沈阳市区第四纪沉积物工程地质研究

沈阳市第四纪沉积物分布广泛，北东薄、南西厚。沉积物类型基本为多层砂土复合结构：地表仅有一层较薄的粘土层，其下为较厚的多层递变的细中砂、粗砂、砾砂、圆砾或卵石层。各土层工程地质性质良好，沈阳市区可适合建筑各种类型的建筑物，选择箱形基础形式及桩基础形式较为合适。     

汶川地震滑坡-碎屑流致灾距探讨

为了阐明地震滑坡的运动特性并对其进行致灾距的预测,基于遥感影像解译和野外调查数据,借助经验公式法,分析了汶川地震滑坡水平最大运移距离L与前后缘高差H之间的相关性,给出了经验公式;探讨了不同滑坡之间滑程的差异与异常。结果表明:若已知H,可用L=aH+b或L=aHb对总位移进行预测初探;将视摩擦系数H/L=0.45作为汶川地震高速远程型滑坡的上限较合适;滑坡体积、源区破裂面积与L呈正相关,与H/L呈负相关;地震滑坡易发生在山脊线平行于断裂带、垂直于地震波传播方向的山体两侧;崩塌型滑坡易发前后缘高差范围在10~100m之间,大型高速远程型滑坡易发前后缘高差大于200m;滑坡源区易发坡度分布在25°51°之间,滑床坡降变化范围为0~58°,高速远程型滑坡的滑床坡降主要在8°20°之间;分析认为滑程差异和异常是距离效应、能量传递与岩体挡板效应、滚动润滑与气垫效应、体积与破裂面积效应、地质因子、地形因子、颗粒级配与颗粒流效应等因素综合作用的结果,考虑上述因素有益于滑坡-碎屑流致灾距的预测分析。      

俄远东、中国东北的构造特点及岩石圈深部的不均一性

俄罗斯远东和中国东北前新生代可划分为８个大地构造单元。区域地质、深部地质、地球物理及新构造研究表明，地壳和地幔深部的不均一性反映了该区主要构造单元的深部构成和大地动力学等方面的特点。地热和地磁资料表明，远东地区软流层顶部具有起伏形态的特点，最大深度２００～２５０ｋｍ，浅部仅１００～１４０ｋｍ，松辽盆地７５～１００ｋｍ；在中国东北及亚太过渡带上地幔低速层厚度在０～１００ｋｍ之间变化，计算数据表明，本区地壳厚度为３０～４４ｋｍ，变化幅度为１４ｋｍ。     

Estimation of design sea ice thickness with maximum entropy distribution by particle swarm optimization method

The maximum entropy distribution, which consists of various recognized theoretical distributions, is a better curve to estimate the design thickness of sea ice. Method of moment and empirical curve fitting method are common-used parameter estimation methods for maximum entropy distribution. In this study, we propose to use the particle swarm optimization method as a new parameter estimation method for the maximum entropy distribution, which has the advantage to avoid deviation introduced by simplifications made in other methods. We conducted a case study to fit the hindcasted thickness of the sea ice in the Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea using these three parameter-estimation methods for the maximum entropy distribution. All methods implemented in this study pass the K-S tests at 0.05 significant level. In terms of the average sum of deviation squares, the empirical curve fitting method provides the best fit for the original data, while the method of moment provides the worst. Among all three methods, the particle swarm optimization method predicts the largest thickness of the sea ice for a same return period. As a result, we recommend using the particle swarm optimization method for the maximum entropy distribution for offshore structures mainly influenced by the sea ice in winter, but using the empirical curve fitting method to reduce the cost in the design of temporary and economic buildings.     

Rolling motion behavior of rockfall on gentle slope: an experimental approach

The effects of slope surface material, slope gradient, block shape, and block mass conditions on rockfall rolling velocity were estimated with orthogonal test approach. Visual analysis shows that the importance of the factors is slope surface material > slope gradient > block shape > block mass. All the factors except block mass have the F value greater than the critical value, suggesting that these three factors are the key factors affecting the rockfall rolling velocity. Factor interaction analysis shows that the effect of the slope gradient relies largely on the slope surface conditions, and the block shape has little influence if the slope gradient is larger than a critical value. An empirical model considering the three key factors is proposed to estimate the rolling velocity, of which the error is limited to 5% of the testing value. This model is validated by 73 field tests, and the prediction shows excellent correlation with the site test. Thus, this analysis can be used as a tool in the rockfall behavior analysis.     

Triggering mechanism and dynamic process of water-rock flow in Nanfen waste dump in 2010

Water-rock flow is a kind of debris flow with more coarse particles and low viscosity, which occurs in many areas of the world. In this work, the water-rock flow that occurred on May 24, 2010, at Nanfen's open-pit mine of China was investigated by combining field investigation, meteorological and hydrological survey with numerical simulation to understand its triggering mechanism and dynamic process. The field data shows that the short-term high-intensity rainfall is the most direct inducement to trigger water-rock flow in the waste dump. The loose shallow gravel soil and the V-shaped valley with a certain slope provide the necessary conditions of the occurrence of water-rock flow in the waste dump. Moreover, the possibility criterion of water-rock flow is presented by analyzing the historical rainfall data. In addition, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method was employed to simulate the waterrock flow under the conditions of Newtonian fluid with uniform distribution of water and coarse-grained materials. The simulating results show that the flow distance, velocity, shape, and deposition profile of water-rock flow are in good agreement with the field observation. The present work is beneficial to the risk assessment and mitigation design of water-rock flow disaster in the waste dump.     

浅淡奇石及其文化渊源

介绍了我国奇石观赏的起源和发展进程 ,对我国石文化传统和各发展阶段的石文化特点进行了探讨     

山东济南—淄博地区寒武系风暴岩及其研究发展

晚寒武世,华北地台不仅为克拉通内稳定的浅海沉积环境,且处于低纬度赤道飓风带控制之下,风暴作用频繁,风暴沉积极其发育,在该区的上寒武统地层中留下了丰富的风暴沉积记录。风暴岩广泛分布于九龙群炒米店组,据砾屑来源与其沉积环境,砾屑灰岩(风暴岩)分为原地型砾屑灰岩和异地型砾屑灰岩。结合该区的风暴沉积特征,将风暴成因的砾屑灰岩形成机制概括为风暴涨潮流—回流、风暴漫流和风暴旋流3种。     

广西观赏石开发利用前景

石文化作为一种文化现象是华夏文化的重要内容，观赏石具有较高的收藏价值及商品经济价值。广西观赏石资源丰富，品种繁多，有较好的利用前景。根据观赏石的形态特征、产出地质条件划分为造形石类、纹理石类、矿物晶体类、古生物化石类、特殊石类等，各类观赏石其形成地质环境各异，在大自然的雕塑下展现出的欣赏价值各放异彩。在商品经济中具有较大的潜力及较高收藏欣赏价值。     

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谈山东观赏石资源现状及分类

山东观赏石资源十分丰富,种类多,造型美,品相佳。自古山东为观赏石大省,具有深邃的齐鲁石文化积淀。文中对山东观赏石分类,并着重论述了泰山石奇石、琅砑石、临朐石等30多种观赏石的机理及特征。对观赏石的研究与开发,领先的奇石文化市场,必然对山东经济发展具添砖增瓦意义,山东石文化将在发展中谱写出新的篇章。     

2016年新西兰凯库拉MW7.8地震前空间大气扰动

采用欧洲中尺度天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ERA5温度数据和GPS观测数据,提取2016-11-13新西兰凯库拉M_W7.8地震前的温度异常和电离层VTEC异常,探讨震前空间大气扰动的时空变化特征。结果表明,2016-11-08、09震中以北分别出现温度异常和VTEC异常。温度异常具有增温-增温加强-增温衰减-增温高峰-快速衰减的变化特征,这与岩石形变-破裂释放热的过程基本一致;随着高度上升,增温面积及幅度逐渐减小,符合地震热异常在自下而上的抬升过程中逐渐消退的趋势。     

山东蒙山与四川海螺沟冰川擦痕特征对比及成因分析

冰川擦痕在冰川遗迹的判断中具有极为重要的意义,其中以槽谷岩壁擦痕与冰碛砾石擦痕最为明显。槽谷岩壁擦痕具有细长密集、近似平行的特征;冰碛砾石擦痕具有短粗稀疏、方向杂乱的特征。除此之外,还有弧形擦痕、逆冲擦痕、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹、新月形裂口、颤痕等刻蚀遗迹的配套产出。经对比分析,蒙山发育的擦痕与四川海螺沟现代冰川谷内的擦痕具有完全的一致性,因此进一步确定了蒙山擦痕的冰川成因。     

An estimation model for the fragmentation properties of brittle rock block due to the impacts against an obstruction

Mountain hazards with large masses of rock blocks in motion – such as rock falls, avalanches and landslides – threaten human lives and structures. Dynamic fragmentation is a common phenomenon during the movement process of rock blocks in rock avalanche, due to the high velocity and impacts against obstructions. In view of the energy consumption theory for brittle rock fragmentation proposed by Bond, which relates energy to size reduction, a theoretical model is proposed to estimate the average fragment size for a moving rock block when it impacts against an obstruction. Then, different forms of motion are studied, with various drop heights and slope angles for the moving rock block. The calculated results reveal that the average fragment size decreases as the drop height increases, whether for free-fall or for a sliding or rolling rock block, and the decline in size is rapid for low heights and slow for increasing heights in the corresponding curves. Moreover, the average fragment size also decreases as the slope angle increases for a slidingrock block. In addition, a rolling rock block has a higher degree of fragmentation than a sliding rock block, even for the same slope angle and block volume. Finally, to compare with others' results, the approximate number of fragments is estimated for each calculated example, and the results show that the proposed model is applicable to a relatively isotropic moving rock block.     

Research on the critical conditions for clay particle release during saline aquifer freshening process

Water sensitivity phenomenon occurs during saline aquifer freshening process in seawater intrusion area, and clay particles released in the phenomenon can damage the infiltration capacity of the aquifer. In order to find out the factors and mechanisms for clay particle release, laboratory column infiltration experiments simulating saline aquifer freshening process were designed to measure the critical conditions(critical flow velocity, critical salt concentration and critical ionic strength) and force analysis for clay particle according to DLVO electric double layer theory was employed to illustrate the mechanisms for particle release. The research results showed that critical flow velocity for clay particle release is influenced by salt concentration of injecting solution. When salt concentration of injecting solution is very high, clay particles are not released, indicating that there does not exist a critical flow velocity in this situation. As salt concentration of injecting solution decreases, particles start to be released. The critical salt concentration for clay particle release is 0.052 mol L-1 in our work, which was determined by a constant-flux experiment for stepwise displacement of high concentration Na Cl solution. The critical ionic strength for clay particle release decreases as Ca2+ molar content percentage of the mixed solution of Na Cl and Ca Cl2 increases following the first-order exponential decay equation y = 0.0391e-0.266 x + 0.0015.     

Application of transparent soil model tests to study the soil-rock interfacial sliding mechanism

When transparent soil technology is used to study the displacement of a slope, the internal deformation of the slope can be visualized. We studied the sliding mechanism of the soil-rock slope by using transparent soil technology and considering the influence of the rock mass Barton joint roughness coefficient, angle of the soil mass, angle of the rock mass and soil thickness factors on slope stability. We obtained the deformation characteristics of the soil and rock slope with particle image velocimetry and the laser speckle technique. The test analysis shows that the slope sliding can be divided into three parts: displacements at the top, the middle, and the bottom of the slope; the decrease in the rock mass Barton joint roughness coefficient, and the increase in soil thickness, angles of the rock mass and soil mass lead to larger sliding displacements. Furthermore, we analyzed the different angles between the rock mass and soil thickness. The test result shows that the displacement of slope increases with larger angle of the rock mass. Conclusively, all these results can help to explain the soil-rock interfacial sliding mechanism.     

滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态影响因素离散元分析

滑坡是形成堰塞坝的最主要原因,在地震、降雨、冰雪融水等作用下均可形成滑坡堰塞坝,而滑坡堰塞坝的堆积形态、范围等对评价堰塞坝的稳定性有着重要的影响。通过离散元方法(DEM),系统分析了三维条件下滑动距离、滑面出口宽度、滑面倾角、河床倾角、河谷形状对堰塞坝堆积形态的影响。研究结果表明:滑动距离和出口宽度对坝体高度影响最大;随出口宽度和坡面倾角的增加,坝长和坝宽分别呈线性增大和减小趋势;滑动距离可以有效控制滑体速度,进而影响堆积角大小;河床倾角主要影响坝长;对坝高、坝长、上下游绝对倾角正切值和堆积角正切值进行回归分析表明,数学模型契合程度高,说明其形态可以预测;引入2个参数λ和χ,对堰塞坝堆积特征进行了描述;河谷形状的影响主要体现在随着河谷底部宽度的增大,滑体爬高爬坡能力增强。研究成果对根据实际地形预测滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态进而评估坝体的安全性具有重要意义,可以为进一步开展堰塞湖溃决研究提供一定的参考。      

青州市马家庄地区黏土矿成矿地质特征研究

青州市马家庄地区黏土矿主要赋存于第四纪中-上更新统大站组及全新统临沂组,赋矿层系分布面积较广,整体自南向北微有倾斜,呈等轴状展布,其厚度与古地形密切相关,古地形凹陷处矿体厚度较大,隆起区则较小,平均厚度12.61 m,厚度变化系数27.79％.经差热分析可知,黏土矿石主要由蒙脱石+水云母+石英组成.属于陆相残—坡积混合...     

川东北元坝西部须家河组致密砂岩裂缝发育特征及控制因素

川东北元坝西部上三叠统须家河组受晚期构造活动影响小,裂缝发育程度较中东部低,前人对其重视不够,裂缝发育控制因素不清楚。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测井解释、裂缝充填物包裹体分析等多种技术手段,对元坝西部须家河组致密砂岩裂缝发育特征及控制因素开展了系统研究,明确了裂缝类型和特征参数,建立了裂缝发育模式。结果表明：(1)元坝西部须家河组以低角度剪切缝和成岩收缩缝为主;须三段裂缝多为方解石充填,须二段裂缝以泥质充填为主。(2)元坝西部须家河组裂缝可划分为3期,分别对应晚侏罗世、早白垩世晚期和晚喜山期,前2期裂缝全充填-半充填,第三期未充填。(3)研究区裂缝发育程度受地层变形强度、至断裂距离、单层砂岩厚度和砂岩类型的控制。九龙山背斜枢纽部位和东南翼地层曲率较大部位以褶皱相关裂缝为主,在东南翼断裂附近以断层相关裂缝为主,2类裂缝区为开发评价有利区。须三段砾岩区发育由砾缘缝和穿砾平缝组合而成的、开度小、未充填的网状缝,须二段石英砂岩发育沿层理破裂的低角度剪切缝及微裂缝,也是元坝西部须家河组气藏下一步开发评价需关注的有利区。     

桂北下震旦统杂砾岩成因之探讨

广西北部分布着下震旦统两套厚度大的杂砾岩系,即长安组与南沱组,均由含砾泥质岩、含砾砂岩及其夹一些砂。泥岩组成。过去认为与冰川作用有关,称之为“冰碛层”等等。近年来,人们对其成因有所争议。笔者借实习之机,在该区对南沱组杂砾岩系进行野外与室内研究,根据其岩性特征、砾石成分,砾石形态和表面特征,以及其夹层沉积特征和粒度分析结果,认为这套杂岩系不仅具有冰川作用的痕迹,而且还有正常海洋沉积性质,它是由大陆冰川携带碎屑入海消融后迅速堆积,受重力等因素形成的泥石流沉积物,属冰融泥石流沉积。