不同初始固结应力条件下主应力方向对海洋密砂不排水单调剪切特性的影响

利用大连理工大学的“土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪”,针对相对密实度为70％的福建标准砂,在不排水条件下控制试验过程中的中主应力系数保持不变,进行了不同初始固结应力条件下不同主应力方向的单调剪切试验.以此着重探讨了主应力方向及初始固结应力对饱和密砂单调剪切特性的影响,研究表明,主应力方向和初始固结应力对于密砂的有效应力路径和应力-应变关系均具有十分显著的影响.通过与饱和松砂不排水单调剪切特性的对比分析,探讨了初始相对密实度对砂土剪切特性的影响,研究表明随着主应力方向角增大,密砂的应变硬化效应逐渐减弱,但未出现松砂对应的应变软化现象.     

循环荷载作用下粉土的动力学特征

选用近海分布广泛的粉土为研究对象,利用动三轴压缩试验结果得到了动荷载作用下粉土的应力-应变关系、孔压发展模式及动强度与临界循环次数之间的关系;探讨固结围压和固结比对粉土动力学性质的影响。动力学试验结果表明,动剪切模量随着固结围压的增大而增大,动阻尼比随动剪应变幅的变化关系受围压影响不大;不同围压对动剪应力的比值影响很小,同一围压下随着固结比的增大,动剪应力比也会随之增大;不同围压及不同固结比对以Nf表示的峰值孔隙水压力发展模式影响很小。     

波致粉质土液化过程中物理力学性态变化试验研究

粉质土底床在波浪作用下发生液化,发现有液化发展和液化沉积两个过程。以粉质土铺设底床开展波浪水槽试验,通过测试贯入阻力、含水量、密度、中值粒径和黏粒含量在液化过程中随时间的变化,给出粉质土在液化过程中物理力学性质的变化规律。试验给出:总体上,粉质土底床液化层在液化发展过程中强度急剧降低,含水量增加,密度减小,中值粒径增大,黏粒含量减少;在液化沉积(固结)阶段强度增大,含水量减小,密度增大,中值粒径增大,黏粒含量减少。     

未胶结钙质砂静力和循环强度的单剪试验研究

通过等体积的单调和循环单剪试验研究南海未胶结钙质砂的静、动力反应,讨论应力水平和相对密实度对钙质砂静、动力强度的影响,并与典型的石英砂性质进行比较。在单调单剪试验中,中密和密实钙质砂在100～400 k Pa范围的初始竖向应力下都表现出应变硬化的性质,有效内摩擦角随剪应变增大。在循环单剪试验中,钙质砂的反应与相对密实度和初始竖向应力密切相关,但中密和密实钙质砂中的等效孔压都能达到初始竖向应力的85%～90%,此时剪应变突增,试样发生破坏。与相近密实度的石英砂相比,钙质砂抵抗液化的能力更强。提出了南海钙质砂动强度的归一化表达式,建立了不排水静强度、不排水动强度和循环次数之间的关系。     

不同粘粒含量粉质土的动力强度特性研究

通过室内实验研究了黄河三角洲地区粘粒质量分数为3%～15%的饱和粉土动力强度特性.使用动三轴施加轴向动力,测得试样在动荷载作用下达到破坏时所需的振动次数及破坏过程中孔隙水压力的变化情况.试验结果显示每一组试样在不同循环应力作用下饱和粉土的破坏振次随剪应力比的增加而减小.通过对比分析不同粘粒含量粉土动强度特征曲线,得出粉土动强度对粘粒含量有很大的依赖性,在一定粘粒含量范围内,粉土动强度随粘粒含量增加先减小后增大.     

低围压下埕北海域重塑粉土振动孔压模型试验研究

开展了低围压条件下固结不排水振动三轴实验,对埕北海域重塑粉土振动孔压发展模型进行研究。低围压条件下粉土孔压随振次的发展曲线呈现两种形态,具体呈现何种形态与粉土轴向动应力和临界循环应力有关。对孔压数据进行了归一化处理,发现低围压条件下粉土孔压模型可以用指数函数进行拟合,且黏土含量并不影响孔压模型形式,只会影响a、b两个实验参数。孔压影响因素分析表明,少量黏粒含量的加入可以使粉土的孔压发展速度增大;振动频率对粉土孔压发展的影响也存在一个临界值,约0.2 Hz,当振动频率小于该值时,粉土孔压增长速度随频率的增加而减缓;当振动频率大于该值时,粉土孔压增长的速度随频率的增加而增大。     

水平荷载作用下砂土中非柔性桩的p-y曲线修正

中国近海风机大多采用长径比10～20范围内的非柔性桩基础,而现有规范方法主要针对长径比大于20的柔性桩,对我国风机基础的适用性一直存在争议。本文利用有限元法研究砂土中非柔性桩的水平受荷响应,主要关注容许范围内的桩基倾斜,因此采用硬化土小应变本构模型描述砂土的应力应变关系。建立钢管桩-土三维有限元模型进行变参数分析,探究土体相对密实度、桩基直径对初始地基反力模量的影响;讨论了正切双曲线函数和双曲线函数描述土体弹簧刚度(即p-y曲线)的合理性;最终提出了适用于砂土中非柔性桩的修正p-y曲线表达式,并通过与三种不同砂土相对密实度与桩基组合工况下的有限元结果对比,验证了修正p-y公式的合理性。结果表明：土体相对密实度、桩基直径与初始地基反力模量均呈正相关;双曲线函数更适合描述非柔性桩的p-y曲线;修正后的p-y公式提高了水平荷载作用下非柔性桩响应的预测精度。     

不均匀波浪荷载作用下海积软黏土的动力特性

为研究饱和海积黏土在均匀与不均匀波浪荷载作用下的循环特性,利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪进行了一系列不排水试验,在相同的初始固结状态下,对试样施加不同最大偏应力q_max、最小偏应力q_min的圆形及螺旋形应力路径的轴—扭联合循环载荷。分析了在考虑主应力轴旋转时,这两种不同应力路径的循环应力比R_CS与动应力比δ=q_mim/q_max对循环加载期间土体动力特性的影响。试验结果表明：R_CS与δ的增大均能提升黏土在波浪荷载下的孔压、轴向应变、双幅剪切应变及其速率,同时也能使土体轴向回弹模量与动剪切模量的衰减更严重,且δ的作用效果会随R_CS的增大而增大。当R_CS≤0.05时,土体在循环期间保持为“弹性安定或塑性安定”状态;而当R_CS≥0.06时,土体会处于“疲劳破坏”或“塑性蠕变”状态,其具体形式由R_CS与δ共同决定。土体在循环过程中的轴向回弹模量与动剪切模量近似呈一定比例。     

天津滨海滩涂土动剪切模量比和动阻尼比试验

通过控制振动三轴试验,分析了天津滨海滩涂淤泥质粉质黏土、粉质黏土和粉砂的最大剪切模量、剪切模量与阻尼比随剪应变的变化关系,对比研究了滨海滩涂土与渤海海底土的动剪切模量、动阻尼比随剪应变变化的差异,证明了土动力学参数的区域性.     

苏北滨海盐碱土壤性质演化及其对脱盐规律的启示

结合野外观测和室内分析,研究了江苏如东县滨海地区围垦土地土壤性质演化规律,及其演化过程中不同粒径组分含量变化对脱盐规律的影响。结果表明,江苏如东滨海地区围垦土地随着围垦年限的增加,土壤质地逐渐变细,盐度逐渐降低。土壤质地变化趋势与盐度变化趋势具有较好一致性。砂粒含量与盐度随着围垦年限的增长而同时降低,粉粒含量随着围垦年限的增长而增加。黏粒含量与盐度变化关系较复杂,在围垦年限短的高盐度区域表现为黏粒含量随围垦年限增加而升高,与盐度变化呈相反趋势。而随着围垦年限增加到土壤盐度处于较低水平时,黏粒含量对盐分淋洗的阻碍作用较强,黏粒含量较高区域往往盐度较高。     

Effect of sand on the vacuum consolidation of dredged slurry

Vacuum preloading is often used to improve the geotechnical properties of dredged slurry. Although the performance of this method has improved with rapidly developing technology, soil columns usually formed on the drainage boundary induce the decrease of permeability around the boundary, thereby limiting the further development of this method. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method for pretreating the slurry combined with sand prior to vacuum consolidation. This method partially replaces the fine particles with sand to reduce the formation of soil columns. Two groups of vacuum preloading tests were performed to investigate the effect of sand content and sand grain size on the vacuum consolidation of dredged slurry. The test results revealed that for a given sand grain size, increasing the sand content of the sand–slurry mixture increased the pore water drainage and accelerated the dissipation of pore water pressure, thereby increasing the vane shear strength. In contrast, for a constant sand content, the samples containing coarse sand exhibited increased pore water drainage and accelerated dissipation of pore water pressure, thereby increasing the vane shear strength of the soil.     

Experimental study on the cyclic behavior of loose calcareous sand under linear stress paths

Abstract

Hollow cylinder torsional shear tests on loose isotropically and anisotropically consolidated calcareous sand were conducted to investigate the cyclic behavior under three different linear stress paths, including horizontal line, oblique line, and vertical line stress paths, in a coordinate system of the normal stress difference and the horizontal shear stress. The dominant strain components of the isotropically consolidated specimens are affected by the stress paths. With increasing consolidation stress ratio, axial strain gradually becomes the dominant strain component under the three different stress paths. The cyclic strength of the isotropically consolidated specimens under the three different stress paths are almost the same, while for the anisotropically consolidated specimens, the cyclic strengths are strongly affected by the stress paths. These results indicate that conventional cyclic triaxial tests may overestimate cyclic strength in some cases. Irrespective of the stress paths and cyclic stress ratios, the terminal residual excess pore pressure ratio decreases with increasing consolidation stress ratio. Moreover, an empirical equation is proposed to describe the relationship between the normalized shear work and the normalized residual excess pore pressure ratio. The comparative study reveals that the relationship proposed for silica sand is not suitable for the dynamic analyses of calcareous sand.     

Stiffness Degradation of Undisturbed Saturated Soft Clay in Yangtze Estuary under Complex Stress Conditions

Stiffness degradation will occur due to the generation of accumulated pore pressure in saturated soft clays under cyclic loading. The soil static-dynamic multi-purpose triaxial and torsional shear apparatus in Dalian University of Technology was employed to perform different types of test on saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze estuary. Undisturbed samples of the clay were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotorpic consolidation with different initial consolidation parameters. Investigated were the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress, initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and continuous rotation of principal stress axes on the stiffness degradation. It is found that the degradation index decreases (or degradation degree increases) significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared to the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress is less evident and this trend is more clearly reflected by the results of the cyclic torsional shear tests than those of the cyclic coupling shear tests. At the same cycle number, the degradation index obtained from the cyclic torsional shear test is higher than that from the cyclic coupling shear test. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stress directions during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of the soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does. Based on a series of experiments, a mathematical model for stiffness degradation is proposed and the relevant parameters are determined.     

Dynamic characteristics of marine soft clay under variable phase difference and initial static shear stress

Abstract

Under seismic loading, the soil layer is subjected to multidirectional cyclic shear stress with different amplitudes and frequencies because of the coupling of multiple shear waves and the soil element within a slope or behind a retaining wall is subjected to initial static shear stress before subjected to cyclic loading. Due to the complexity of seismic loading propagation, a phase difference exists between the initial static shear stress and cyclic shear stress. To investigate the influence of the phase difference and initial static shear stress on cyclic shear strain, cyclic modulus, and cyclic strength, a series of laboratory tests are performed on Wenzhou marine soft clay by multi-directional simple shear system, which can simulate the actual state better by controlling the horizontal cyclic stress in the x and y directions simultaneously. As the phase difference varies from 0° to 90°, the dynamic shear modulus increases and cyclic strain accumulation decreases with an increasing number of cycles. The shear strain increases with the initial shear stress.     

Monotonic and cyclic behaviors of loose anisotropically consolidated calcareous sand in torsional shear tests

ABSTRACT

The behavior of loose anisotropically consolidated calcareous sand obtained from an island in the South China Sea was investigated under undrained monotonic and cyclic loading in a hollow cylinder torsional apparatus. The tests were conducted on specimens which consolidated under various initial effective confining pressures and consolidation stress ratios. The monotonic test results show that the failure and phase transformation line are essentially independent of the consolidation conditions, while the initial contractive tendency of the specimens decreases with an increasing consolidation stress ratio. During monotonic loading of the anisotropically consolidated specimens, a same major principal stress direction is observed at the constant stress ratio lines up to the phase transformation line, irrespective of initial effective confining pressure. The cyclic strength of the sand increases with an increasing consolidation stress ratio. Moreover, a pronounced stress dependence is observed in the sand with higher consolidation stress ratio. During cyclic loading, the generated excess pore water pressure presents considerable fluctuations. The normalized terminal excess pore water pressure is described as a function of consolidation stress ratio. The tests show that the particle shape, rather than particle crushing, plays an important role in the monotonic and cyclic behaviors of the calcareous sand.     

Composition and properties of glacigenic sediments in the southwestern Barents Sea

Abstract

The composition and properties of glacigenic sediments in the southwestern Barents Sea are described based on data from 33 shallow boreholes (< 143 m below seabed) and 11 seabed cores (<4.2m below seabed). The cores are tied into a regional seismostratigraphic framework, illustrating the relationships between different boreholes.

A massive, muddy diamicton (silty, sandy clay with scattered gravel) is found in nearly all cores. Average clay content (<2 pm) of this lithology is about 38%, but varies between about 25% and 50%. Short intervals of finely laminated, waterlain sediments or gravelly sand are cored in a few occasions. A high content of sand and gravel in the cores from near the Norwegian coast shows an influence of sediment input from the mainland, while material eroded from sedimentary rocks dominates farther offshore.

The data presented on physical properties include undisturbed and remolded undrained shear strength, natural water content, bulk density, compressional sound velocity (P waves), Atterberg consistency limits, effective preconsolidation pressure, and consolidation coefficient.

Prediction of overconsolidation from seismic mapping of erosional surfaces is confirmed by the borehole cores. High compaction is found both in Weichselian and older deposits, with a general increase in compaction toward the east as well as toward shallower water. Cores that are “underconsolidated” at their present burial depth are also reported.

The average compressional sound velocity is about 1780 m/s for the borehole cores, 1550 m/s for the seabed cores, and increases with increasing shear strength and consolidation. Both horizontal and vertical sound velocities are measured in several cores, and although the data have a considerable scatter, a slightly aniso‐tropic sound velocity is indicated.     

深海能源土含气储层力学特性三轴试验研究

为研究深海能源土在负压开采过程中含气储层的力学特性,基于含气土赋存理论,提出一种能够控制含气量及气泡大小的制样方法,通过GDS标准应力路径三轴试验系统,开展深海能源土含气储层的固结排水试验研究,分析深海能源土在不同黏土含量及不同含气量下的力学响应规律。研究结果表明：围压变化对深海能源土含气储层的抗剪强度峰值大小影响显著,围压越大抗剪强度峰值越高;黏土含量是决定应力应变曲线变化趋势的关键影响因素,黏土含量越高试样抗剪强度越低,试样抵抗应变软化效应的能力越强;含气土比饱和土体承载能力更低,且承载能力随含气量的增大呈衰减趋势;黏土含量和含气量是深海能源土含气储层抗剪强度指标的重要影响因素,黏土含量、含气量越高,土体自身的总抗剪强度值越低。     

Gmax of Reclaimed Ground on the Western Coast of Korea Using Various Field and Laboratory Measurements

The maximum shear modulus of soil is a principal parameter for the design of earth structures under static and dynamic loads. In this study, the statistical data of the maximum shear moduli of reclaimed ground in the Songdo area on the western coast of Korea were evaluated using various field and laboratory tests, including the standard penetration test (SPT), piezocone penetration test (CPTu), self-boring pressure meter test (SBPT), down-hole seismic test (DHT), seismic piezocone penetration test (SCPTu) and resonant column test (RCT). Soils were classified variously by using a conventional unified soil classification system and classification charts for CPTu data. For the soils containing mostly sand and silt, the soil classifications using the classification charts for CPTu data show good agreement with the unified soil classification. Based on the statistical analysis on various maximum shear moduli, new site-specific empirical correlations between the shear moduli and SPT and CPTu values were proposed. Predictions of the maximum shear moduli using the proposed correlations were compared with the data obtained from the DHT, which is comparatively exact in evaluating the maximum stiffness of soils. The good agreement confirmed that the proposed correlations reasonably predicted the maximum shear moduli of soils in western coastal area of Korea.     

Macro-and Micro-Properties of Two Natural Marine Clays in China

In this paper,macro- and micro- properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby tubes for laboratory examination in Shanghai and Zhuhai respectively,two coastal cities in China.In the laboratory tests,macro-properties such as consolidation characteristics and undrained shear strength are measured.Moreover,X-ray diffraction test,scanning electron microscope test,and mercury intrusion test are carried out for the investigation of their micro-properties including clay minerals and microstructure.The study shows that:(1) both clays are Holocene series formations,classified as either normal or underconsolidated soils.The initial gradient of the stress-strain curves shows their increase with increasing consolidation pressure;however,the Shanghai and the Zhuhai clays are both structural soils with the latter shown to be more structured than the former.As a result,the Zhuhai clay shows strain softening behavior at low confining pressures,but strain hardening at high pressures.In contrast,the Shanghai clay mainly manifests strain-hardening.(2) An activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.30 for the Shanghai marine clay and from 0.5 to 0.85 for the Zhuhai marine clay.The main clay mineral is illite in the Shanghai clay and kaolinite in the Zhuhai clay.The Zhuhai clay is mainly characterized by a flocculated structure,while the typical Shanghai clay shows a dispersed structure.The porous structure of the Shanghai clay is characterized mainly by large and medium-sized pores,while the Zhuhai clay porous structure is mainly featreed by small and medium-sized pores.The differences in their macro- and micro- properties can he attributed to different sedimentation environments.