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1.
2018年1月,利用颗粒物采样器采集武汉市大气PM2.5样品并进行水溶性无机离子(F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)的分析.结果表明,NO3-、SO42-、NH4+是PM2.5中最主要的3种水溶性无机离子,除Mg2+与Ca2+外,PM2.5与WSⅡs (水溶性无机离子)之间的相关性显著,且移动源贡献占主导地位.阴阳离子平衡表明武汉市冬季灰霾期PM2.5呈中性或弱酸性.通过混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模式模拟并采用分层聚类得出了4种主要的后向气流轨迹及相应的PM2.5和水溶性离子浓度,结果表明区域传输对此次灰霾期影响较大. 相似文献
2.
本文利用气体组分及大气气溶胶在线监测系统(MARGA ADI 2080)观测武汉市2018年1月9—26日大气气溶胶中的8种水溶性离子(NH+4、NO-3、SO2-4、Cl-、K+、Ca2+、Na+和Mg2+),结合气象要素数据,使用主成分分析(PCA)、正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、潜在源区贡献(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT),对霾污染过程中水溶性离子进行了全面的来源解析,探究了霾不同阶段下来源差异和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)本次霾污染中的8种水溶性离子和4种污染气体,PCA解析出的源和占比分别为二次源和燃煤源的混合源(41.28%)、工业排放和土壤扬尘混合源(27.73%)和机动车排放源(9.63%),PMF解析出的源和占比分别为燃煤与土壤扬尘混合源(18.57%)、机动车排放源(20.74%)、二次源(18.30%)、光化学污染源(22.24%)和燃煤源(20.15%)。(2)霾在不同阶段下水溶性离子和4种污染气体的来源存在差异,在清洁天和霾消散阶段,光化学的贡献最高,占比分别为31.42%和36.07%;在霾发生阶段燃煤与土壤扬尘源的贡献最高,其贡献为40.94%;在霾发展阶段,最大的控制源为二次源,贡献占比为37.51%。(3)此次武汉市霾污染中PM2.5浓度和NH+4、NO-3和SO2-4的潜在源区为皖豫鄂三省和赣湘鄂三省交界处。霾污染中PM2.5的主要影响范围是武汉市南部和北部省份,NO-3、NH+4和SO2-4的主要影响区域为武汉市东北方向的城市、湖南省和江西省。 相似文献
3.
2014年3月13日至4月20日在福建三明市利用PM2.5中流量采样器采集大气中PM2.5膜样品,测定了PM2.5的质量浓度,并用热/光碳分析仪和离子色谱分析了其组分变化特征.结果表明,三明市观测期间PM2.5的平均质量浓度为73.61±0.73 μg/m3,有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的平均质量浓度分别为7.26±1.00和5.63±0.27 μg/m3,水溶性离子中SO42-、NH4+、NO3-和Na+的质量浓度分别为18.08±12.19、4.18±3.56、2.77±1.16和2.73±0.23 μg/m3,总和占总水溶性离子的87.76%.结合后向轨迹分析了福建三明市的污染物来源特征.该地区OC/EC的平均比值小于2,SOC(二次有机碳)生成量很少,主要以一次有机污染物为主,OC、EC与K+的相关性分析表明OC、EC与K+的来源相近,可以判断OC、EC绝大部分来源是生物质燃烧产生的污染物.在水溶性离子分析中,观测期间NO3-/SO42-为0.159±0.02,表明三明市主要以固定源为主,机动车辆等移动源贡献较少. 相似文献
4.
THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY AT THE CHINESE GREAT WALL STATION, ANTARCTICA IN 1998*
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TANG Jie YU Xiaolan SHI Yufeng CHENG Hongbing WANG Guogui 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2003,17(3):364-375
This paper reports the analysis results (including pH,conductivity and ion concentrations) of the precipitation samples collected at the Chinese Great Wall Station,Antarctica (62°13'S, 58°58'W,ASL10.0 m) in 1998.The average pH value and conductivity were 5.62 and 85.16 μS/cm,respectively.The pH value and conductivity of precipitation were higher during autumn, but lower during other seasons.The major ions in the precipitation were Cl- and Na+,followed by SO42-,Mg2+,Ca2+,K+,NO3-,NH4+ with the lower concentrations in order.The positive correlation significantly existing between the major ions,except NO3- and NH4+,indicated that those major ions might come from same sources.The fact that the relative abundances of ions in precipitation were very close to that of seawater of Antarctic Ocean indicated that marine aerosol was the dominant source of the ions of precipitation.However,there were yet other sources which may contribute to Ca2+ ion in the precipitation.The precipitation at the area was characterized by marine type chemically. 相似文献
5.
2010年11月16日至12月17日在南京、常州、苏州三城市设置采样点,24 h采集大气PM2.5样品,并测定其水溶性无机离子和元素的浓度,在此基础上讨论PM2.5及无机组分的时空分布特征。结果表明,采样期间,PM2.5污染较严重,且苏州最重,常州次之,南京最轻,南京、苏州、常州日均浓度分别是国家二级标准(75 μg/m3)的1.44、2.32、1.53倍;三市PM2.5离子组分中,阴离子均以SO42-和NO3-为主,阳离子以Ca2+和Mg2+为主;苏州Na+和Cl-之间的相关性较高,其受到海盐输送影响较大;三城市PM2.5中Ca是最主要元素,Al次之。运用主成分法分析南京、常州和苏州PM2.5的来源可知,三城市PM2.5受多个污染源影响,包括生物质燃烧、地表扬尘、五金工业及汽车尾气排放等。 相似文献
6.
2009年冬季在南京北郊进行24 h采样,运用离子色谱法研究大气PM10中水溶性阴离子的分布特征。结果表明:PM10中阴离子的平均总质量浓度在白天和夜间分别为658.21、622.84 μg/m3;PM2.1则分别为337.86、319.97 μg/m3,阴离子主要存在于细粒子中;主要水溶性阴离子均为SO42-,且海盐对南京北郊大气PM10和PM2.1中的SO42-质量浓度影响很小。SO42-、Cl-和F-粒径谱分布相似,均呈双模态;NO3-和NO2-主要呈现单模态。SO42-与NO3-、F-与NO3-、SO42-与Cl-的相关系数均大于0.8,相关显著,说明其存在一定的同源性。NO3-/SO42-的平均值在白天、夜间分别为0.058 2、0.048 4,说明南京北郊大气污染以固定源为主。分析NO3-、SO42-前体物的转化率知道,采样期间SOR和NOR的平均值均大于10%,即SO42-部分来源于SO2的二次转化,而不是单一来源于一次污染物。 相似文献
7.
以榆林飞播林区的土壤微生物、土壤养分和土壤可溶性盐为研究对象,对林区土壤可溶性盐的变化规律及其与土壤养分、微生物的相关性进行研究,为水土资源可持续利用以及飞播造林功效的提高提供理论依据.研究表明,研究区土壤属硫酸盐型,土壤层分异特征不显著,土壤仍处于初级发育阶段.土壤总盐与养分的相关性不明显,适当增加K+利于真菌的存活和生物量的积累,在1 kg土壤中,每增加1 g K+,真菌数量就会增加14个左右.在土层表层,适量减少Cl-能促进土壤细菌的生长,在40 cm土层的盐分上行过程中出现表聚现象,在土壤中层,出现板结现象,在土壤底层,HCO3-和Na+质量分数的增加,有利于土壤全氮质量分数的增加,且HCO3-的影响力最强. 相似文献
8.
基于2016年11月24日—12月23日南京市草场门站、鼓楼站和仙林站的强化试验观测资料,分析了城市和郊区主要大气污染物的时空变化特征及其与气象要素的相互关系。研究发现:观测期间南京PM2.5、PM10、NO2、O3、CO、SO2月均质量浓度分别为52.84~84.34 μg·m-3、88.36~120.34 μg·m-3、49.98~51.66 μg·m-3、24.85~50.57 μg·m-3、0.99~1.2 mg·m-3和22.1~26.48 μg·m-3;近地面,城市大气污染物质量浓度高于郊区,其中城市O3比郊区高61.0%;在城市地区,除NO2和CO外,鼓楼站大气污染物质量浓度高于草场门站,其中鼓楼站PM2.5比草场门站高42.7%;PM2.5小时质量浓度最大为210.93 μg·m-3,重污染过程出现时风速较低、温度较高,郊区PM10、PM2.5、NO2质量浓度呈现高值时的最频风向为南风,O3和SO2质量浓度呈现高值时的最频风向分别为西风和西南风,所以郊区大气污染受城市输送影响。利用HYSPLIT模式研究发现12月4—8日和16—20日的污染气团分别来自西部和北方地区,聚类分析发现12月影响南京市的污染气团45%来自西部地区且移动速度较快,55%来自北方地区且移动速度较慢。由此可见,南京市冬季出现的大气污染,其形成不仅与本地排放和局地气象条件有关,而且西部和北方地区的远距离输送也会造成影响。 相似文献
9.
Samples of fog water collected in the area of Guangzhou during February, March and April of
2005 are used in this work to study the chemical composition of fog water in polluting fog there. Three
typical episodes of polluting fog are analyzed in terms of ionic concentration and their possible sources. It
is found that the concentration of various ions in fog water is much higher than those in rainwater. Fog not
only blocks visual range but contains liquid particles that result in high degree of pollution and are very
harmful to human health. SO4= is the anion with the highest concentration in fog water, followed by NO3-.For the cation, Ca++ and NH4+ are the highest in concentration. It is then known that rainwater is more
acidic than fog water, indicating that ionic concentration of fog water is much higher than that of rainwater,
but there are much more buffering materials in fog water, like NH4+ and Ca++. There is significant
enrichment of Ca++, SO4=, and Mg++ in fog water. In the Guangzhou area, fog water from polluting fog is
mainly influenced continental environment and human activity. The episodes of serious fog pollution
during the time have immediate relationships with the presence of abundant water vapor and large amount
of polluting aerosol particles. 相似文献
10.
通过采集武汉市土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘、城市扬尘、餐饮源、生物质燃烧源、工业煤烟尘和电厂煤烟尘等7类源样品,并分析其碳组分、水溶性离子组分和无机元素组分,建立PM10和PM2.5源成分谱.研究表明,地壳元素Si、Ca、Al以及Fe等是土壤风沙尘的主要特征组分,其中Si是含量最高的成分,也是土壤风沙尘的标识组分.无组织建筑水泥尘中Si和Ca元素含量较高,将Ca元素作为无组织建筑水泥尘区别其他源类的重要元素,而有组织建筑水泥尘中OC、SO42-含量比无组织建筑水泥尘高.城市扬尘中Ca的含量相对较高,表明城市扬尘受到建筑水泥尘影响较多.生物质燃烧源成分谱中OC的含量远高于成分谱中其他组分,另外Cl-和K的平均含量也较高,K一般为生物质源的特征元素. 相似文献
11.
Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Miaoyun Zhang Shijie Wang Fengchang Wu Xianghong Yuan Ying Zhang 《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):311-322
A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of wet precipitation was carried out from January 2004 to December 2004 in Jinhua, southeastern China's Zhejiang Province. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+). The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH of 4.54, which ranged from 3.64 to 6.76. SO42− and NO3− were the main anions, while NH4+ and Ca2+ were the main cations. The concentrations of these major ions were generally higher compared to those reported in other parts of the world, but much lower than those in northern China.Wet deposition fluxes of major ions showed pronounced seasonal variations with maximum in spring and minimum in autumn. Significant correlations were found in soil-derived species among Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and sea-salt species between Na+ and Cl−. Other relatively good correlations were also observed between Ca2+ and SO42-, Mg2+ and SO42-, Mg2+ and NO3−, Mg2+ and Cl−. Principal component analysis was also performed on individual precipitation to find possible sources of the major ionic species. Varimax rotated four components accounting for 85.9% of the total variance, and were interpreted as acid and alkaline pollutants, sea spray and mixed source, soil and acid/neutralization. Calculation of enrichment factors for rainwater components relative to soil and seawater indicated that Ca2+ and K+ mainly originated from the terrestrial source, and SO42- and NO3− were mostly attributed for the anthropogenic activities in the study area. In general, the results suggested that precipitation chemistry is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources rather than natural and marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater were mainly derived from long distance transport, local industry and traffic sources. 相似文献
12.
In this study, variations of the chemical composition of precipitation in Nanjing, China, over a 12-year period (1992–2003) are presented. The average annual concentration of pH value was 5.15, ranging from 4.93 to 5.36, and there was no significant trend in the acidity of precipitation. SO42−, Cl− and NO3− were the main anions, while Ca2+, NH4+ and Mg2+ were the main cations. The concentrations of these main ions were very high compared to those reported in many other areas around the world. Most of the ions came from anthropogenic and crustal sources. High correlations were found among dust-derived cations Ca2+, Mg2+and K+, between Cl− and SO42−, between Cl− and NH4+ and between acidic anions and dust-derived cations, such as SO42− and Ca2+, SO42− and K+, Cl− and Ca2+, Cl− and K+, F− and Mg2+ and F− and K+. A significant decreasing trend was observed in concentration of SO42− because of the abatement strategies for SO2 emissions and energy policy change, while a significant increasing trend was found in the contribution of NO3− to acidification due to the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles. A significant decreasing trend was found in dust-derived cation Ca2+ due to more stringent controls of industrial dust emissions and rapid urbanization reducing the amount of open land, while the contribution of NH4+ to neutralization increased relatively. 相似文献
13.
Precipitation Chemistry in the Sahelian Savanna of Niger, Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Within the framework of the IDAF (IGAC DEBITS AFRICA) network, we present in this paper data on precipitation and aerosol chemistry in the semiarid savanna of the Sahelian region of Niger. An automatic wet-only precipitation collector was operated at the Banizoumbou station during the entire 1996 rainy season (June to September 1996). Inorganic (Na+, NH
4
+
, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
) and organic contents of the precipitation (HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH) were determined by Ion Chromatography (IC) in 29 rainfall events. Once per week, bulk particle samples were collected on the same site, and soluble water material was determined by IC. We examined the influence of atmospheric gas and particle sources on the precipitation and aerosol chemical contents. We established the influence of marine, terrigenous, and biogenic sources in the Sahelian region. The terrigenous signature is dominant and related to Sahelian soil erosion, with a high calcium content in precipitation (31.2 eq L-1) and in aerosols (1.8 g m-3). Two other signatures of atmospheric sources are highlighted by the relatively high nitrogenous (ammonium and nitrate) and organic contents (formate, acetate) in the precipitation. Ammonium (12.9 eq L-1) and nitrate (12.3 eq L-1) contents confirm respectively the biogenic source of ammonia released by domestic animal excreta in Niger and the natural emissions from semiarid savannas soils, perturbed by wild or domestic animal grazing. In spite of a high potential acidity given by nitrate, formate and acetate; a weak acidity (H+ (2.1 eq L-1) is calculated from the mean pH of 5.67 measured. A statistical analysis of the aerosol chemical composition clearly indicates that nitrates are strongly correlated at the 1% level with terrigenous ions, i.e., Ca2+ and Mg2+ (0.95 < r < 1). We observed a similar relationship between all the terrigenous ions and nitrate in the precipitation. In the Sahelian region, alkaline soil dust representative of the terrigenous contribution interact, with gaseous nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds, leading to the neutralization of acid gases and subsequent weak acidity in precipitation. Finally, taking into account the main chemical characteristics of Banizoumbou precipitations and aerosols, which demonstrate the importance of heterogeneous and multiphase chemical processes, we propose a conceptual model of the atmospheric chemistry in the Sahelian region. 相似文献
14.
Abhijit Chatterjee Achutan Jayaraman T. Narayana Rao Sibaji Raha 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,66(1-2):27-40
The temporal variation in concentrations of major water soluble ionic species has been studied from several rain events occurred over Gadanki (13.5 °N, 79.2 °E), located in tropical semi arid region in southern India. The contribution from rain-out (in cloud) and wash-out (below cloud) processes to the total removal of ionic species by rain events is also estimated using the pattern of variations of ionic species within an individual event. A number of rain samples were collected from each rain event during June–November in 2006, 2007 and 2008. On average, nearly 20% of the total NH 4 + and non-sea SO 4 2? is removed by in-cloud scavenging, suggesting that their removal by “below cloud” washout is relatively dominant. In contrast Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NO 3 ? and sea-SO 4 2? are mainly removed by below-cloud scavenging or wash-out process. A significant variation in the acidity was observed within rain events with successive precipitation showing higher acidity at the final stage of the precipitation due to partial neutralization of non-sea SO 4 2? . Overall, greater influence of both terrestrial and anthropogenic sources is recorded in the rain events compared to that from marine sources. 相似文献
15.
The results presented are the first complete analysis of inorganic soluble ions in a tropical savannah region. Atmospheric particles were collected in six rural Venezuelan savannah sites. Concentrations and size distribution of NO3
–, SO4
2-, CI–, PO4
3-, NH4
+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were determined in samples collected with Hi Vol samplers equipped with five-stage cascade impactors. Concentrations were higher in the dry season, with a maximum during the burning periods. Using Na+ as a reference, the results show a deficit of Cl– and, with the exception of Mg2+, an enrichment of all other ions with respect to marine aerosols. Significant variations were observed in particle-size distribution between different periods. Various pairs of ions present similar size distributions: SO4
2- and NH4
+; Cl– and Na+; PO4
3- and K+; Ca2+, Mg2+ and NO3
–; indicating that the ions were produced by the same source and/or were involved in similar atmospheric processes. Possible primary sources, the gas-to-particle atmospheric process, environmental implication of long-range transport of nutrients during dry seasons, etc., are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Leszek Kolendowicz Ewa Bednorz Barbara Walna Iwona Kurzyca 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2011,68(2):89-105
Synoptic conditions of extreme rainwater pollution episodes, evidenced by maximum values of parameters measured in the protected
area of Wielkopolski National Park (western-central Poland), were analysed in this study. Precipitation samples were tested
for the following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity and the concentration of the following elements: F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42- and Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+. It was assumed, that in winter, western advection of Atlantic air masses was the most frequent aerosol and pollution transport
scenario for the investigated area. In summer the most heavily pollution occur at the intensified meridional flow over the
central Europe, indicating advection of cooler air from northern Europe and the North Sea. In most of cases, the weather conditions
causing extreme concentration of examined pollutants, were determined by the movement of weather fronts over considerable
parts of Poland and by precipitation caused by those fronts. 相似文献
17.
Six years of observations (1980 to 1986) of the composition of lower tropospheric aerosols at Alert on northern Ellesmere Island in the Canadian high Arctic yield insight into the seasonal variation of Arctic air pollutants as well as of substances of natural origin. A principal component analysis of 138 observations of 21 aerosol constituents (major ions, metals, nonmetallic trace elements) for the most polluted period of December to April identified not only a soil, sea salt and anthropogenic aerosol component, but also one associated with photochemical reactions in the atmosphere that occur at polar sunrise. Depending on the source of their gaseous precursors, elements in the photochemical component can be natural or anthropogenic in origin. For instance, SO4
2-, existing mostly as H2SO4, originates probably from both anthropogenic and natural sources while Br– is likely of marine origin. In contrast, SO4
2- in the anthropogenic component has the stoichiometry of NH4HSO4. In the winter months, over 90% of Arctic SO4
2- is in the anthropogenic and photochemical components.In winter, a substantial portion (11 to 35%) of Na+ is associated with the anthropogenic aerosol component suggesting either that marine aerosols have been physically or chemically modified by interactions with air pollution or that there are anthropogenic sources of Na+.The aerosol soil component is controlled by both local and distant dust sources. During a year, it has two peaks at Alert, one in April/May coinciding with the Asian dust storm season and one in September.There is a marked difference in the seasonal variation of particulate Br– and iodine concentrations in the air. Both have a peak in April/May associated with polar sunrise and, hence, photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. However, iodine also peaks in early fall. This may be a product of biogenic iodine emissions to the atmosphere during secondary blooms in northern oceans in late summer.Presented at the Second Conference on Baseline Observations in Atmospheric Chemistry (SABOAC II) in Melbourne, Australia, November 1988 相似文献
18.
From the IGAC-DEBITS Africa network (IDAF), data sets on precipitation chemistry collected from the ‘wet savanna ecosystem’ site of Lamto (Côte d'Ivoire), are analyzed (1995–2002). Inorganic (Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na+, K+, NH4 +, Cl?, SO4 2 ?, NO3 ?) and organic (HCOO?, CH3COO?) ions content were determined using Ion Chromatography. The analyzed 631 rainfall events represent 8420.9 mm of rainfall from a 9631.1 mm total. The precipitation chemistry at Lamto is influenced by four main sources: natural biogenic emissions from savanna soils (NO x and NH3), biomass burning (savanna and domestic fires), terrigeneous particles emissions from dry savanna soils, and marine compounds embedded in the summer monsoon. The inter-annual variability of the weighted volume mean concentration of chemical species linked with wet deposition fluctuates by ~ 20% over the period. Ammonium concentration is found to be the highest (17.6 μ eq.l? 1) from all IDAF sites belonging to the West Africa ecosystems. Ammonia sources are from domestic animals, fertilizers and biomass burning. In spite of the high potential acidity of 30.5 μ eq.l? 1 from NO3 ?, SO4 2 ?, HCOO? and CH3COO?, a relatively weak acidity is measured: 6.9 μ eq.l? 1. The 40% acid neutralization is explained by the acid gas – alkaline soil particles interaction. The remaining neutralization is from inclusion of gaseous ammonia. When results from Lamto, are compared with those from Banizoumbou (dry savanna) and Zoetele (equatorial forest), a regional view for wet tropospheric chemistry processes is obtained. The high concentration of the particulate phase in precipitation emphasizes the importance of multiphases processes between gases and particles in the atmospheric chemistry of the West Africa ecosystems. For example, the nss Ca2 + precipitation content, main indicator of terrigeneous particles, goes from 30.8 μ eq.l? 1 in dry savanna to 9.2 μ eq.l? 1 at Lamto and 8.9 μ eq.l? 1 in the Cameroon forest. A similar gradient is obtained for rainfall mineral particles precipitation content with contribution of 80% in dry savanna, 40% in wet savanna, and 20% in the equatorial forest. 相似文献