Origin of beaded tafoni in cliffs of Danxia landscapes,Longhushan Global Geopark,South China

The tafoni that develop in sandstone cliffs have attracted the interest of both scientists and the general public. A necklace-like tafone system, referred to here as beaded tafoni, has developed in the prominent cliffs of the Danxia landscapes within the Longhushan Global Geopark in the subtropical zone of South China. This paper presents a new model of the formation of this system of extraordinary beaded tafoni. The cliffs of the Danxia landscapes of the study area are composed of an alluvial conglomerate (i.e., red beds). These Danxia landscapes have subrounded summits that are covered by vegetation and experience a nearly vertical water flow induced by gravity. Erosion and collapse of the outsized gravels and concentrated pebbles in the red beds give rise to the initial development of the beaded tafoni. The tafoni then become rounded and beaded as a result of reworking and decay by fluvial outwash. During storms, intense water flows run vertically down the cliffs and generate a whirling motion in the tafoni. Consequently, the inside walls of the tafoni gradually become wider and smoother. During the late development stage, the beaded tafoni tend to become indistinct or disappear because of the interconnection of the tafoni and subsequent merging with the bedding-controlled cavities.     

Origin of the Mushroom Stone Forest at the southeastern foot of the Little Sangpu Mountain in eastern Guangdong,China: A palaeo-sea-level indicator or not?

The Mushroom Stone Forest, which consists of granite boulders looking like mushrooms with flared sidewalls, is located in eastern Guangdong China, and is a famous scenic spot that draws many tourists each year. The Mushroom Stone Forest has been traditionally recognized as a collection of wave erosion landforms and used for the reconstruction of palaeo-sea-level changes along the coastal areas of eastern Guangdong in previous coastal researches. By combining in situ measurements of the aspect,vertical profile and height of boulder sidewalls,palaeo-coastal wave direction estimation, rock density determination, major elemental analysis, and petrographic thin section analysis, this paper presents an alternative origin for the Mushroom Stone Forest.Our results suggest that wave or wind erosion cannot offer a satisfactory explanation for the formation of the Mushroom Stone Forest; The boulders that make up the Mushroom Stone Forest originated from the corestones in the granite weathering crusts of the Little Sangpu Mountain; When the debris of the weathering crust was removed, the corestones are perched on rocky outcrops or half-buried by weathering debris beneath the natural land surface;The flared sidewall (concave vertical profile) of the boulders is a particular form developed in the foot zone of a half-buried boulder through increased chemical weathering beneath the land surface. A recent exposed half-buried boulder found in the study area provides convincing evidence to support this argument. Sea water reached the foot of the Sangpu Mountain during the Holocene transgression, but it merely provided a mechanism to erode the weathering debris from the bottom of the mushroom rocks and enhanced salt weathering that created tafoni on the boulders. These findings demonstrate that the boulders of the Mushroom Stone Forest are not sea stacks and cannot be served as a palaeo-sea-level indicator.     

贵州织金新华磷矿区风化磷块岩形成条件及风化淋滤富集机制初步研究

贵州织金新华磷矿是我国西南地区著名的超大型含稀土低品位磷矿床, 矿床平均品位w(P₂O₅)为17.22%, 已探明磷矿石储量13.48亿t, 稀土资源量350万t。近年研究发现, 新华磷矿矿石品位的波动变化与风化淋滤富集作用关系密切。为了进一步阐明风化淋滤作用对磷矿元素地球化学的影响及磷矿的次生富集规律, 以戈仲伍矿段为重点研究对象, 对含磷岩系开展了野外观察描述, 应用连续敲块法采集化学分析样品19件, 运用光学显微镜进行岩矿鉴定样品16件, 并对样品进行了岩石成分鉴定及综合研究工作。研究结果表明, 风化磷矿中w(P₂O₅)比原生磷矿提高了8%~18%, w(MgO)比原生磷矿降低了4%~7%, 风化强度处于弱到成熟阶段。织金新华风化磷矿的形成受到岩性条件、地质构造、水文条件等因素控制。本研究可以为深入研究该矿床的次生风化成矿作用对磷矿石化学成分的影响及为新的矿产研究提供资料, 为丰富我国风化淋积型磷矿床的成矿理论提供新认识, 为该矿区风化磷矿资源的合理开发利用提供理论指导。      

温度场和渗流场耦合对恐龙化石风化破坏的影响

在恐龙化石经受风化破坏过程中,温度和水是起作用的两大主要因素。为了深入探讨恐龙化石风化破坏机理,有效、科学、合理地保护恐龙化石,该文将恐龙化石及围岩作为岩体,运用岩体水力学研究中温度场与渗流场之间的耦合关系,研究温度和水在恐龙化石风化破坏过程中的内在机制。通过建立温度场与渗流场数值模型,模拟温度场与渗流场在恐龙化石风化过程中的相互作用,定性分析了温度与水相互作用对化石风化的破坏机理。     

四川广元千佛崖石窟造像表面风化的环境地质问题分析

采用温湿度测试、石窟造像渗水实验、石窟造像吸水的红外成像、岩石特征分析等手段,对四川广元千佛崖石窟造像表面及其周围环境进行监测,以及对石窟造像岩石特征进行分析.结果表明:进深较大的窟室内外存在2℃～4℃的温差,岩石0～40 mm深度范围内温度与外界气温存在显著相关性;石窟造像岩石主要成分为长石、石英、黑云母及黏土矿物,...     

火山碎屑岩储层特征及敏感性——以塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷为例

为了研究火山碎屑岩的储层特征及储层敏感性机理,以塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷铜钵庙组)南屯组火山碎屑岩为对象,运用普通薄片、铸体薄片和扫描电镜等技术,结合储层敏感性实验资料,根据《储层敏感性流动实验评价方法》(SY/T5358-2002),分析火山碎屑岩储层特征及其水敏、盐敏、速敏、碱敏、酸敏的特征和形成机理.结果表明:岩石类型包括凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩和凝灰质砂(砾)岩,主要敏感性黏土矿物有蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊/蒙混层,属于中低孔特低渗型储层;水敏性强弱与岩石类型关系密切,凝灰质砂(砾)岩水敏为中等偏强)强,凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩水敏为中等偏弱)中等偏强;盐敏程度绝大多数为中等偏强,临界盐度为5.126g/L;速敏为中等偏弱)弱速敏;碱敏为中等偏弱)中等偏强碱敏,临界碱度为7.43;酸敏程度范围较广;水敏程度与黏土矿物总量呈正相关;酸敏程度主要受绿泥石含量影响,酸敏指数与绿泥石含量呈正相关.该研究可为火山碎屑岩油气勘探提供借鉴.     

Weathering of pisha-sandstones in the wind-water erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau

Two types of pisha-sandstones of purple sandstones and gray sandstones, widely distributing in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of China, were selected and used in laboratory experiments for a better understanding of the drying-wetting-freezing weathering process resulting from the apportionment of water or salt solution to rock samples. Weathering experiments were carried out under the conditions of environment control （including temperature, moisture and salt solution）. All rock samples were frequently subjected to 140 drying-wetting-freezing cycles. The influences of weathering process were evaluated. It was found that the different treatments of moisture and salt solution applications could affect the nature of the weathering products resulting from drying-wetting-freezing. It was also observed that salt solution could effectively alleviate the weathering of pisha-sandstones. Although not all the observations could be explained, it was apparent that simulated environmental factors had both direct and indirect effects on the weathering of rocks.     

Formation and evolution of Emeishan basalt saprolite in vadose zones of Touzhai landslide source rockmass

In order to explain the formation process of slope hazards, and to identify the key factors leading to instability of a slope, Emeishan basalt saprolite in vadose zones of the Touzhai landslide in Zhaotong, Yunnan, was studied. The formation and evolution of Emeishan basalt saprolite was examined using, amongst other techniques, field investigations, thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, chemical analysis, physical and water-physical property tests of rock masses. Field observations revealed that the majority of the weathered rock blocks were presented as a concentric layer structure in which an internal corestone was enveloped with several layers of external saprolized crust. Chemical and mineralogical analysis identified that iron was the most sensitive element and that the weathering progress usually started with the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ in rock blocks. Alkaline elements such as Si, Ca, Mg, Na and K were also dissolved and Fe and Al were concentrated in saprolized crusts. Results indicated that loss on ignition (LOI) also increased significantly. SEM results showed that the weathering intensity of the basalt blocks decreased gradually from the outside to the inside, and the mineral morphology significantly differed on both sides of the weathering front. The saprolized crusts presented cellular microstructure features due to the generation of micropore and clay minerals. Thin section analysis showed that plagioclase was relatively more stable than pyroxene and chlorite during weathering. With a centripetal propagation of the weathering front, saprolized crusts became thicker and corestones became smaller; fresh Emeishan basalt blocks gradually turned into saprolized blocks. Due to the loose structure and low strength of saprolite, the quality of the Emeishan basalt mass significantly deteriorated, this being a potentially important factor which caused the Touzhai landslide to occur.     

Evolution of the Late Cretaceous Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in Jiangxi Province,southeast China: insights from sedimentary facies analysis and pebble counting

The Gan-Hang Belt in Southeast China is characterized by several igneous and siliciclastic basins associated with crustal extension during Late Mesozoic. The sedimentary evolution of the red basins is still poorly understood. In this study, sedimentary facies analysis and pebble counting were performed on outcrop sections of the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group in the Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in central Jiangxi Province. Thirty-five conglomerate outcrops were chosen to measure pebble lithology, size, roundness, weathering degree and preferred orientation. Results show that gravels are mostly fine to coarse pebbles and comprise dominantly quartzites, metamorphic rocks, granitoids and sandstones. Rose diagrams based on imbricated pebbles indicate variable paleocurrent directions. Combining with typical sedimentary structures and vertical successions, we suggest that the Guifeng Group were deposited in alluvial fan, river and playa lake depositional systems. The proposed depositional model indicates that the Hekou Formation represents the start-up stage of the faulted basin, accompanied by sedimentation in alluvial fan and braided river environments. Then this basin turned into a stable expansion stage during the deposition of the Tangbian Formation. Except for minor coarse sediments at the basin margin, the other area is covered with fine-grained sediments of lake and river environments. The Lianhe Formation, however, is once again featured by conglomerates, suggesting a probable tectonic event. Therefore, the study region possibly suffered two tectonic events represented by the conglomerates of the Hekou and Lianhe formations in the context of the crustal extension in Southeast China.     

Geological analysis of gravitational rock slope deformation: a case from Nujiang River,China

This paper presents a study on the gravity-induced rock slope deformation observed along the Nujiang River in China. We performed a comprehensive field investigation and analysis to identify the deformation pattern of the slope and its triggering factors. Moreover, a geological-evolutionary model was developed, and it considers the effects of river incision and rock mass degradation caused by weathering and simulates the mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the slope deformation. The results support the proposed failure mechanism in which fractures within the slope are induced by rock mass degradation caused by weathering. Importantly, the modeling reveals that compressional deformation at the toe of the slope results in a tensile failure in the upper portion of the slope, demonstrating that the rock mass in the slope toe is the key factor inducing slope deformation. This analysis of slope deformation and its spatial and temporal correlations with rock weathering and river incision reveal the main triggering factors that control the evolution of the studied slope and provide insights into the deformation process.     

影响恐龙化石及围岩风化破坏的主要因素及风化机理研究

导致恐龙化石及围岩风化破坏的因素十分复杂,其自身的物质组成、结构构造、胶结物的类型等内部因素决定了其抵御风化破坏的能力。化石及围岩的物理化学成分越稳定、结构构造越致密完整,其抗风化能力就越强。气温的反复变化以及各种气体、盐类、水溶液和生物的活动等外部因素,是促使恐龙化石或围岩发生风化破坏的直接的原因。这些风化包括物理风化、化学风化和生物风化。它们使组成化石或围岩的矿物成分发生分解、结构构造发生变化,使化石或围岩由整块变成碎块,由坚硬变得疏松,甚至化学成分也发生改变,从而造成了化石或围岩的风化破坏。     

南方结晶岩区天然矿泉水水文地球化学过程研究——以广东省中山市为例

广东省中山市结晶岩地区富含优质的低钠低矿化度偏硅酸型矿泉水.本文基于区域地质背景及主要水体的水化学测试结果,对该地区的天然矿泉水开展了水文地球化学过程研究,包括水文地球化学特征分析、主要成分来源分析、矿泉水年龄分析以及水化学的反向模拟等.对比分析结果显示:结晶岩区的矿泉水与普通民井水和河湖水等具有近似的形成条件,但硫酸...     

武汉两湖隧道岩溶水系统结构及水循环规律

武汉市两湖隧道是国内最长、世界规模最大的城市湖底隧道,其东湖段穿越岩溶区,识别其岩溶水系统结构对隧道建设和运营安全具有重要意义。为查明区内岩溶水系统结构及水循环特征,综合利用地质及水文地质勘探、水文地球化学分析等方法刻画了岩溶含水系统边界,总结了岩溶发育规律,识别了洞穴沉积物来源,分析了岩溶水与孔隙水和地表水之间的水力联系,探讨了岩溶水循环模式。结果表明：研究区可划分为南北2个岩溶含水系统,北段岩溶含水系统的岩溶发育程度强于南段岩溶含水系统,北段和南段岩溶含水系统由断层带连通而具有统一的水力联系。洞穴沉积物主要来源于第四系残积层和洞穴围岩风化。第四系冲洪积层孔隙水与下伏岩溶水的水力联系较弱,而第四系残积层孔隙水与下伏岩溶水的联系紧密。本研究利用多种技术方法精细刻画湖底隧道的岩溶水系统结构,可服务于隧道工程的涌突水风险评价和安全施工。     

诸城西北部碎屑岩类孔隙水裂隙水水文地质特征

中生代白垩纪砖红色、紫红色砂岩、砂页岩致密、较坚硬,一直被水文地质工作者视为弱富水岩层。该文以诸城西北部中生界白垩纪红砂岩碎屑岩类孔隙、裂隙水为研究对象,在现场调查、取样化验、水文地质钻探、抽水试验的基础上,对区内碎屑岩类孔隙、裂隙水水环境进行了初步研究。结果显示,区内碎屑岩类孔隙、裂隙水总体富水性较差,孟疃-贾悦断裂北侧受构造及阻水地层影响,形成一个带状富水区;景芝-贾悦断裂和吴家楼断裂组交会地带,受多条断裂多次强烈活动,形成断裂破碎带,形成构造富水区。地下水质量较原来趋于变差,NO_3~-呈面状污染。     

喀斯特地区不同岩土组构对岩溶碳通量的影响

我国南方喀斯特地区岩石裸露率高、土层浅薄且分布不均,这种特殊的岩土组构如何影响水文过程对于准确估算岩溶碳通量具有重要意义。水化学径流法是计算流域尺度岩溶碳通量的常用方法,其中流域面积和流量作为2个重要参数在喀斯特地区往往难以准确获取。在普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站设计了一组岩土比(1:1和4:1)和一组土层厚度(5,20,100 cm)共计5种岩土组构的模拟试验场。通过一个完整水文年的流量和水化学监测,定量研究了岩石裸露率和土层厚度对水文过程以及岩溶碳通量的影响。研究结果表明,5个模拟试验场岩溶碳通量平均值为(17±3) gC/m2/a,受渗漏量控制,雨季(5-10月)约占95%;岩石裸露率(2组岩土组构之间)对渗漏量的影响可达14%,且随着岩石裸露率增加,入渗系数也相应增加;土层厚度对渗漏量的影响仅在1%~2%之间。此外,对8个野外流域观测数据的分析发现,入渗系数与岩溶碳通量的相关性最为显著,说明入渗系数是喀斯特地区不同岩土组构地质背景影响和控制岩溶碳通量的主要因素,同时这种影响可能随降雨量变化而变化,即入渗系数并非常数。      

济南市南部山区水井北村滑坡成因机制及稳定性研究

2019年8月,济南市南部山区水井北村发生滑坡地质灾害。根据水井北村滑坡的地质背景,针对性布置物探、钻探等勘查手段,研究滑坡工程地质特征,分析水井北村滑坡类型及发生的地质成因机制;采用刚体极限平衡分析法,研究水井北村滑坡整体稳定性。研究认为断裂发育、岩层风化、地势、浅层含水层受降雨影响,是水井北村地质灾害点具备滑坡发生的内在条件。降雨和泉水入渗、耕植等行为是滑坡发生的外在条件。水井北村山体滑坡在天然条件下,稳定系数平均值为1.033,整体属欠稳定状态。暴雨状态下,稳定系数平均值为0.903,坡体处于不稳定状态。     

福建永安地区网纹红土粒度特征及其成因指示意义

为了探讨首次在闽西发现的网纹红土的成因,采用将永安地区网纹红土的粒度实验结果与典型风成沉积物、现代河流沉积物以及其他地区的网纹红土相对比的方法,对位于闽西永安地区的网纹红土剖面进行了粒度分析。结果表明:永安地区网纹红土以粉砂级组分为主,黏粒组分次之,砂级组分最少,全部样品属于黏土质粉砂;剖面从上到下粉砂级组分、黏粒组分逐渐增多,砂级组分明显逐渐减少;10~50 μm粒组体积分数均值为29.71%,远低于典型风成沉积物;沉积物岩性三角图、粒度参数特征、粒度参数散点图、M_z-A图和M_z-L图以及频率曲线显示永安地区网纹红土不是风积成因,但也不是典型的冲积成因;判别函数结果均为正值,显示了水成成因;永安地区网纹红土的成因是两方面的,为冲积成因下经过强烈化学风化作用的产物,福建其他地区、江西泰和以及广东东江一级阶地的网纹红土也具有相同成因。研究结果进一步明确了福建省境内网纹红土的分布,同时更深入理解与认识了网纹红土的成因。      

山东张宝庄铁矿水文地质特征研究

张宝庄铁矿矿床位于当地侵蚀基准面以下,呈似层状,倾角多在45°以上,埋深20～888m。对矿区3个主要含水层及其之间的水力联系进行分析,这3个含水层分别为第四纪全新世冲洪积孔隙水含水层、基岩风化裂隙水含水层和泰山岩群变质岩构造裂隙水含水层,各含水层之间水力联系较弱。另外还研究了矿床充水因素、预测矿床正常涌水量和最大涌水量,在此基础上划分该矿区水文地质条件为中等类型。     

胶东半岛变质岩区基岩裂隙水形成机理及其开发利用

胶东半岛三面环海,地形起伏较平缓,大部分处于海拔500米以下,属于低山丘陵区。本区由于长期隆起和剥蚀,古生界地层缺失,前寒武纪变质岩及火成岩大片出露,断裂发育,这对本区地下水的赋存和运移影响较大。大气降水是本区地下水的主要补给来源,地下水径流和排泄条件良好,大理岩类为主要含水层,在地质、水文地质条件综合因素的作用下,构成了典型的变质岩区基岩裂隙水。     

恐龙化石风化效应的TM耦合分析研究

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