D) Other Organisations—D) Autres Organisations

Abstract

Lake Poopó, within the large Altiplano basin of Bolivia, is connected upstream to Lake Titicaca and downstream to the salares, the big salt fields. Small changes in precipitation and river inflows strongly affect the extent of the lake surface area. For times when there are no satellite images, it is difficult to determine the extent of the lake from observations. Water balance computations were performed to create a water-level series for Lake Poopó extending back in time. The dominant water inflow to Lake Poopó is from the River Desaguadero, which constitutes the outflow of Lake Titicaca. The water-balance computations confirm the crude peasant knowledge about historical lake status. It is found that if the lake level is less than 1 m during the wet season, there is a risk that this shallow lake dries out in the dry season.     

究竟什么是D″?

称为D双撇的地球深部层, 已被认真研究了50冬。新奇假说的提出新论文的发表如潮涌, 但模糊的图象仍使人置身云雾中。甚至在首次核弹试验之前, 像Gutenberg,Bullen和Dahm, 可能还有Dick,Harry和Tom等人, 就已对该新地层提出了疑问。是地热柱的发源地还是俯冲板片的坟墓?     

Dünung und Windstau

Summary These remarks trie to explain the behaviour of local wind effect on the coast under the additional influence of swell approximately running parallel to the wind's direction. Owing to the high speed of long swell waves the wind's tangential shearing strain on the water masses may become less effective than it would do if no coincidence with swell waves would occur.

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La houle et l'effet local du vent

Résumé Cet essai cherche à expliquer le comportement de l'effet local du vent sous l'influence additionnelle d'une houle qui suit approximativement la direction du vent. Par suite de la grande vitesse de propagation d'une longue houle, l'effet de cisaillement tangentiel que le vent exerce sur l'eau diminuera dans le cas où l'effet local du vent coincide avec le phénomène additionnel de la houle.

     

Dämmerungsmessungen auf See

Ocean Dynamics - Mit einem Fotoelement wurden auf See 35 Meßreihen der Beleuchtungsstärke während der Dämmerung erhalten. Es wurde der Einfluß verschiedener...     

中国建立世界数据中心D

1988年9月13日,在国际科联会议期间举行的记者招待会上,世界数据中心主席Dr.Stanley Ruttenberg宣布世界数据中心D在中国正式成立。     

磁偏角（D）的数据处理

磁偏角观测数据既有东西方向的区别,又有数值大小的变化,由于喀仁台所处的地理纬度,其磁偏角方向偏东,观测工作就是要搞清磁照图上Ｄ与ＤＢ相对位置及Ｄ↑及Ｄ↓的物理意义;箭头表示磁场变化的向东偏的方向。在处理Ｄ观测数据时很容易发生混乱的错误,针对存在的问题,对数据处理展示了讨论。     

究竟什么是D＂？

称为D双撇的地球深部层，已被认真研究了50冬。新奇假说的提出新论文的发表如潮涌，但模糊的图象仍使人置身云雾中。     

Coupled 1D–3D hydrodynamic modelling,with application to the Pearl River Delta

Within the hydrodynamic modelling community, it is common practice to apply different modelling systems for coastal waters and river systems. Whereas for coastal waters 3D finite difference or finite element grids are commonly used, river systems are generally modelled using 1D networks. Each of these systems is tailored towards specific applications. Three-dimensional coastal water models are designed to model the horizontal and vertical variability in coastal waters and are less well suited for representing the complex geometry and cross-sectional areas of river networks. On the other hand, 1D river network models are designed to accurately represent complex river network geometries and complex structures like weirs, barrages and dams. A disadvantage, however, is that they are unable to resolve complex spatial flow variability. In real life, however, coastal oceans and rivers interact. In deltaic estuaries, both tidal intrusion of seawater into the upstream river network and river discharge into open waters play a role. This is frequently approached by modelling the systems independently, with off-line coupling of the lateral boundary forcing. This implies that the river and the coastal model run sequentially, providing lateral discharge (1D) and water level (3D) forcing to each other without the possibility of direct feedback or interaction between these processes. An additional disadvantage is that due to the time aggregation usually applied to exchanged quantities, mass conservation is difficult to ensure. In this paper, we propose an approach that couples a 3D hydrodynamic modelling system for coastal waters (Delft3D) with a 1D modelling system for river hydraulics (SOBEK) online. This implies that contrary to off-line coupling, the hydrodynamic quantities are exchanged between the 1D and 3D domains during runtime to resolve the real-time exchange and interaction between the coastal waters and river network. This allows for accurate and mass conserving modelling of complex coastal waters and river network systems, whilst the advantages of both systems are maintained and used in an optimal and computationally efficient way. The coupled 1D–3D system is used to model the flows in the Pearl River Delta (Guangdong, China), which are determined by the interaction of the upstream network of the Pearl River and the open waters of the South China Sea. The highly complex upstream river network is modelled in 1D, simulating river discharges for the dry and wet monsoon periods. The 3D coastal model simulates the flow due to the external (ocean) periodic tidal forcing, the salinity distribution for both dry and wet seasons, as well as residual water levels (sea level anomalies) originating from the South China Sea. The model is calibrated and its performance extensively assessed against field measurements, resulting in a mean root mean square (RMS) error of below 6% for water levels over the entire Pearl River Delta. The model also represents both the discharge distribution over the river network and salinity transport processes with good accuracy, resolving the discharge distribution over the main branches of the river network within 5% of reported annual mean values and RMS errors for salinity in the range of 2 ppt (dry season) to 5 ppt (wet season).     

2D MRI和3D MRI序列对直肠癌术前分期诊断的价值研究

目的:评估磁共振二维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(2D-T2WI TSE)与三维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(3D-T2WI TSE,VISTA)两种成像方法在直肠癌术前分期的准确性。方法:采用飞利浦3.0T MR机扫描,由两位放射科医师独立评估,回顾性分析从2016年1月至2016年4月间经病理确诊的33例直肠癌患者的2D-MRI序列及3D VISTA扫描序列图像。运用SPSS统计软件分别分析2D序列及3D VISTA序列对直肠癌术前T、N分期的准确性,并检验诊断结果的一致性。结果:33例病例,医师1与医师2其常规2D和3D VISTA检查序列T分期的准确性分别为70%和85%(P=0.274)及73%和82%(P=0.454),Kappa分别为0.576和0.790及0.618和0.746,3D VISTA序列评估T分期与病理结果的一致性优于2D序列;其N分期的准确性分别为58%和70%(P=0.182)及58%和67%(P=0.218),Kappa分别为0.252和0.407及0.267和0.376,N分期2D及3D VISTA分期与病理结果的一致性较差。结论:2D与3D VISTA序列对直肠癌TN分期的准确性无统计学差异,但是3D VISTA较2D序列在鉴别T2与早期T3及N分期方面有一定潜在优势。      

D.A.Walker 的答复

我感谢Forsyth等对南纬18°地震活动性质的澄清,同时我认为地震活动与厄尔尼诺之间的关系是不清楚的。我也相信偏离洋脊轴线的地震活动本身未必跟厄尔尼诺有直接关系,并相信由远震记录得到的发生于遥远洋脊系上的许多地震是一种不伴随火山活动、其震中没有热液成分的洋脊外地震。然而,远震记录到的异常地震活动事件在发生时间上似乎与厄尔尼诺有某种同步性。怎么会是这样的?沿着洋脊系异常高的地震活动水平往往伴生异常的     

中国将成为世界资料中心D

世界资料中心(World Data Center),以下简称WDC,是由国际科学联盟理事会(ICSU)主办的国际资料交换机构,它是从1959每国际地球物理年开始成立的。资料包括地球及其环境与太阳的各有关学科的观测结果。它是数据中心网络,它把数据提供者与数据用户连接在一起,进行综合分析和处理数据产品的工作。WDC主要活动是搜集、交换和传递资料。目前     

Infiltration von Flusswasser in Dünengebieten

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

多通道瞬变电磁法2D有限元模拟

多通道瞬变电磁法的反演工作是在大地脉冲响应的基础上进行的,因此本文用2D有限元正演来求取大地脉冲响应,实现多道瞬变电磁法的正演模拟研究.研究工作首先在有源大地电磁法2D有限元模拟的基础上进行,原有2D有限元法的频带相对于多通道瞬变电磁法的频带是窄频的,为此采用校正法将其扩展到所需的宽度,实现了频率域宽频带有源电磁勘探方法的正演模拟;然后通过频时变换变换到时间域,得到瞬变电磁法的阶跃响应;最后通过求取阶跃响应的时间导数,得到大地脉冲响应.针对多通道瞬变电磁方法的装置特点,用有一定埋深的顺层成矿模型分析了大地脉冲响应特征,发现对有一定埋深的顺层产出的矿脉模型来说,频率域电磁场结果以及时间域大地脉冲响应结果均需移除背景场才能突出异常体的存在,然而,在实际工作中,未知的背景场限制了其实用性.为此,本文利用多通道瞬变电磁方法数据量大的特点,提出用不同偏移距的等时曲线与等时断面来展示脉冲响应模拟结果,事实表明这两种展示方式可以清晰地分辨出矿体引起的异常,且能准确定位矿体的中心在地面的投影位置,从而说明多通道瞬变电磁方法相对于频率域有源电磁方法,对有一定埋深的顺层矿床有更高的分辨能力.     

Z—D横向各向同性介质中的地震波

在本文中,我们比较详尽地研究了二维横向各向同性介质中地震波势位解,发现:在二维条件下,似P波、似SV波与似SH波解耦。通过对质点振动的研究发现:似P波振动方向一般与波动传播方向不一致,似SV波引起的质点振动方向与波动传播方向不垂直,似SH波引起的质点振动方向与波动传播方向绝对垂直。     

The α-effect in 2D fast dynamos

We look at the large-scale dynamo properties of spatially periodic, time dependent, helical 2D flows of the form u(x, t)?=?(? _y ?ψ?(x, y, t), ?? _x ?ψ?(x, y, t), ?ψ (x, y, t). These flows act as kinematic fast dynamos and are able to generate a mean magnetic field uniform and constant in the xy-plane but whose direction varies periodically along z with wavenumber k. Using Mean Field Electrodynamics, the generation mechanism can be understood in terms of a k-dependent α-effect, which depends on the magnetic Reynolds number, R _m . We calculate this effect for different motions and investigate how its limit as k?→?0 depends on R _m and on the properties of the flows such as their spatial structure or correlation time. This work generalises earlier studies based on 2D steady flows to motions with time dependence.     

4D电影：从荒地到花园

上海世博园美国馆里的圆柱形4D影院由5块高达10米的巨幕组成,可模拟风、雨、雷、电等四维效果。4D短片《花园》讲述一个小女孩看到一片荒地,想象着一个繁茂花园。受她的激情和决心感染,各种肤色的邻居们一起动手,把破败城市变成了梦幻般的美景。影片无任何对话,完全通过影像、音乐和音效来表达。