影响细颗粒运移的因素有:水力梯度、干密度和渗透次数；其中细颗粒的运移量与水力梯度、渗透次数呈正相关，与干密度呈负相关，且水力梯度是影响细颗粒运移的主要因素；④在渗透过程中，细颗粒运移堆积，最终填充土体内孔隙，导致黄土的渗透性下降。      

Mechanism of slope failure in loess terrains during spring thawing

Slope failure in loess terrains of Northern China during spring thawing period is closely related to the freeze-thaw cycling that surface soils inevitably experienced. Field surveys were carried out on natural and artificial slopes in thirteen surveying sites located in the Northern Shaanxi, the center of Loess Plateau, covering five characteristic topographic features including tablelands, ridges, hills, gullies and valleys. Based on the scale that is involved in freeze-thaw cycling, the induced failures can be classified into three main modes, i.e., erosion, peeling and thaw collapse, depending on both high porosity and loose cementation of loess that is easily affected. Model tests on loess slopes with gradients of 53.1°, 45.0° and 33.7° were carried out to reveal the heat transfer, water migration and deformation during slope failure. The surface morphology of slopes was photographed, with flake shaped erosion and cracks noted. For three slope models, time histories for the thermal regime exhibit three obvious cycles of freeze and thaw andthe maximum frost depth develops downwards as freeze-thaw cycling proceeds. Soil water in the unfrozen domain beneath was migrated towards the slope surface, as can be noticed from the considerable change in the unfrozen water content, almost synchronous with the variation of temperature. The displacement in both vertical and horizontal directions varies over time and three obvious cycles can be traced. The residual displacement for each cycle tends to grow and the slopes with higher gradients are more sensitive to potentially sliding during freeze-thaw cycling.     

Prediction of loess soil-water characteristic curve by mercury intrusion porosimetry

Mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) is a simple and fast way to obtain the pore distribution of soil and can be used to estimate the soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC). In previous studies, soil was assumed to be a perfect wettability material, and the contact angle(CA) of the soil-water interface was taken as zero in the SWCC prediction method.However, the CA has proved to be much greater than zero even for hydrophilic soils according to some soil wettability experiments, and it has a significant effect on predicting the SWCC. In this research, a method for predicting the SWCC by MIP, which takes the CA as a fitting coefficient, is proposed. The pore size distribution curves are measured by MIP, and the SWCCs of two loess soils are measured by pressure plate and filter paper tests. When the CA is taken as70° and 50° for the wetting and drying process,respectively, the SWCCs predicted by the pore size distribution curves agree well with the measured SWCCs. The predicted suction range of the proposed method is 0-105 k Pa. The consistency of the results suggests that utilizing the MIP test to predict the SWCC with a proper CA is effective for loess.     

注浆法在黄土地区公路路基洞穴处理中的应用

研究了注浆法在黄土地区公路路基洞穴处理中的加固机理及技术指标.黄土地区公路中的洞穴对公路的安全运营常造成严重危害,同时对于这类洞穴的处理尚缺乏有效的方法.在大量调查和参考前人研究成果的基础上,将注浆法用于路基中洞穴的处理,提出了注浆法加固的主要设计参数,通过对施工现场黄土洞穴注浆处理效果分析,认为该方法具有良好的处理效果.     

基于CT扫描的黄土孔隙结构特征研究

孔隙特征作为反映黄土微观结构的重要特征之一,直接影响黄土的水敏性、渗透性和强度等物理力学性质。为了研究水力耦合作用下黄土微观孔隙结构特征,使用CT技术对天然原状、原状饱和与重塑黄土的初始结构以及不固结不排水剪切试验后的土体结构进行了扫描,通过建立黄土三维结构模型,分析了剪切试验前后孔隙结构的演变特征。结果表明：饱和与重塑作用使天然原状黄土的大孔隙减少,剪切作用使天然原状黄土和重塑黄土发生剪切破坏,原状饱和黄土发生压缩破坏,局部孔隙率增加。天然原状黄土与原状饱和黄土在剪切前后均表现为微孔和小孔数量较多,其孔隙倾角主要分布在50°～90°之间,解释了黄土亚稳态结构形成的主要原因。扰动作用使重塑黄土的孔隙尺寸分布均匀,且重塑黄土与原状饱和黄土在水力作用下更易失稳屈服。揭示了黄土剪切变形破坏的微观结构主要表现为粒间胶结物的溶解、孔隙的坍塌与填充以及颗粒旋转、破碎和滑移。试验结果可为黄土剪切强度降低和湿陷机理研究提供依据。     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY MARKERSOF CLIMATIC EVOLUTION IN LOESSREGION OF CHINA

Two hundred and thirty-five samples collected from Weinan loess section (L₂ – S₀) have been analyzed by TOC (total organic carbon) and pyrolysis hydrocarbons. The curve of TOC with depth has been set up and compared well with other climatic markers. The main periods of TOC variation of the last 0.14 Ma are 67.08 ka and 18.29 ka, which is near with the periods of the variation of sunshine, showing that the TOC variation may be controlled by the variation of 65°N sun-shine. The distribution of pyrolysis hydrocarbon and its parameters shows that there are two kinds of hydrocarbon associated with climatic change. One is called hydrocarbon pyrolysted directly from organism (pHC_2–1) which is in the range of T _max350°C – 500°C, and associated with atmospheric water. The other is called carbonate inclusion hydrocarbon (pHC_2–2) which is in the range of T _max 500°C – 600°C and formed by evaporation and associated with dry climate. The formula calculating humidity has been deduced Og=pHC_2–1/(pHC_2–1 + pHC_2–2). The range of humidity of the section is 47% – 77% and the reducing order is S_1–3, S_1–2, S₀, S_1–1, S_1–4, S_1–1, L_1–1, L_1–3, and L_1–5. And the trend of the humidity is still increasing today.     

BASIC FEATURES OF FOREST STEPPE IN THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA

ＢＡＳＩＣＦＥＡＴＵＲＥＳＯＦＦＯＲＥＳＴＳＴＥＰＰＥＩＮＴＨＥＬＯＥＳＳＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＦＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＺｈｕＺｈｉｃｈｅｎｇ（朱志诚）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ．ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｘｉａｎ７１００６９，ＰＲＣ）Ａ...