流体饱和多孔隙介质弹性波方程边界元解法研究

基于流体饱和多孔隙各向同性介质模型,本文首先推导了流体饱和多孔隙介质中弹性波传播的频率域系统动力方程及边界积分方程,然后给出了流体饱和多孔隙介质弹性波方程的基本解,最后,利用本文给出的边界元方法对流体饱和多孔隙各向同性介质中的弹性波传播进行了数值模拟.结果表明：不论是从固相位移,还是液相位移的地震合成记录都能看到明显的慢速P波,本文提出的流体饱和多孔隙介质弹性波边界元法是有效可行的.     

基于流体饱和多孔隙介质波动方程的时间推移地震反演

针对二维流体饱和多孔隙介质波动方程,设计了自适应同伦法和小波-自适应同伦法,在此基础上,将局域化思想引入时间推移地震反演,并使用小波-自适应同伦法和自适应同伦法反演两次监测数据,提出了一种适用于时间推移地震勘探的局域化反演算法.为了验证新方法是可行的,文中把它应用于同一地点不同时间的观测模型,通过数值实验表明了这种方法的有效性.     

流体饱和多孔介质黏弹性动力人工边界

基于Biot流体饱和多孔介质本构方程，采用平面波和远场散射波经验叠加来反映外行波传播，以经验参数反映人工边界外行波动的衰减和多角度透射特性。在人工边界处分别施加反映固相和液相介质传播效应的弹簧及阻尼来模拟人工边界以外的无限域介质对来自有限域的外行波的能量的吸收作用。从而形成一种流体饱和多孔介质的黏弹性动力人工边界。数值算例表明：边界的精度和稳定性高于现有的黏性边界、黏弹性人工边界及一阶透射边界。     

二维饱和孔隙介质的三场有限元方法

根据流固两相混合物连续介质力学理论,采用伽辽金加权残值法,选取固相位移,液相位移,孔隙不压作为场变量,对固液两相耦联方程进行有限元离散化,得到解耦方程组。然后在时域上采用Ｗｉｓｏｎ－θ进行了逐步积分,得到一种分析二维饱和孔隙介质地震反应的三场有限元方法。     

饱和Maxwell流体孔隙介质波传播模型研究

岩石中的弹性波传播特性研究一直是地球物理学研究中的基础科学问题和难点.Biot理论的提出为流固双相介质理论奠定了基础.Biot理论中假设固相、液相的本构关系是线弹性的.而当实际储层中含高黏度的流体时,流体往往表现出一定的非牛顿流体性质.本文主要针对含高黏度流体的孔隙介质,在Biot理论模型中引入线性黏弹性的Maxwell流体本构方程.要通过动态黏度入手,表征非牛顿流体的特性,改进并给出了含高黏度孔隙流体介质的模型.通过数值模拟分析了所提出的模型的特性,并分析了初始黏度和孔隙度参数对模型数值分析结果的影响.最后选取超声波实验数据验证了模型的适用性,结果表明该理论模型的预测结果可较好地反映含高黏度流体孔隙介质的波传播特性.     

含两种不相混流体的饱和孔隙介质的波场模拟

文中对含两种不相混流体的饱和孔隙介质模型进行了波场模拟,该模型基于封闭型系统假设,考虑了流相与固相的相对运动和孔隙率、饱和度(毛细管压力)的松弛机制,可以较好的模拟波场的数值衰减。与目前常用的等效流体方法和基于开敞系统假设的非饱和孔隙介质模型相比,更符合勘探阶段的实际情况。前人对该介质模型平面波的速度和衰减做了一定的研究,但对整个波场的计算研究还未见报道。本文推导了该模型包含毛细管压力和孔隙度松弛机制的波动方程,并利用有限元的方法进行了波场模拟,并对波场特征进行了分析。数值模拟结果表明,在地震频段,非湿相位移波场中慢波p3较为清晰;毛细管压力(饱和度)和孔隙度的松弛效应对非湿相流体位移有较大影响,随松弛系数的增大,位移减小。     

水与流体饱和孔隙介质界面上非镜面反射声场的实验研究

用光学法和发射-接收法研究了水与流体饱和孔隙介质界面上声波的非镜面反射声场．测量了入射角θi为16°－80°范围内的反射系数R,记录了θi在Rayleigh波临界角θc附近±4°范围内两束反射波的反射角、波束位移△、波形和频谱．实验发现：(1)在θc附近±4°范围内,观察到θi两束反射波A和B,其中波束B沿界面有波束位移△,实验测出△随θi增大而减小,并非在θi=θc时最大．(2)反射角等于θi的波束的频谱很接近于入射波的频谱,反射角等于θc的波束的频谱相对于入射波有频谱的负偏移．(3)波束A的相位与发射换能器直达波的相位一致,波束B的相位与波束A相反     

水与流体饱和孔隙介质界面上非镜面反射声场的实验研究

用光学法和发射-接收法研究了水与流体饱和孔隙介质界面上声波的非镜面反射声场．测量了入射角θ_i为16°－80°范围内的反射系数R，记录了θ_i在Rayleigh波临界角θ_c附近±4°范围内两束反射波的反射角、波束位移△、波形和频谱．实验发现：(1)在θ_c附近±4°范围内，观察到θ_i两束反射波A和B，其中波束B沿界面有波束位移△，实验测出△随θ_i增大而减小，并非在θ_i=θ_c时最大．(2)反射角等于θ_i的波束的频谱很接近于入射波的频谱，反射角等于θ_c的波束的频谱相对于入射波有频谱的负偏移．(3)波束A的相位与发射换能器直达波的相位一致，波束B的相位与波束A相反     

流体饱和多孔介质波动方程的有限元解法

讨论了流体饱和多孔介质中波传播问题的有限元解法,首先在Ｂｉｏｔ理论的基础 上,概述了数学问题的提法,然后提出了一种新型简便的人工边界上的无反射边界条件,同时 给出了有人工边界时流体饱和多孔介质波动方程的有限元计算公式．数值试验的结果表明, 本文提出的无反射边界条件和数值方法均很有效．     

孔隙介质弹性波频散—衰减理论模型

储层地球物理学中,孔隙介质的各类弹性波模型常用于了解地层岩石物理性质.本文介绍了含油、气、水等物质的多相孔隙介质弹性波频散和衰减研究进展,给出了流体饱和与部分饱和孔隙介质中波传播的物理模型综述.根据孔隙介质中的固、流体分布情况,从相关基础理论和实验研究工作等方面出发,在宏观、微观和介观尺度上对流体替换、Biot孔隙力学、喷射流、Biot喷射流(BISQ)、等效球体癍块饱和、双重孔隙介质局部流动等现有主要合流体孔隙介质速度频散和衰减理论进行了回顾.研究表明,应力松弛过程是弹性波频散和衰减的基本机理,该过程由平衡特征时间刻画.该特征时间与孔隙介质的渗透率、流体粘性和体积模量紧密相关.当波频较低时,特征时间小于波周期,压力平衡得以发生,可以用等效流体模型描述波速;反之,当波频较高时,局部压差始终保持较高水平。整个骨架体积模量升高,等效模型面临困难,发展出斑块饱和模型.在分析了各类模型理论框架适用性以及所面临困难后,我们对未来研究方向给出了一些有意义的探讨.     

Daubechies小波有限元求解GPR波动方程

基于可分离小波理论,由一维Daubechies尺度函数的张量积构造二维Daubechies小波基,并将它作为GPR波动方程求解的插值函数,导出了二维Daubechies小波有限元GPR方程离散格式;通过引入转换矩阵,实现小波系数空间与雷达场值之间转换.引入自由度凝聚技术,有效解决了小波有限元求解中小波单元内部自由度过多的问题,节约了计算量并方便与传统有限元法耦合.然后,详细阐述了Daubechies小波有限元联系系数计算方法,有效解决了小波有限元求解偏微分方程的难点与核心问题.最后,以两个典型GPR模型为例,对比了Daubechies小波有限元与传统有限元的雷达正演剖面图与单道波形图,结果表明:在相同的剖分方式及节点数目条件下,Daubechies小波有限元的紧支性与正交性一定程度上提高了求解效率,它与有限元法求解结果能较好地吻合,验证了Daubechies小波有限元算法的正确性.     

Coupling multiscale finite element method for consolidation analysis of heterogeneous saturated porous media

The multiscale finite element method is developed for solving the coupling problems of consolidation of heterogeneous saturated porous media under external loading conditions. Two sets of multiscale base functions are constructed, respectively, for the pressure field of fluid flow and the displacement field of solid skeleton. The coupling problems are then solved with a multiscale numerical procedure in space and time domain. The heterogeneities induced by permeabilities and mechanical parameters of the saturated porous media are both taken into account. Numerical experiments are carried out for different cases in comparison with the standard finite element method. The numerical results show that the coupling multiscale finite element method can be successfully used for solving the complicated coupling problems. It reduces greatly the computing effort in both memory and time for transient problems.     

Analysis of Rayleigh waves in saturated porous elastic media by finite element method

A numerical procedure for the analysis of Rayleigh waves in saturated porous elastic media is proposed by use of the finite element method. The layer stiffness matrix, the layer mass matrix and the layer damping matrix in a layered system are presented for the discretized form of the solid-fluid equilibrium equation proposed by Biot. In order to consider the influence of the permeability coefficient on the behavior of Rayleigh waves, attention is focused on the following states: ‘drained’ state, ‘undrained’ state and the states between two extremes of ‘drained’ and ‘undrained’ states. It is found from computed results that the permeability coefficient exerts a significant effect on dispersion curves and displacement distributions of Rayleigh waves in saturated porous media.     

Seismic wave attenuation in fluid-saturated porous media

Contrary to the traditional view, seismic attenuation in Biot's theory of fluid-saturated porous media is due to viscous damping of local (not global) pore-fluid motion. Since substantial inhomogeneities in fluid permeability of porous geological materials are to be expected, the regions of highest local permeability contribute most to the wave energy dissipation while those of lowest permeability dominate the fluid flow rate if they are uniformly distributed. This dichotomy can explain some of the observed discrepancies between computed and measured attenuation of compressional and shear waves in porous earth. One unfortunate consequence of this result is the fact that measured seismic wave attenuation in fluid-filled geological materials cannot be used directly as a diagnostic of the global fluid-flow permeability.     

Analysis of biodegradation in a 3-D heterogeneous porous medium using nonlinear stochastic finite element method

Probabilistic analysis by Monte Carlo Simulation method (MCSM) is a computationally prohibitive task for a reactive solute transport involving coupled PDEs with nonlinear source/sink terms in 3-D heterogeneous porous media. The perturbation based stochastic finite element method (SFEM) is an attractive alternative method to MCSM as it is computationally efficient and accurate. In the present study SFEM is developed for solving nonlinear reactive solute transport problem in a 3-D heterogeneous medium. Here the solution of the biodegradation problem involving a single solute by a single class of microorganisms coupled with dynamic microbial growth is attempted using this method. The SFEM here produces a second-order accurate solution for the mean and a first-order accurate solution for the standard deviation of concentrations. In this study both the physical parameters (hydraulic conductivity, porosity, dispersivity and diffusion coefficient) and the biological parameters (maximum substrate utilization rate and the coefficient of cell decay) are considered as spatially varying random fields. A comparison between the MCSM and SFEM for the mean and standard deviation of concentration is made for 1-D and 3-D problem. The effects of heterogeneity on the degradation of substrate and growth of biomass concentrations for a range of variances of input parameters are discussed for both 1-D and 3-D problems.     

A viscous boundary for transient analyses of saturated porous media

An absorbing boundary for saturated porous media is developed that can be used for transient analyses in the time domain. The elastic constitutive equations for the saturated porous media follow Bowen's formulation. The method consists of applying viscous tractions along the artificial boundary. The absorbing boundary behaviour is assumed linear and isotropic. Hadamard's conditions provide the speeds of the dilatational and shear waves that propagate in saturated porous media. Since these expressions are frequency independent, the intensities of the viscous tractions are evaluated in the time domain, and the two dilatational waves are accounted for. The viscous tractions are defined from the drained characteristics, assuming an infinite permeability, at variance with the traditional ‘undrained’ method based on undrained characteristics and a null permeability. Solid media and materials with low permeability are also retrieved as subcases. The results show that, at no additional cost, this ‘drained’ method is more accurate for all permeabilities than the ‘undrained’ method, which disregards the existence of the second dilatational wave. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半球形凹陷饱和土半空间对入射平面SV波三维散射问题的解析解

以Biot饱和多孔介质动力学理论为基础,利用Fourier-Bessel级展开法,给出了饱和多孔介质半空间中半球形凹陷地形对入射平面SV波散射问题的解析解.利用这一解析解数值计算地表位移幅值,分析入射角、入射波频率对地表位移幅值的影响,并与现存的单相介质情况下三维半球形凹陷问题解析解进行对比得出如下结论：(1)本文两相介质模型与单相介质模型有很大区别;(2)入射角、入射频率对场地表面位移分量有重要影响;(3)随着入射角、入射频率的增大,地表位移分布变得更复杂,且放大效应比单相介质模拟结果更加显著.