虚拟现实的三维时态GIS模式研究

三维场景是三维地理信息系统中人机交互的主界面。本系统中包括地球和流域两个场景,其中流域的两大基本要素是地形和河道。系统将DEM地形和河网表达在三维场景中,通过读取连续时段的河网格网数据进行水流的动态演示,体现时态GIS的历史回溯性;同时与虚拟现实结合,在场景中实时增加模型,并可以对其选择,变换,删除等。最后实现了对地形任意点的位置查询和不同时刻河流各格网点的水位、流速和流向的查询等功能,具备良好的人机交互性。     

数字城市的三维景观系统构建

本文探讨了数字城市中三维景观的功能特性 ,分析了数字城市中三维景观系统构建的技术思路 ,讨论了三维景观系统构建过程中的一些关键技术 ,如景观背景变换、三维对象信息查询、天气效果的实现以及地形构建等。文章最后指出今后有待进一步解决的技术问题。     

一种单机多屏的时序三维地理场景同步可视化系统

三维地理场景的可视化是虚拟地理环境研究中展示各类复杂地学过程与现象的重要技术。目前,现实中地理场景大多具有复杂度高、规模大、交互性强等特点, 故采用传统的单个计算机单屏显示方式, 已无法满足用户对沉浸感、大视野、高分辨率的可视化应用需求, 而多屏显示技术是一个解决该问题的有效途径。本文以福建长汀县水土流失治理过程中植被覆盖变化为例, 开展了时序三维地理场景的单机多屏同步可视化技术和漫游系统研究。提出了系统的软件架构和开发流程, 并引入多线程同步机制, 实现了三视图场景的构建、三屏同步显示、三屏同步路径漫游、矢量图的差异符号化和三维场景实景图片嵌入播放等技术, 设计并实现了一个以单个计算机控制三个显示屏幕的时序同步可视化漫游系统。采用3 个时相的彩色遥感卫星影像,叠加数字高程模型形成反映不同时期水土流失程度变化的三维地理场景, 在水土流失治理过程成果展示中得到了应用。系统除了三维场景沉浸感强、震撼力大之外, 还具有动态变化、信息量大、表现力强等特点, 在地理场景动态可视化方面有独特的应用前景。     

Comparison between FLO-2D and Debris-2D on the application of assessment of granular debris flow hazards with case study

Numerical simulation has been widely applied to the assessment of debris flow hazards.In East Asia and especially Taiwan,the most widely used numerical programs are FLO-2D and Debris-2D.Although these two programs are applied to the same engineering tasks,they are different in many aspects.These two programs were compared according to their fundamental theories,input and output data,computational algorithms and results.Using both programs,the simulations of a real debris flow with abundant granular material induced by landslides at Xinfa village in southern Taiwan are performed for comparison.The simulation results show that Debris2D gives better assessment in hazard area delineating and flow depth predicting.Therefore,Debris-2D is better for simulation of granular debris flows.     

APPLICATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISULIZATION IN SIMULATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE EVOL VEMENT

The value of application of three-dimensional visualization and animation technique in dynamic simulation of geographical landscape formation is analyzed and, in particular, how to simulate the formation and evolvement of geographical landscape in temporal dimension is discussed thoroughly. Based on various modeling tools in 3DS MAX and original DEM data of the study area acquired from topographic map, real three-dimensional terrain model is generated by using the method of three-dimensional mesh approximation through DEM interpolating and surface modeling, which leads to the realization of the dynamic visualization and simulation of volcanic landscape, formation and evolvement. Furthermore, the dynamic three-dimensional visual virtual scenery of the formation and evolvement of the volcano in the Changbai Mountains of Jilin, China, is constructed. The applicability, potential, and corresponding technique of using 3DS MAX to dynamically simulate the formation of geographical landscape are expatiated.     

利用山东省第二次土地调查数据进行送电工程勘测设计

依据已有山东省第二次土地调查DOM和DEM数据,通过核线共线方程原理恢复生成大场景三维立体模型,然后进行架空送电线路路径优选、测量平断面图及外业采集交叉跨越和断面数据精确拟合等数据处理、进行三维漫游等,主要研究将测量标准4D数据应用到中架空送电工程勘测设计全过程中,该文通过工程实际应用,提出了应用方法及作业注意事项等。     

ArcGIS环境下DEM的坡长计算与误差分析

坡长是水土保持、土壤侵蚀和环境评价等研究中的基本因子。在GIS环境下,坡长的提取是基于格网DEM进行的,其结果受到DEM精度、DEM结构、流向提取算法和栅格距离计算方式的影响。在确定分辨率和精度的DEM下,坡长计算误差主要来自流向提取算法和栅格距离计算方式。本文对这两种DEM坡长计算误差源进行了详细的分析,指出集成到ArcGIS软件中的坡长计算模型D8存在较大缺陷,尽管栅格距离计算方式对坡长影响最大误差为8.9%,并可通过统计方式实现整体坡长的修正,但D8算法的单流向特性使得水流方向变得确定和不连续,进而导致坡面单元坡长产生较大误差,因此,利用D8算法进行数值模拟计算需要考虑其精度问题。同时应提高坡长计算的准确性,需要发展更为完善的流向计算方法和坡长计算模型。     

资源三号卫星DEM数据与全球开放DEM数据的误差对比

全球开放DEM数据为数字地形分析提供了重要数据源。与已有的全球开放DEM数据相比,资源三号卫星具有更高的空间分辨率、更大的覆盖范围和更好的现势性。将资源三号卫星生成的DEM数据与全球开放DEM数据进行误差对比则为基于资源三号卫星的全球DEM数据研制提供科学依据。本文以山西省中部太原市为研究区,基于高精度激光点云数据生成DEM为参考数据,对资源三号卫星影像生成的DEM数据与全球典型的开放DEM数据(AW3D30、SRTM1和ASTER GDEM)的误差进行了对比分析,并获得了其在不同坡度等级下绝对误差与相对误差的平均值、平均绝对值、均方根值和标准偏差值。研究结果表明:①4种DEM数据的误差分布均具有较好的对称性。同时,平均误差接近于0 m,SRTM1和ASTER GDEM数据更是如此。因此均方根误差值与标准偏差值近似一致;②资源三号DEM具有最高的精度,误差最小(均方根误差4.6 m)。其次为AW3D30数据(均方根误差5.6 m)和SRTM1数据(均方根误差8.8 m)。ASTER GDEM数据误差最大(均方根误差12.6 m),精度最差;③资源三号DEM、SRTM1和ASTER GDEM数据的误差均随坡度的变大而增大,而AW3D30数据误差随着坡度增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势。总体上,与其他3种DEM数据相比,资源三号DEM在所有坡度范围均具有最小的误差值。     

Case study of debris flow disaster scenario caused by torrential rain on Kiyomizu-dera,Kyoto, Japan - using Hyper KANAKO system

This paper presents debris-flow numerical simulations using the Hyper KANAKO system, developed by the authors. The system uses the debris flow simulator KANAKO 2D equipped with a graphical user interface (GUI); hence, a user can easily produce appropriate landform data for simulations using standard laser profiler data, and visualize the results using a GIS. Hyper KANAKO was applied to the streams around Kiyomizu-dera in Kyoto, Japan. Kiyomizu-dera is a famous temple in Japan which is visited by numerous tourists throughout the year. We simulated a disaster scenario of debris flow caused by torrential rain. We set the hydrograph using rainfall intensity data, and set the landform data using information from the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) and a digital elevation model (DEM). We evaluated different mesh sizes and also used a digital surface model (DSM) to consider the building heights. The simulation results showed that with small mesh size, the debris flow moved through the roads, which seems realistic for a disaster situation. When buildings were considered, the flow direction changed, and a 1-m flow depth, which was deeper than in other cases, appeared in the flow path. This may pose a dangerous situation for evacuations.     

基于Erdas和DirectX平台的三维景观建模与应用

三维GIS已成为当前地理信息系统研究的一个热点,而高分辨率卫星图像则是建设三维GIS的重要数据源。本文以IKONOS卫星图像立体像对为数据源,利用数字摄影测量的方法,开展目标地区的三维可视化信息提取,包括DEM生成、正射影像图制作,以及地面建筑物的三维信息和纹理图像的提取,然后,探讨应用ERDAS IMAGINE和3ds Max软件进行混合建模的技术方法,达到优势互补,完成地面建筑物的模型构建。最后,基于VC++6.0平台,结合DirectX软件开发包,综合利用多种技术自主开发构建目标地区的三维虚拟景观,实现地形地貌景观的浏览;进一步通过构建粒子系统对研究区冷却塔的烟雾效果进行模拟,通过加入生产环境和设施的各种影响因子模拟烟雾的变化,推理特定目标的生产活动状况,为项目的决策提供三维分析支持。     

Calculation of the ultimate depth of a scour pit after debris flow through drainage canal ribs

Drainage canals are engineering structures widely used for debris flow mitigation. When passing through a drainage canal, debris flow usually scours the gully bed at the back of the rib sill of the drainage canal, which leads to failure of the rib sill. Therefore, the scour depth at the back of the rib sill is an important design problem and it is related to the economic benefits of engineering and service years. To explore the law of the depth of the scour pit after debris flow through drainage canal ribs, we first proposed a formula for the calculation of the maximum scour depth at the back of a rib sill based on energy conservation. We then conducted a series of simulation experiments to test the proposed formula. The experimental results show that the scour depth, trench slope and the distance between ribs all increase with a decrease in debris flow density. We then compared the results of experiments and formula calculations. Through the testing analysis, we found that the calculation results of the conducted formula correspond with the experimental results better. Finally, taking Qipan Gully as an example, we designed the ultimate depth of a drainage canal for debris flow using the calculation formula.     

Virtual Huanghe River System： Framework and Technology

1 Introduction Huanghe (Yellow) River basin is located in 32°–42°N, 96°–119°E. The area of the catchment is more than 752,000km2. The river is 5464km long with a drop in elevation of 4830m. Among the whole area, the moun- tainous and stone area accounts for 29%, loess and hills area 46%, sandy area 11% and plain area 14%, respec- tively. Different natural landscapes exist in this area. The Huanghe River flows through the Loess Plateau, where the soil is eroded seriously (Wang, 2002;…     

四川省小流域泥石流危险性评价

泥石流危险性评价是泥石流防灾减灾的重要内容。本文以四川省为研究区,以DEM为数据源,通过提取水流方向,计算汇流累积量,实现四川省小流域划分。基于收集的已查明泥石流流域资料,分析了泥石流孕灾环境与成灾特点,选择流域高差、流域面积为指标,建立基于能量条件的潜势泥石流流域判识模型,对划分的小流域进行判识,识别出7798个小流域具备泥石流发生所需能量条件,面积为31.1×10⁴ km²,占四川省总面积的64.18 %。进而建立了泥石流危险性评价指标体系和可拓物元模型,开展了小流域泥石流危险性评价,划分了危险度等级,得到中度、高度、极高危险区的小流域个数分别为1946、1725和1002个,面积分别为9.1×10⁴、7.7×10⁴和3.4×10⁴ km²,中度以上危险区面积共20.2×10⁴ km2,占四川省总面积的41.67%。最后对评价结果可靠性和各等级泥石流危险区在各地市级行政区、各大流域的分布进行了分析。其结果对促进泥石流判识与危险性评价理论,区域泥石流防灾减灾与山区可持续发展等具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Prediction of debris-flow danger area by combining hydrological and inundation simulation methods

Debris flows have caused serious human casualties and economic losses in the regions strongly affected by the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 2008. Debris flow mitigation and risk assessment is a key issue for reconstruction.The existing methods of inundation simulation are based on historical disasters and have no power of prediction.The rain-flood method can not yield detailed flow hydrograph and does not meet the need of inundation simulation. In this paper,the process of water flow was studied by using the Arc-SCS model combined with hydraulic method,and then the debris flow runoff process was calculated using the empirical formula combining the result from Arc-SCS.The peak discharge and runoff duration served as input of inundation simulation. Then,the dangerous area is predicted using kinematic wave method and Manning equation.Taking the debris flow in Huashiban gully in Beichuan County,Sichuan Province,China on 24 Sep.2008 as example,the peak discharge of water flow and debris flow were calculated as 35.52 m3·s-1 and 215.66 m3·s-,with error of 4.15%compared to the measured values.The simulated area of debris-flow deposition was 161,500 m2,vs.the measured area of 144,097 m2,in error of 81.75%.The simulated maximum depth was 12.3 m,consistent with the real maximum depth between 10 and 15 m according to the field survey.The minor error is mainly due to the flow impact on buildings and variations in cross-section configuration.The present methodology can be applied to predict debris flow magnitude and evaluate its risk in other watersheds inthe earthquake area.     

正六边形格网DEM下的等高线生成算法及质量评价

正六边形格网由于各向同性、邻接等效、拟合精度高等优点,被作为规则格网DEM数据结构的格网单元,已应用到流向分析、谷地线提取等数字地形分析中,但是其质量检测评价仍没有得到很好的研究,DEM的质量直接影响到后续数据分析结果以及相关决策的正确性与可靠性。使用常规的方法如检查点法、剖面法只能在局部评价DEM的误差情况,无法全面的评价DEM的质量。而等高线能够反映地形地貌的整体情况,因此等高线回放法通过分析回放等高线的质量,进而检测评价DEM的质量,是评价DEM质量的一种相对全面准确的方法。因此,本文将顶点高差标记法应用到六边形DEM格网结构中,为正六边形规则格网DEM提出了一种等高线生成算法,并对正六边形格网DEM的数据质量进行评价和分析。首先,本文利用生成等高线拓扑正确性、与原始等高线贴合度以及弯曲特征保持情况3个指标以评价六边形格网结构下的基于顶点高差标记法所追踪的等高线,其具有无自相交等拓扑错误、与原始等高线贴合度高、弯曲特征保持情况良好等特点,证明了该算法的可行性。此外,本文将该生成方法应用到不同规则格网DEM质量对比中,即基于顶点高差标记方法分别生成四边形DEM和六边形DEM的等高线...     

中国大陆地区TanDEM-X 90 m DEM误差空间分布特征

TanDEM-X 90 m 数字高程模型（DEM）在其原始雷达影像的采集与DEM产品生产过程中,坡度、坡向和地表覆盖物等 因素都会对误差产生一定的影响。为了便于该数据更好地为各领域的研究提供服务,本文以整个中国大陆为研究区域,运用ICESat/GLA14数据对该区域的TanDEM-X 90 m DEM对应位置的高程数据进行提取统计,对比分析了我国陆地区域 TanDEM-X DEM数据与GLA14高程点数据的整体误差精度,并提取坡度、坡向地形因子,研究TanDEM-X 90 m DEM误差在不同坡度、不同坡向以及不同地表覆盖物影响下的分布规律。结果表明：① TanDEM-X 90 m DEM在中国区域整体的绝对误差均值为3.89 m,中误差为9.03 m,标准差为8.85 m; ② 受地形因子的影响,在坡度<3°时,绝对误差均值仅为1.29 m,标准差为2.84 m; 在坡度>25°时,绝对误差均值20 m以上,标准差也达到30 m左右,即误差随着坡度的上升逐渐增大;③ 坡向对误差也有一定影响,在南北方向的绝对误差均值明显比东西方向小;④ 受地表覆盖物影响较大,在荒地误差最小,绝对误差均值仅为 1.85 m,但在冰川积雪区绝对误差均值达到12.68 m。通过与无人机获取的等高线及剖面图对比分析发现,TanDEM-X 90 m DEM能较好地反映真实地形情况。最后,根据不同影响因素的权值,绘制全国范围的TanDEM-X 90 m DEM误差绝对值分布图,且验证了可靠性。     

一种采用SRTM DEM重构河床数字地形的方法

数字高程模型(DEM)包含的信息常作为重要的水文水动力研究基础数据,但是由于公共源DEM数据精度不能完整表达河床地形,所以无法应用于河流泛洪分析等研究工作.因此,本研究开展了基于DEM数据构建数字河床的工作,首先对提取的纵向河网高程数据引入了强局部加权回归算法进行平滑处理以消除畸点;然后以河面要素文件为掩膜,采用反距离...     

城市全空间三维模型数据一体化集成管理关键技术及应用

随着城市三维地质信息系统及其应用的快速发展,对地学数据的可视化表达精度的需求变得越来越高,但地质调查数据常具有多源、多维、海量、多专题、多尺度和多时态等特征,而三维数据存储、组织与管理己成为制约其发展的重要因素。因此如何高效管理并有效利用这些复杂且海量的地质数据去解决各种复杂的地质问题服务社会,成为了城市地质信息科学领域研究的热门方向。基于武汉市多要素城市地质调查全空间一张图的构建过程,从多源三维模型一体化融合管理与分布式存储、轻量级全空间三维模型构建、多源异构海量三维数据快速渲染和浏览器端三维模型分析及专业应用4个方面系统地探索了城市地质调查全空间一张图系统建设过程中的关键技术,并进行了应用实践。研究结果实现了城市级大规模高精度三维地质模型的高效集成,提高了多要素城市地质调查成果可视化的表达效果,为三维地质模型的应用奠定了坚实的基础。     

An experimental study: Integration device of Fiber Bragg grating and reinforced concrete beam for measuring debris flow impact force

The impact effect of boulder within debris flow is the key factor contributing to peak impact as well as to the failure of debris flow control work. So accurate measuring and calculating the impact force of debris flow can ensure the engineering design strength. However, limited to the existing laboratory conditions and piezoelectric sensor performance, it is impossible, based on the conventional measurements, to devise a computing method for expressing a reliable boulder impact force. This paper has therefore designed a new measurement device according to the method of integrating Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and reinforced concrete composite beam (RCB) for measuring the impact force of debris flows, i.e. mounting FBG on the axially stressed steel bar in the composite beam at regular intervals to monitor the steel strain. RCB plays the role of contacting debris flow and protecting FBG sensors. Taking this new device as the experimental object, drop testing is designed for simulating and reflecting the boulder impact force. In a series of impacting tests, the relationship between the peak dynamic strain value of the steel bar and the impact force is analyzed, and based on which, an inversion model that uses the steel bar strain as the independent variable is established for calculating the boulder impact force. The experimental results show that this new inversion model can determine the impact force value and its acting position with a system error of 18.1%, which can provide an experimental foundation for measuring the impact force of boulders within the debris flow by the new FBG-based device.     

Simulation of two-phase debris flow scouring bridge pier

Debris flows are typical two-phase flows, which commonly accompany erosion in mountainous areas, and may destroy bridge engineering by scouring. In this study, a physically-based two-phase model is applied for the simulation of debris flow scouring of bridge pier. In this model, the shear stress of debris flow on an erodible bed is considered to be a function of the solid shear stress, fluid shear stress, and volume fraction; accordingly, the erosion is incorporated into the two-phase model. Using a highaccuracy computational scheme based on the finite volume method, the model is employed for simulating a dynamic debris flow over an erodible bed. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental data, and verify the feasibility of the two-phase model. Moreover, a simple numerical test is performed to exhibit the fundamental behaviour of debris flow scouring of bridge pier, which shows that the degree of erosion on each side of the pier is higher compared to other areas. The scouring depth is influenced by the variations of solid volume fraction and velocity of debris flow and pier width.