Review of Global Ocean Intermediate Water Masses： 1. Part A, the Neutral Density Surface （the ＇McDougall Surface＇ ） as a Study Frame for Water-Mass Analysis

This review article commences with a comprehensive historical review of the evolution and application of various density surfaces in atmospheric and oceanic studies. The background provides a basis for the birth of the neutral density idea. Attention is paid to the development of the neutral density surface concept from the nonlinearity of the equation of state of seawater. The definition and properties of neutral density surface are described in detail as developed from the equations of state of seawater and the buoyancy frequency when the squared buoyancy frequency N2 is zero, a neutral state of stability. In order to apply the neutral density surface to intermediate water-mass analysis, this review also describes in detail its practical oceanographic application. The mapping technique is focused for the first time on applying regularly gridded data in this review. It is reviewed how a backbone and ribs framework was designed to flesh out from a reference cast and first mapped the global neutral surfaces in the world＇s oceans. Several mapped neutral density surfaces are presented as examples for each world ocean. The water-mass property is analyzed in each ocean at mid-depth. The characteristics of neutral density surfaces are compared with those of potential density surfaces.     

Review of Global Ocean Intermediate Water Masses: 1.Part A, the Neutral Density Surface (the ‘McDougall Surface’) as a Study Frame for Water-Mass Analysis

1Preface Todescribeoceanicintermediatewatermasses,itis necessarytohaveawell definedstudyframeorsurfacebecauseofthefluctuationnatureofintermediatewa ters.Itiswellunderstoodthatoceanicwater mass mixingdoesnotalignwitheitheraconstantgeopoten tialdepthorapropertysurfacesuchastemperature,salinity,pressureanddensitysurfacesbutfollowsa neutraldensitysurface.Thisisbecauseawaterparcelmovesasmalldistanceisentropicallyandadiabaticallyontheneutraldensitysurfacewithoutdoingworka gainstabuoyantrestoringforc…     

Mapping of an approximate neutral density surface with Ungridded data

A neutral density surface is a logical study frame for water-mass mixing since water parcels spread along such a surface without doing work against buoyancy restoring force. Mesoscale eddies are believed to stir and subsequently mix predominantly along such surfaces. Because of the nonlinear nature of the equation of state of seawater, the process of accurately mapping a neutral density surface necessarily involves lateral computation from one conductivity, temperature and depth （CTD） cast to the next in a logical sequence. By contrast, the depth of a potential density surface on any CTD cast is found solely from the data on this cast. The lateral calculation procedure causes a significant inconvenience. In a previous paper by present author published in this journal （You, 2006）, the mapping of neutral density surfaces with regularly gridded data such as Levitus data has been introduced. In this note, I present a new method to find the depth of a neutral density surface from a cast without having to specify an integration path in space. An appropriate reference point is required that is on the neutral density surface and thereafter the neutral density surface can be determined by using the CTD casts in any order. This method is only approximate and the likely errors can be estimated by plotting a scatter diagram of all the pressures and potential temperatures on the neutral density surfaces. The method assumes that the variations of potential temperature and pressure （with respect to the values at the reference point） on the neutral density surface are proportional It is important to select the most appropriate reference point in order to approximately satisfy this assumption, and in practice this is found by inspecting the θ-p plot of data on the surface. This may require that the algorithm be used twice. When the straight lines on the θ-p plot, drawn from the reference point to other points on the neutral density surface, enclose an area that is external to the cluster of θ-p points of the neutral density surface, errors will occur, and these errors can be quantified from this diagram. Examples showing the use of the method are presented for each of the world＇s main oceans.     

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米曲霉产中性蛋白酶的适宜条件

研究了米曲霉产蛋白酶的分布,优化了米曲霉产中性蛋白酶的适宜培养条件以及培养基的最优组成。研究发现米曲霉产中性蛋白酶的能力为最强。米曲霉产中性蛋白酶的适宜培养条件为:m(麸皮)∶m(豆粕粉)=4∶1,水的质量分数为60%,培养基中各无机盐质量分数为:KNO30.2%,MgSO40.05%,Na2HPO40.13%,pH值为6.0,接种量为每10 g培养基接种1.0×108个孢子,最佳培养温度为30℃,最佳培养时间为48 h。在此培养条件下,最高酶活力达3 999.2 U.g-1。     

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海洋交通运输英语词汇密度及覆盖率研究

主要通过《海洋交通运输英语语料库》与科技英语语料库 JDEST、航海英语语料库 NEC 和普通英语语料库 FLOB 进行对比,研究海洋交通运输英语的词汇密度和《大学英语课程教学要求》(2007)词汇对海洋交通运输英语词汇覆盖率.研究发现海洋交通运输英语名词词汇密度大、词汇密度低.此外,《大学英语课程教学要求》词汇对海洋交通运输英语词汇覆盖率很低,无法满足专业英语学习的需要     

THE DENSITIES OF CHANGJIANG ESTUARINE WATERS

The International Eq一lation of State of Seawater,1980 and the PraeticalSalinity Scale,1978 have been adoPted by theUNESCO江CES沼COR八APSOJoint Panel ono‘eanogral,hie Tables and Standards(JPOTS),and endorsed bythese organizati6ns(Miller‘〕and Poisson,1981;Uneseo,1981).Th已new equa-tion and the Praetieal Salinity Seale are to be used for all values Published fromJan .1,1982 .The new equation 15 aeeurate for use in all oeeanie surfaee waters,but eannot be aeeurately aPPlied to…     

A STUDY OF THE SURFACE EMERGING PALAEOCHANNELS ON THE SOUTH COAST PLAIN OF LAIZHOU BAY

The South Coast Plain of Laizhou Bay adjoins southward the mountains and hills of the Central Shandong Province, extends eastward to the Jiaolai Plain, reaches northward to Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea and westward to the Yellow River Delta. All the lower reaches of the Mihe River, the Weihe River and the White wave River are so apt to deposit, burst and move that widespread palaeochannels have taken form,which have rarely been studied(JIA,1985). It is the purpose of this paper to …     

Directional Analysis of Urban Expansion Based on Sub-pixel and Regional Scale: A Case Study of Main Districts in Guangzhou,China

Multi-scale data have had a wide-ranging level of performance in the area of urban change monitoring. Herein we investigate the correlation between the impervious surface fraction(ISF) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System(DMSP/OLS) nighttime stable light(NTL) data with respect to the urban expansion in the main districts of Guangzhou. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Landsat 8 Operational Land Image(OLI) data from 1988 to 2015 were used to extract the ISF using the linear spectral mixture analysis model and normal difference build-up index at the sub-pixel scale. DMSP/OLS NTL data from 1992 to 2013 were calibrated to illustrate the urban nighttime light conditions at the regional scale. Urban expansion directions were identified by statistics and kernel density analysis for the ISF study area at the sub-pixel scale. In addition, the correlation between the ISF and DMSP/OLS NTL data were illustrated by linear regression analysis. Furthermore, Profile Graph in ArcGIS was employed to illustrate the urban expansion from the differences in correlation in different directions. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The impervious surface(IS)in the study area has expanded to the northeast and the east, starting with the old urban zones, and the high-density IS area has increased by321.14 km^2. 2) The linear regression analysis reveals a positive correlation between the ISF and the DMSP/OLS NTL data. The multi-scale data changes are consistent with the actual urban planning of Guangzhou. 3) The DMSP/OLS NTL data overestimate the urban extent because of its saturation and blooming effects, causing its correlation with ISF to decrease. The pattern of urban expansion influences the saturation and blooming effects of the DMSP/OLS NTL data.     

单桩负摩阻力的双折线模型理论解

基于荷载传递函数的概念,提出了一种用双折线模型来计算桩负摩阻力的方法。根据单桩承载受力时桩侧土与桩尖土所处于不同的弹性和塑性状态,运用该双折线模型,建立桩身轴向力和桩土相对位移的微分方程,得出桩相对位移解式,再以此推导出桩轴向力、中性点位置和负摩阻力。     

2005-2014年北京市主要城建区热岛强度时空格局分析

本文利用LANDSAT-8数据计算距离加权不透水面聚集密度,以城市聚类算法提取北京市主要城建区范围。并用2005-2014年MODIS 8天合成地表温度产品,以主要城建区面积150%的周边区域作为边缘区,计算城建区与边缘区平均温度差值为热岛强度;分析北京市主要城建区热岛强度年内时序变化;依据地表温度与当月平均热岛强度对热岛强度进行等级划分,统计不同热岛强度等级出现频率,分析其空间分布特征及与不透水面聚集密度的相关性。结果表明：（1）年内1-12月热岛强度随边缘区平均温度变化显示较好的规律性,白天为逆时针分布,夜间为顺时针分布;（2）白天热岛强度等级以2、3级为主,春、夏季中南部为三级热岛强度高发区;夜间呈现由外围向中心的“环状递增”特征,高等级热岛强度出现的频率由外围向中心不断递增;（3）不透水面聚集密度对白天不同等级热岛强度出现频率影响显著,1-4级热岛强度出现频率,随不透水面聚集密度增加而增加,不透水面聚集密度达到50%后的影响趋于减弱。     

不同时间尺度的西北太平洋海洋表面温度距平模态的比较

本文利用经验正交分解法(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)对不同月平均和10天平均的西北太平洋海洋表面温度距平数据进行分解,得到月平均和10天平均的西北太平洋海洋表面温度距平分布模态,并对分布模态进行比较。发现尽管数据源相同,但是不同时间分辨率的EOF结果出现正好相反的情况,文章最后从数学的角度解释了月平均和10天平均的海洋表面温度距平模态及其时间系数发生反向的原因。     

Forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain size surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea

The forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain sizes surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea were studied. In sediments, the organic matter bound form of phosphorus was the main form of transferable phosphorus and ranged from 0.37μmol/g to 1.57μmol/g, accountingfor 10.7% of the total phosphorus, others were the carbonate bound form, iron-manganeso oxide bound form and ion-exchange able form; the transferable form of phosphorus accounted for 19.2% of the total phosphorus. Silicon‘ s carbonate bound form was predominant over others among its transferable forms, and content ranged from 1.55μmol/g to 8.94μmol/g, accounting for 0.05% of the total silicon; the total amount of transferable silicon forms accounted for only 0.12% of the total silicon. Therefore, 19.2% of the total phosphorus and 0.12 % of the total silicon contained in the surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea could participate in the biogeochemical cycling.     

油气田裂缝密度定量研究方法

本文首先简要评述了目前研究裂缝方法的优缺点。用实例介绍了裂缝密度的定量估计方法,这种方法能将岩芯资料和地震资料有机地结合起来。应用这种方法不但能预测区域性裂缝及油气分布规律,而且能回答所获得成果的正确程度。     

2018年通海两次5.0级地震前GNSS观测异常及震后云南地区的应变变化

基于2018-01以来云南地区GNSS连续观测时间序列，采用克里金插值方法对形变场进行网格化、计算应变，并获取面应变，结合基线数据动态分析两次通海5.0级地震前区域应变场特征和震后云南地区的应变变化情况。结果表明，通海地震前，云南整体区域应变积累存在显著增强的背景，并在震前短期内出现快速反向调整；通海地震后，短期内以腾冲为代表的小滇西地区、大寨-会泽等滇东北地区挤压应变积累出现明显的减弱趋势，滇南地区的勐海-勐腊区域存在压性增强现象。     

数值算法在DOS图形分析中的应用

在非函数图形数据处理的算法中，目前还没有一个算法可以较好解决求解离散数据点所形成的曲线的积分问题。在扩充最小二乘性质的基础上提出了相关算法，并进行可行性和误差分析。该算法已较好运用于纳米材料的DOS图形分析。     

中国地磁基本场模式建立方法探讨

利用７０年代的地磁资料，讨论了测点密度和测点坐标变换对建立中国地磁基本场模式的影响。结果表明，只选用分布较均匀的２００个左右的测点建立基本场模式是可行的；对测点的球面坐标进行Ｍｅｒｃａｔｏｒ投影变换是必要的，可以显著减小模式的场值分布在边界附近出现的畸变现象；３阶到５阶模式均主要反映正常的基本磁场分布，而５阶模式效果最好     

居民区附近的深孔台阶控制爆破

在南宁市五象岭住宅区平场工程中,采用深孔爆破技术进行石方开挖,所采取的技术措施和取得的经验是可行的、有效的,可供类似工程借鉴。     

自动气象站数据文件格式错误诊断与统计分析

观测资料一体化业务发展对数据连续性、时效性、一致性具有较高要求,强化数据质量控制、数据分析、设备运行监控和维护维修尤为重要。依据地面气象观测业务和自动气象站运行特点,应用2010～2011年中国气象局综合气象观测系统运行监控平台和安徽省级监控平台对81套国家级自动气象站运行效能指标,分析了未到报、数据文件格式错误和数据错误三者对自动气象站观测资料可用性的影响,针对数据文件第2行缺少一个字节等格式错误统计特征,研究了出现数据文件格式错误与定时观测人机交互操作时间的定量化关系,得到了定时观测人机交互操作阈值时间>45s。为提高自动气象站观测数据文件解析的正确率,提出了相关可行的解决措施。