内蒙古磴口河湖相沉积物正构烷烃分布特征及其环境意义

为了探讨季风边缘区气候变化特征,对内蒙古磴口一个深15m 的钻孔沉积物中的正构烷烃进行了分析.结果显示,正 构烷烃总体呈现出以高碳数为主的分布特征,表明其主要来源于陆生高等植物,多数样品以nC27、nC29为主峰,奇碳优势明 显,局部样品以nC25为主峰,显示了流域植被类型为木本植物和少量水生植物.但在钻孔上部短链正构烷烃相对丰度较高,主 要以nC18为主峰,无明显的奇偶优势,反映了低等藻类生物增加.正构烷烃的分布特征在沉积钻孔中表现出的多阶段变化,与 岩性、有机碳同位素等变化相吻合,反映出研究区寒暖交替的气候条件.      

江苏金湖凹陷古近系奇碳优势和偶碳优势共存的正构烷烃

苏北盆地金湖凹陷古近纪阜宁组二段暗色泥岩及其生成的原油中,正构烷烃系列存在着偶碳优势、奇碳优势以及二者共存的3种分布型式。本文重点探讨正构烷烃奇碳优势和偶碳优势共存的形成原因。在这类暗色泥岩与原油中,正构烷烃通常低碳数部分呈nC15、nC17优势,中碳数具有nC20、nC22优势,高碳数为nC25、nC27、nC29、nC31优势;并且具有强烈的植烷优势、较高的伽玛蜡烷指数、含有一定量β胡萝卜烷和C24四环萜烷。分析认为沉积水体环境和有机质来源的变化决定了正构烷烃的分布形式,该类正构烷烃形成于湖盆水体盐度分层的沉积环境,主要来源于湖盆内藻类和湖盆外高等植物蜡。      

滇东北地区下石炭统万寿山组烃源岩生物标志物特征及沉积环境分析

为研究滇东北及邻区下石炭统万寿山组泥质烃源岩的有机质来源及沉积环境特征,共采集了33件样品,开展了烃源岩基本特征及生物标志化合物特征以及微量元素特征的研究。测试结果显示,烃源岩的有机质来源比较复杂。烃源岩正构烷烃图谱表现出机质具有水生生物和陆生植物双重来源;CPI值与OEP值无明显奇偶优势。正构烷烃的ΣC21-/ΣC22+值范围在0.21~7.68,(nC21+nC22)/(nC28+nC29)值范围在0.76~2.72,烃源岩在区域上可能具有陆源植物与海相生物混合来源的特征,甾族C27,C28和C29-ααα-20R关系三角图也证明这一点。同时,干酪根δ13Corg检测结果反映出研究区北部以Ⅲ型腐殖型干酪根为主,南部属于Ⅱ、Ⅲ混合型干酪根。样品的Ts/(Tm+Ts)比值在0.45~0.53,微量元素中的V/(V+Ni)比值在0.63~0.96,结合五环三萜烷的分布特征认为烃源岩形成于还原环境背景。伽玛蜡烷/αβ-C30藿烷比值在0.12~0.18,表明烃源岩沉积时水体盐度为正常盐度。根据样品中Sr/Ba值在0.23~7.9,B/Ga值在0.88~12.68,变化较大,说明万寿山组在研究区的南部属于半咸水的浅海环境,在研究区的北部属于滨浅海环境。     

天津地区河流沉积物中中等分子量正构烷烃的分布特征

分析了天津地区几条具不同环境功能特征的河流沉积物中正构烷烃的组成，重点介绍了中低分子量正构烷烃的分布特征，并通过与表层土壤、大气降尘及TSP中正构烷烃的分布特征的对比，分析了中等分子量正构烷烃的成因。分析表明，天津地区主要河流沉积物和大气降尘中正构烷烃普遍具有正十七烷（nC17）明显优势的特征，nC17单体烃同位素值也相对偏低，与来源于化石燃料的正构烷烃化合物存在明显的差别。在土壤和TSP中不存在这一现象，表明正十七烷化合物来源水体中的低等水生生物体，推测主要来源于藻类生物。由于这类化合物含量明显高于其他化合物，具有环境地球化学意义。     

柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖相地层正构烷烃与河蚬化石记录的古生态环境

利用常规14C、加速器(AMS)方法对柴达木盆地察尔汗湖一典型古湖相沉积剖面系统测年,并对测年结果进行不同组分和不同实验室对比,确定该剖面发育于察尔汗古湖高湖面时期(39.7 ka B.P.～17.5 ka B.P.).通过对削面沉积物正构烷烃的系统分析,结果表明正构烷烃携带了重要的湖泊演化的环境和生物信息,其中nC2...     

Native iron in Quaternary deposits of the Darhad Basin (northern Mongolia)

Quaternary sediments from the borehole DBC-1 drilled in the Darhad Basin, northern Mongolia, have been studied by thermomagnetic analysis (248 samples) and probe microanalysis (9 samples) to determine the origin (cosmic or terrestrial) of native iron. Most of the samples showed extremely low contents of native iron. Only 26 samples have iron in contents sufficient for its reliable identification (10^–5–10^–3%). The negligible content of native iron in the Darhad Basin sediments distinguishes them from the earlier studied sediments of different geologic associations of Eurasia and the Atlantic, which we explain by the high sedimentation rate in this basin. However, the bimodal distribution of native-iron contents in the samples with a distinct “zero” mode, similar to that in the objects of Eurasia and the Atlantic, testifies to the predominantly cosmic origin of the native iron.     

贵州瓮安地区早寒武世含磷岩系有机地球化学特征

贵州瓮安水银山的下寒武统底部的磷块岩的生物标志物以及单体烃碳同位素分析表明,正构烷烃以nC17和nC27为优势,无奇偶优势;Pr/Ph为0.95,显示弱的植烷优势;萜烷丰度顺序为五环三萜烷三环萜烷四环萜烷;规则甾烷呈不对称的"V"字形分布,表现为C29C27C28的分布特征。正构烷烃的单体碳同位素值随碳数增加的曲线变化略显平缓,变化范围较窄(-31.13‰～-33.14‰)。这些生物标志物和单体烃碳同位素的特征表明,贵州瓮安水银山磷块岩中生物母源主要是低等的水生藻类的输入,高含量伽玛蜡烷和三环萜烷以及Ts/(Ts+Tm)比值为0.37(0.5)的特征表明深部温盐流上涌是形成这套磷块岩的主要原因。     

藏北羌塘盆地晚侏罗世海相油页岩生物标志物特征、沉积环境分析及意义

胜利河油页岩位于青藏高原腹地的羌塘盆地,具单层厚度薄、区域延伸长的特点,为羌塘盆地新发现的又一处海相油页岩.采用GC-MS(IRMS)分析方法对该油页岩进行了研究,结果表明,胜利河油页岩(11层以及13层)含有丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物.正构烷烃呈前高后低的单峰型分布,nC15、nC16为主峰碳,轻烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值0.96～0.97,接近平衡值1.00,Pr/Ph为0.57～0.75,显示弱的植烷优势;萜烷丰度顺序为五环三萜烷》三环萜烷》四环萜烷;规则甾烷呈不对称的"V"字型分布,表现为C27》C29》C28的分布特征.这些特征与剖面中其他岩性的生物标志物特征存在一定的差异,9层泥晶灰岩C21-/C21 值为0.86,轻烃优势并不明显;14层泥灰岩C21-/C21 值为0.41,具有明显的重碳优势;9层泥晶灰岩以及12层泥灰岩规则甾烷呈C29》C27》C28的特征也与油页岩层存在显著的差异.这些差异不仅反映了油页岩层与其他岩性间生物母源输入的差异,也反映了他们之间沉积环境的不同.胜利河地区油页岩的形成是综合因素控制的结果,古地理变化、海平面升降、生物群差异以及气候的变化均对该区油页岩的形成有一定的影响.     

贵州三都早奥陶世同高组下燕高页岩段的生物标志化合物

本文着重报道了贵州三都早奥陶世同高组下燕高页岩段生物标志化合物特征，首次在采自该层位的样品中检出丰富的正烷烃、链状类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物及甾类化合物。测试结果显示:正烷烃图谱呈双驼峰形，碳数分布为ｎＣ_１５～ｎＣ_３５，以ｎＣ_１８为主峰碳，ｎＣ_２９为次主峰碳，Ｃ－_２１/Ｃ＋_２２为０.７７～１.０２，ＯＥＰ为０.９４～１.０４；植烷占优势，Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ为０.４０～０.４６；藿烷碳数为Ｃ_２７～Ｃ_３５，以Ｃ_３０占优势，Ｃ_２７＋Ｃ_２９＜Ｃ＋_３１；仅见碳数分布为Ｃ_２０～Ｃ_２９的长链三环二萜烷，以Ｃ_２８为主峰碳；甾烷丰度顺序为Ｃ_２９甾烷＞Ｃ_２７甾烷＞Ｃ_２８甾烷，同时检出了孕甾烷和４－甲基甾烷。生物标志化合物显示出还原环境特点，且可能主要来自藻类。     

太湖冲击坑溅射物的发现及其意义

太湖冲击成因说由来已久,但始终未成定论。近几年在太湖及周边湖泊的淤泥层中发现了许多形态各异的奇石,经多种方法测试研究,确定为太湖冲击坑的溅射物。根据成份,溅射物分为两大类。一类富铁质,以菱铁矿及其胶结的碎屑为主,包括微小球粒、棍状及各种形态的块状和片状体 ;另一类贫铁质,以方解石及其胶结的长英质碎屑为主,碎屑为锐角状的石英晶屑及少量粘土和长英质岩屑。溅射物的大小从厘米级块体到毫米级球粒,再至微米级尘粉都有。溅射物外形多具有旋转扭曲形态及熔壳特征,显示了熔融、塑性- 半塑性特征。这些特征显示其成因经历了冲击震碎、熔融、挖掘抛射、空中飞行,最后溅落在冲击坑及其周围。溅射物的成分反映了太湖靶岩基岩岩性特征。太湖冲击坑溅射物的发现是继太湖诸岛石英砂岩中石英晶体的冲击变质微结构发现之后,又一重大突破。综合其它特征,可以确定太湖为一冲击坑。     

The Impact of Climatic and Environmental Factors on n-Alkanes Indices in Southwestern Tibetan Plateau

n-Alkanes are widely used in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.However,our understanding of changes in the distribution of n-alkanes with climatic and environmental factors remains unclear in arid/semi-arid regions.We sampled 26 surface sediments from three climatic zones across the southwestern Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the sensitivity of chain length distributions of n-alkanes to climatic and environmental parameters.Our observations demonstrate that average chain length (ACL), proportion of aquatic macrophyte (Paq),carbon preference index (CPI) and ratio of the contents of nC27 and nC31 (nC27/nC31) are all sensitive to hydroclimatic conditions.In contrast to commonly-adopted assumptions,the correlations between these indices and hydrological parameters are not always good,which indicates that the interpretation of n-alkane indices is special on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau.These might be related to the vegetation characteristics and seasonality of biological activity,and need to be considered in paleoclimatic reconstruction.The impact of seasonal precipitation on n-alkanes indices was also evaluated.     

藏北高原双湖地区中侏罗统海相油页岩生物标志化合物分布特征及其意义

重点报道了藏北双湖地区中侏罗统海相油页岩的生物标志化合物特征，首次在该层位油页岩中检出丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物及甾类化合物。正烷烃图谱呈单峰形，nC15、nC16或nC17为主峰碳，轻烃组份占有绝对优势，OEP值0.93～1.01，无明显的奇偶碳数优势分布；Pr/Ph值为0.77～1.59，在剖面序列中呈波动分布，显示弱植烷优势或姥鲛烷优势；藿烷以C30占优势，萜烷相对丰度五环三萜烷>三环萜烷>四环萜烷；规则甾烷∑（C27+C28）>∑C29，∑C27/∑C29值为0.79～ 1.20，在剖面序列中下部C27甾烷略占优势，上部C29甾烷略占优势，重排甾烷C27/规则甾烷C27值为0.51 ～3.63，在剖面序列中具有显著的波动性，同时检出了少量孕甾烷和4-甲基甾烷。有机质母质构成中，既有丰富的藻类等低等水生生物，可能还有一定比例陆生高等植物输入混合的特点。油页岩处于成熟阶段，整个油页岩剖面序列具有一致的热演化程度。剖面中部油页岩具有极高的原始生产力，氧化-还原条件也是控制油页岩TOC和沥青“A”含量在剖面垂向变化的重要因素。     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床磁铁矿稀土元素特征及其地质意义

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床是我国著名的沉积变质型铁矿床,其二矿区的磁铁富矿达大型规模,属国内之最.为探讨弓长岭铁矿床铁矿的物质来源、形成环境和富矿成因,本文以二矿区六个铁矿体的贫铁矿石和富铁矿石中磁铁矿单矿物为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱进行了系统的稀土元素测试.结果表明,所有样品中磁铁矿的稀土元素总量(∑REEs)和Y具有非常一致的特征:稀土元素总量较低,Y/Ho比值较高;经太古界后平均澳大利亚页岩( PAAS)标准化呈现重稀土相对富集、轻稀土相对亏损的分馏模式,大部分呈现La正异常,所有样品都有明显的Eu和Y正异常,这些特征表明研究区的磁铁矿成矿物质主要来源于海底高温热液和海水;虽然磁铁矿的Ce/Ce*为0.69～ 0.97,但大多数样品缺乏真正意义的Ce负异常,这暗示其沉积于还原的海水环境;富铁矿石磁铁矿的稀土元素总量和Eu含量明显高于贫铁矿石的磁铁矿,而且含富矿的上含铁带Eu异常明显较高,表明富铁矿石磁铁矿具有更明显的热液特征,是在贫铁矿石的基础上受热液活动形成的.     

Iron distribution in the octahedral sheet of dioctahedral smectites. An Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy study

The distribution of iron atoms in the octahedral sheet of a series of dioctahedral smectites with varying unit-cell composition and iron content was investigated by Fe K-edge XAS spectroscopy. First-step analysis reveals that the patterns corresponding to backscattering by atoms located between 3 and 4 Å from the absorbing atom are very sensitive to the relative amount of light (Si, Al, Mg) and heavy (Fe) atoms. Detailed modelling of this domain then provides valuable information on the number of iron atoms surrounding octahedral iron. By comparing the number of iron neighbours deduced from EXAFS with that determined from unit-cell composition assuming a statistical distribution, three groups of montmorillonites can be distinguished: (1) clay samples from Wyoming display an ordered distribution of iron atoms; (2) clay samples from Georgia, Milos, China and Washington exhibit a close to random distribution of iron atoms; (3) clay samples from North Africa, Germany, Texas and Arizona display extensive iron clustering. These results complement previously obtained IR results and show that the combination of these two spectroscopic techniques could provide an additional crystal-chemistry-based framework for typological analysis of montmorillonite deposits.     

柴达木盆地北缘冷湖地区原油对比

借助色谱质谱测试,对柴达木盆地北缘冷湖地区冷湖三、四、五号构造上22 个原油样品的生物标志化合物组成进行了系统分析。根据萜烷和甾烷相对含量的不同,将该区原油分成为3 类,即低熟单源型原油、成熟混源型原油和高熟混源型原油。对比研究表明,冷湖三号、四号构造原油链烷烃表现为nC20 前低分子量优势,五号构造原油则表现为nC21 后高分子量优势,从三号至五号,原油中四环萜烷相对含量逐渐变小,而重排藿烷、重排甾烷相对含量依次增加,说明母源类型依次变差,而成熟度则依次变高。     

珠江三角洲地区地下水铁的分布特征及其成因

为了解珠江三角洲地区地下水中铁的含量及其成因,采集并分析了352组地下水样和12组地表水样。分析结果表明:珠江三角洲地区地下水铁含量为未检出～94.8mg/L,平均含量为1.46mg/L。该地区地下水铁含量的分布与其工业化程度及所处区域的补、径、排条件密切相关,尤其在平原区,地下水铁含量与部分地表河流的污染程度更是密切相关,随着远离污染的地表河流,地下水铁含量有明显减少的趋势。不同地区对其地下水铁含量起主导作用的因素也不相同,氧化还原条件是影响珠江三角洲地区地下水铁含量分布的主要因素之一,而酸碱条件和地面污染则只在局部地区对地下水铁含量的分布起主导作用。另外,含水层介质组分、径流条件、上覆土层性质等因素对珠江三角洲地区地下水铁含量也都起到了一定的作用。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铁矿石中15个稀土元素

分析地质样品中稀土元素的含量,现有的方法都受到基体干扰和共存元素干扰,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)已在痕量元素分析中得到广泛应用,通过条件优化可准确测定稀土元素。本文建立了ICP-MS同时测定铁矿石中钇镧铈镨钕钐铕钆铽镝钬铒铥镱镥15个稀土元素的方法,样品用盐酸、硝酸和氢氟酸高温密闭消解,消解完全后转移定容,在线加入¹⁰³Rh、¹¹⁵In、¹⁸⁵Re内标液进行测定,方法回收率为95%~104%,精密度(RSD)≤3.5%。对12个国家24个代表性主产区进口的铁矿石样品进行检测,分析其稀土元素的配分模式特征为右倾型轻稀土富集,现阶段的进口铁矿粉多为多产区复合配矿。本方法较其他传统方法大幅降低能耗,提高了分析效率,初步探讨的稀土元素丰度特征可为研究主产区铁矿石的矿床成因、提高我国烧结球团矿的加工工艺提供依据。     

云南金顶铅锌矿床的生物标志物特征及意义

采用GC-MS分析方法对金顶铅锌矿床进行研究,结果表明:该矿床正构烷烃呈前高后低的单峰型分布,nC16或nC22为主峰碳,轻烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值0.837～0.976,接近平衡值1.00,Pr/Ph为0.1～0.88,显示植烷优势;萜烷丰度顺序为五环三萜烷>三环萜烷>四环萜烷;规则甾烷呈不对称的“V”字形分布,表现为C29>C27>C28的分布特征。这些特征显示,金顶铅锌矿床有机质(生物)来源物质以菌藻类生物为主,可能有部分高等植物的贡献;矿床形成于缺氧的高盐度环境。结合金顶铅锌矿床下含矿层(原地沉积岩系)沉积于水深较浅的蒸发盐湖环境(即氧化环境),可以推断该矿床成矿流体中丰富的有机质形成的还原条件以及外来推覆岩系形成的封闭条件是金顶铅锌矿床形成的必要条件,矿床属于后期充填作用为主的矿床。     

Boron in chert and Precambrian siliceous iron formations

In order to assess the importance of siliceous sediments as a sink for oceanic B and to determine the effect of diagenesis on the mobilization of B, samples were analysed from chert nodules, bedded cherts, and siliceous banded iron formations from a variety of sedimentary environments and geologic ages. Boron analyses on bulk samples were made by prompt gamma neutron activation analysis. The distribution of B in rocks was mapped using α-track methods.Nodular Phanerozoic cherts typically contain 50–150 ppm B, and bedded cherts somewhat less. The B is initially concentrated in tests of silica-secreting organisms, but some is lost in early diagenesis as silica progressively recrystallises to quartz.Banded iron formation silica of Archean and Proterozoic age usually contains < 2 ppm B. This conforms with the view that such silica is not of biogenic origin but, since many iron formations are undoubtedly of marine origin, raises the question whether Precambrian oceans were impoverished in B. Analyses of Precambrian marine argillaceous sediments, averaging 70 ppm B, do not resolve this question.     

Geochemistry of banded iron formation of Orissa,India

Major and trace element analyses of representative samples of various types of banded iron-formation and its various minerals, associated sediments, iron ores and volcanic tuff from different localities of Orissa, India, are presented in this paper. The Orissa banded iron-formation is classified as Precambrian banded iron formation and is similar to the oxide facies iron formation of Lake Superior type. The Orissa iron formation consists only of iron oxide and silica with total absence of iron silicate, sulfide and carbonate minerals, and is devoid of terrigenous material. The trace element content suggests the source of the underlying quartzite to be a continental igneous rock mass, while the interbedded tuff are of undoubted volcanic origin. The overlying iron formation were chemically precipitated as oxidate sediments in which the principal iron mineral — magnetite — was formed at low temperature in a shallow marine environment. From the overwhelming similarity of major and trace element contents of all the samples from the different localities, it is postulated that these detached outcrops originated in the same continous basin.