中华绒螯蟹幼蟹维生素C营养需求研究

在每100g等氮、等能纯化饲料中分别添加0,100,200,400,800,1 000mg维生素C(Vc)多聚磷酸酯(LAPP),用这样配制成的试验饲料饲喂已淡化5d的河蟹大眼幼体及后续幼蟹25d,探讨Vc对大眼幼体和幼蟹生长、存活、蜕壳频率及抗逆性的影响,同时探明幼蟹对Vc的适宜需求量,结果表明,饲料Vc添加量为100~400mg/100g时,可以保证幼蟹正常生长、存活和蜕皮,尤其以投喂添加Vc200mg/100g(C₂组)和400mg/100g(C₃组)饲料的Ⅲ期幼蟹增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率较高,其中C₂组(上述各指标值)分别为516.18%,62.83%,2.58,C₃组分别为458.89%,66.17%,2.61;饲料中缺少Vc时(如C₀组),Ⅲ期幼蟹的增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率最低,分别为265.31%,26.67%和2.26.饲料中Vc的添加量达到800mg/100g(C₄)和1 000mg/100g(C₅)时,幼蟹的蜕皮反而受到抑制,平均蜕皮频率降低,蜕皮周期延长,且存活率降低,到Ⅲ期幼蟹的增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率在C₄组分别为355.7%,31.33%,2.39,在C₅组分别为307.53%,28.56%,2.19.此外,各处理组幼蟹对抗逆性影响的试验表明,在一定的范围内,饲料中添加Vc能提高幼蟹的耐低氧能力和耐pH突变能力,而对耐盐度突变能力没有明显的影响.综合上述结果可以得出,为保持幼蟹良好生产性能,饲料中添加的Vc?     

维生素E对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)酚氧化酶、抗菌力和溶菌酶活性的影响

在以鱼粉、豆粕、玉米粉和麦麸为主要原料配制而成的每kg基础饲料中分别添加VE0、100、200、400、600mg配制成五种试验饲料,对均重为(37.52±2.19)g的中华绒螯蟹进行为期60天的饲养试验,以酚氧化酶(PO)、抗菌力(Ua)、溶菌酶活性(UL)等指标为依据,探讨VE对中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明,VE对中华绒螯蟹各组织、器官中PO、Ua、UL等活性有显著或极显著的影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),在适宜范围内,随着VE添加量的增加,PO、Ua和UL活性显著增强,从而增强中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫力。综上所述,VE作为免疫刺激剂能有效地增强中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫能力,增强中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的VE适宜添加量为200—400mg/kg饲料。     

微咸水池塘河蟹仔蟹培育试验

1998年4-5月在江苏南通微咸水池塘中进行了河蟹仔蟹温棚培育试验。本次试验仔蟹的成活率最高为56．0％,三个试验组仔蟹的平均成活率为35．6％。试验表明,仔蟹培育成活率的提高有赖于池塘水质、水温、透明度、溶解氧、盐度、大眼幼体投放密度及水体天然饵料培育和人工饵料投喂等方面的科学管理和调控,其中大眼幼体投放密度以500-1000／1／米2为宜,盐度以4-7‰为宜,温度以22±2℃为宜。     

抗真菌药物对远海梭子蟹离体胚胎（卵）孵化及幼体培育的影响

分别添加孔雀石绿，亚甲基蓝，制霉菌素，达克宁，里劳素等抗真菌药，进行远海梭子蟹离体卵孵化，并对孵化出的蟹幼体进行人工培育至幼蟹，结果发现，孔雀石绿孵化率最高。里劳素SaoI 24h存活率最高，0．2mg/dm^3浓度孔雀石绿孵化率达16％。0．1mg/dm^3里劳素Sao I24h存活率达7．2％，在24．5－27．5度下，从Sao状幼体至大眼幼体为12d，存活率为51．3％，从大眼幼体至第一期幼蟹需4d,存活率为17．3％。     

维生素E对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长、存活及体成分的影响

于1997年5月在山东荣成石岛鲍珍品养殖场采集幼鲍，采用单因素试验方法进行幼鲍维生素E(VE）营养需要的研究。以酷蛋白和明胶为蛋白源，通过用不同浓度VE的饲料（E1－E7七个实验组），即在每100g饲料中分别添加0、5、10、20、50、100、200mgVE来饲喂幼鲍（平均体重为220－240mg)103天。结果表明，饲料中适量的VE具有促进幼鲍生长的作用；幼鲍软体部水分和脂肪含量不受饲料中VE添加水平的影响，然而饲料中VE添加水平显著影响软体部蛋白质含量；贝壳中灰分和钙、磷含量不受VE添加水平的影响。以增重和蛋白质增量为指标，皱纹盘鲍幼鲍饲料中VE的适宜含量为5－10mg/100g饲料。     

拟穴青蟹大眼幼体和第Ⅰ期仔蟹底质选择的研究

拟穴青蟹大眼幼体和仔蟹对海泥和泥沙底质的选择性显著高于各种粒径的沙底（粒度0.06～2.00mm）.其原因可能与海泥和泥沙底质在流动海水中物理稳定性高于沙砾有关.通过以埋栖选择性和相对埋栖率为指标考察了大眼幼体和仔蟹的栖息方式,发现白昼大眼幼体埋栖在底质中的比例显著高于夜间,也高于仔蟹;夜间大眼幼体栖息方式与仔蟹差别不明显;并发现大眼幼体栖息方式存在着昼夜差异和昼夜节律性.这揭示了拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对底质的选择性和在底质上栖息的方式表现出对FTT机制的适应.     

中华绒螯蟹幼体资源生态及养殖生态学研究

中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ　ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）俗称河蟹,属短尾类十足目甲类动物［１］,其幼体广泛分布于我国河口地区,主要生活在河口半咸水和海水中。亲蟹在河口区产卵,孵化后幼体营浮游生活,具有强烈的趋光性,并且表现为群聚特征,易被径流带离河口区。幼体发育到后期已基本到陆架区,大眼幼体变态为一期仔蟹后营底栖生活。营底栖生活的仔蟹背离陆架区往河口区移动而完成幼体的生长发育［２］。中华绒螯蟹在自然海域资源补充过程中主要采取ｒ－对策,一只亲蟹一般可产卵５～９００００粒,由于营浮游生活的幼体易被其他海洋…     

中华绒螯蟹和同科几种大眼幼体的形态区别

本文镜检了１９９４，１９９５年５，６月采自福建莆田黄石，闽江口的海洋蟹类大眼幼体，初步提出绒螯蟹属与同科几属大眼幼体的区别及绒螯蟹属大眼幼体鉴别方法，并区别出中华绒螯蟹，日本绒螯蟹，字纹弓蟹，相手蟹和厚蟹的大眼幼体。     

聚-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹生长和肝胰腺酶活力的影响

分别在饲料中添加0%、1%和3%聚?-羟基丁酸酯(PHB), 研究PHB对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹生长和肝胰腺酶活力的影响。将初始体重为0.8—1.0g的幼蟹(每组60只)在循环水养殖系统单独培养60d后, 对幼蟹蜕皮间隔、个体增重和肝胰腺酶活力等指标进行测定。结果表明, 随饲料中PHB添加量的增加, 幼蟹个体体重增加, 蜕皮间隔缩短, 3% PHB添加组显著高于未添加PHB的对照组(P<0.05)。肝胰腺中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力下降, 碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)活力增加, 酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)活力相对稳定, 谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶含量(GPT)活力总体较低且显著下降(P<0.05)。PHB对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长发育的促进作用, 除了与?-羟基丁酸提供能量物质有关外, 还与非特异免疫防御能力的提高和肝胰腺细胞良好的生理状态密切相关。     

盐碱地中华绒螯蟹育苗水质调配技术的研究

研究了地下卤水中Na^ ／K^ 对中华绒螫蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼体生长发育的影响以及幼体对人工海水盐度的适应性。结果表明：随着地下卤水中Na^ ／K^ 的降低，中华绒螫蟹幼体存活率、变态率和体质量增长率逐渐升高，当地下卤水中的Na^ ／K^ 低于18、6时，中华绒螯蟹幼体的存活率、变态率和体质量增长率与海水对照相比差异不显著；人工海水盐度梯度设置为18～26，Z1→Z2、Z3→Z4、Z5→M各阶段不同处理组幼体存活率和体质量增长率差异显著，而变态率差异基本不显著，各阶段的最适盐度分别为20，22和20。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.