Variations of near-surface atmospheric CO2 and H2O concentrations during summer on Muztagata

Expeditions during the summers of 2002 and 2003 implemented continuous monitoring of near-surface (2 m height) atmospheric CO₂ and H₂O concentrations at the 4500 m elevation on Muztagata. The resultant data sets reveal a slight decrease of CO₂ concentrations (of about 5 μmol·mol^-1) and changes in the diurnal variations from the end of June to the middle August. The daily maximum CO₂ concentrations occur between 02:30-05:30 AM (local time) and the minimum levels occur between 12:00-15:30 PM. The atmospheric CO₂ concentrations in the summer of 2002 were around 5 μmol·mol^-1 lower than those during the same period of 2003, whereas the diurnal amplitude was higher. In contrast, we found that the daily mean atmospheric H₂O content in 2003 was much lower than that in 2002 and there exists a striking negative correlation between CO₂ and H₂O concentrations. We therefore suggest that the near-surface atmospheric CO₂ concentration is affected not only by photosynthesis and respiration, but also by the air H₂O content in the glaciated region around Muztagata.     

On the significance of CO2 inclusions in plagioclase microphenocrysts in tholeiite from Moeraki,New Zealand

Liquid plus vapour inclusions of CO₂ are widespread in plagioclase microphenocrysts in small tholeiitic intrusions and tephra of the Moeraki and adjacent areas of northeast Otago, New Zealand. They imply the presence of immiscible CO₂ droplets in the magma at depths of about 7–14 km. Their presence within 5 μm of the edges of microphenocrysts as little as 35 μm thick and 118 μm long indicates minimal feldspar crystal growth during the final ascent and quenching of the magma. Delicate branching clusters of lath-like microphenocrysts escaped disruption during this ascent. Such CO₂ inclusions are a potential source of ‘excess argon’ perturbing K-Ar age determinations. Received March 24, 1993/Accepted September 10, 1993     

Simulating CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> transport into the ocean from a CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> lake at the seafloor using a <Emphasis Type="Italic">z</Emphasis>- and a <Emphasis Type="Italic">σ</Emphasis>-coordinate model

The ocean takes up approximately 2 GT carbon per year due to the enhanced CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere. Several options have been suggested in order to reduce the emissions of CO₂ into the atmosphere, and among these are CO₂ storage in the deep ocean. Topographic effects of dissolution and transport from a CO₂ lake located at 3,000-m depth have been studied using the z-coordinate model Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) and the σ-coordinate model Bergen ocean model (BOM). Both models have been coupled with the general ocean turbulence model (GOTM) in order to account for vertical subgrid processes. The chosen vertical turbulence mixing scheme includes the damping effect from stable stratification on the turbulence intensity. Three different topographic scenarios are presented: a flat bottom and the CO₂ lake placed within a trench with depths of 10 and 20 m. The flat case scenario gives good correlation with previous numerical studies of dissolution from a CO₂ lake. When topography is introduced, it is shown that the z-coordinate model and the σ-coordinate model give different circulation patterns in the trench. This leads to different dissolution rates, 0.1 μmol cm^− 2 s^− 1 for the scenario of a 20-m-deep trench using BOM and 0.005–0.02 μmol cm^− 2 s^− 1 for the same scenario using the MITgcm. The study is also relevant for leakages of CO₂ stored in geological formations and to the ocean.     

Correlation between plasmid DNA damage induced by PM10 and trace metals in inhalable particulate matters in Beijing air

Based on the study of Beijing PM₁₀ bioreactivity with the newly developed plasmid DNA assay method, and analysis for trace elements of PM₁₀, the cause of plasmid DNA damage by PM₁₀ was investigated. The study showed that plasmid DNA oxidative damages by PM₁₀ are of difference in different seasons at various areas. The concentrations of TM50 of PM₁₀ in whole samples respectively collected at urban and comparison sites during winter were 900 μg mL⁻¹ and 74 μg mL⁻¹, while those in their corresponding soluble fractions were 540 μg mL⁻¹ and 86 μg mL⁻¹. In contrast, TM50 contents of PM₁₀ from summer whole samples at urban areas and comparison sites were 116 μg mL⁻¹ and 210 μg mL⁻¹, whereas those in their soluble fractions were 180 μg mL⁻¹ and 306 μg mL⁻¹. The difference of bioreactivity of Beijing PM₁₀ resulted from the variation of trace elements. The oxidative damage of plasmid DNA caused by Pb, Zn, As in PM₁₀ (whole sample) was relatively strong. TM50 and Mn, V, Zn display stronger correlation in the soluble fraction. It implies that Zn could be the major trace element in Beijing PM₁₀ which contributes to oxidative damage to plasmid DNA.     

Response of needle dark respiration of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis to elevated CO2 concentrations for four growing seasons’ exposure

The long-term effect of elevated CO2 concentrations on needle dark respiration of two coniferous species-Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis on the Changbai Mountain was investigated using open-top chambers. P. Koraiensis and P. Sylvestriformis were exposed to 700,500μmol·mol-1 CO2 and ambient CO2(approx.350 μmol·mol-1)for four growing seasons. Needle dark respiration was measurd during the second, third and fourth growing seasons' exposure to elevated CO2.The results showed that needle dark respiration rate increased for P. Koraiensis and P. Sylvestriformis grown at elevated CO2 concentrations during the second growing season, could be attributed to the change of carbohydrate and/or nitrogen content of needles. Needle dark respiration of P. Koraiensis was stimulated and that of P. Sylvestriformis was inhibited by elevated CO2 concentrations during the third growing season. Different response of the two tree species to elevated CO2 mainly resulted from the difference in the growth rate. Elevated CO2 concentrations inhibited needle dark respiration of both P. Koraiensis and P. Sylvestriformis during the fourth growing season. There was consistent trend between the short-term effect and the long-term effect of elevated CO2 on needle dark respiration in P. Sylvestriformis during the third growing season by changing measurement CO2 concentrations. However, the short-term effect was different from the long-term effect for P. Koraiensis. Response of dark respiration of P. Koraiensis and P. Sylvestriformis to elevated CO2 concentrations was related to the treatment time of CO2 and the stage of growth and development of plant. The change of dark respiration for the two tree species was determined by the direct effect of CO2 and long-term acclimation. The prediction of the long-term response of needle dark respiration to elevated CO2 concentration based on the short-term response is in dispute.     

Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2 measurements using scattered sunlight

The correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), the principal tool for remote measurements of volcanic SO₂, is rapidly being replaced by low-cost, miniature, ultraviolet (UV) spectrometers. We compared two of these new systems with a COSPEC by measuring SO₂ column amounts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. The two systems, one calibrated using in-situ SO₂ cells, and the other using a calibrated laboratory reference spectrum, employ similar spectrometer hardware, but different foreoptics and spectral retrieval algorithms. Accuracy, signal-to-noise, retrieval parameters, and precision were investigated for the two configurations of new miniature spectrometer. Measurements included traverses beneath the plumes from the summit and east rift zone of Kīlauea, and testing with calibration cells of known SO₂ concentration. The results obtained from the different methods were consistent with each other, with <8% difference in estimated SO₂ column amounts up to 800 ppm m. A further comparison between the COSPEC and one of the miniature spectrometer configurations, the ‘FLYSPEC’, spans an eight month period and showed agreement of measured emission rates to within 10% for SO₂ column amounts up to 1,600 ppm m. The topic of measuring high SO₂ burdens accurately is addressed for the Kīlauea measurements. In comparing the foreoptics, retrieval methods, and resultant implications for data quality, we aim to consolidate the various experiences to date, and improve the application and development of miniature spectrometer systems.     

Seasonal variations in pCO2 and its controlling factors in surface seawater of the northern East China Sea

Surface partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll a were measured in the East China Sea (ECS; 31°30′–34°00′N to 124°00′–127°30′E) in August 2003 (summer), May 2004 (spring), October 2004 (early fall), and November 2005 (fall). The warm and saline Tsushima Warm Current was observed in the eastern part of the survey area during four cruises, and relatively low salinity waters due to outflow from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) were observed over the western part of the survey area. Surface pCO₂ ranged from 236 to 445 μatm in spring and summer, and from 326 to 517 μatm in fall. Large pCO₂ (values >400 μatm) occurred in the western part of the study area in spring and fall, and in the eastern part in summer. A positive linear correlation existed between surface pCO₂ and temperature in the eastern part of the study area, where the Tsushima Warm Current dominates; this correlation suggests that temperature is the major factor controlling surface pCO₂ distribution in that area. In the western part of the study area, however, the main controlling factor is different and seasonally complex. There is large transport in this region of Changjiang Diluted Water in summer, causing low salinity and low pCO₂ values. The relationship between surface pCO₂ and water stability suggests that the amount of mixing and/or upwelling of CO₂-rich water might be the important process controlling surface pCO₂ levels during spring and fall in this shallow region. Sea–air CO₂ flux, based on the application of a Wanninkhof [1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 7373–7382] formula for gas transfer velocity and a set of monthly averaged satellite wind data, were −5.04±1.59, −2.52±1.81, 1.71±2.87, and 0.39±0.18 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in spring, summer, early fall, and fall, respectively, in the northern ECS. The ocean in this study area is therefore a carbon sink in spring and summer, but a weak source or in equilibrium with the atmosphere in fall. If the winter flux value is assumed to have been the mean of autumnal and vernal values, then the northern ECS absorbs about 0.013 Pg C annually. That result suggests that the northern ECS is a net sink for atmospheric CO₂, a result consistent with previous studies.     

Characterization of volcanic thermal anomalies by means of sub-pixel temperature distribution analysis

The simultaneous solution of the Planck equation (involving the widely used “dual-band” technique) using two shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands allows for an estimate of the fractional area of the hottest part of an active lava flow (f _h) and the background temperature of the cooler crust (T _c). The use of a high spectral and spatial resolution imaging spectrometer with a wide dynamic range of 15 bits (DAIS 7915) in the wavelength range from 0.501 to 12.67 μm resulted in the identification of crustal temperature and fractional areas for an intra-crater hot spot at Mount Etna, Italy. This study indicates the existence of a relationship between these T _c and f _h extracted from DAIS and Landsat TM data. When the dual band equation system is performed on a lava flow, a logarithmic distribution is obtained from a plot of the fractional area of the hottest temperature vs. the temperature of the cooler crust. An entirely different distribution is obtained over active degassing vents, where increases in T _c occur without any increase in f _h. This result indicates that we can use scatter plots of T _c vs. fh to discriminate between different types of volcanic activity, in this case between degassing vents and lava flows, using satellite thermal data.     

Uncertainty analysis of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> flux components in subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation

We present an uncertainty analysis of ecological process parameters and CO₂ flux components (R _eco, NEE and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE)) derived from 3 years’ continuous eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ fluxes at subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation, Qianyanzhou of ChinaFlux. Daily-differencing approach was used to analyze the random error of CO₂ fluxes measurements and bootstrapping method was used to quantify the uncertainties of three CO₂ flux components. In addition, we evaluated different models and optimization methods in influencing estimation of key parameters and CO₂ flux components. The results show that: (1) Random flux error more closely follows a double-exponential (Laplace), rather than a normal (Gaussian) distribution. (2) Different optimization methods result in different estimates of model parameters. Uncertainties of parameters estimated by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) are lower than those derived from ordinary least square method (OLS). (3) The differences between simulated R_eco, NEE and GEE derived from MLE and those derived from OLS are 12.18% (176 g C·m⁻²·a⁻¹), 34.33% (79 g C·m⁻²·a⁻¹) and 5.4% (92 g C·m⁻²·a⁻¹). However, for a given parameter optimization method, a temperature-dependent model (T_model) and the models derived from a temperature and water-dependent model (TW_model) are 1.31% (17.8 g C·m⁻²·a⁻¹), 2.1% (5.7 g C·m⁻²·a⁻¹), and 0.26% (4.3 g C·m⁻²·a⁻¹), respectively, which suggested that the optimization methods are more important than the ecological models in influencing uncertainty in estimated carbon fluxes. (4) The relative uncertainty of CO₂ flux derived from OLS is higher than that from MLE, and the uncertainty is related to timescale, that is, the larger the timescale, the smaller the uncertainty. The relative uncertainties of R_eco, NEE and GEE are 4%−8%, 7%−22% and 2%−4% respectively at annual timescale. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570347), Innovative Research International Partnership Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. CXTD-Z2005-1) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2002CB412502)     

The role of vibrationally excited nitrogen in the ionosphere

Theoretical and experimental aspects of the production, transformation, diffusion and loss of N₂ in the upper atmosphere are considered. The N₂-CO₂ near-resonant system in theD andE regions is taken into account. We describe our understanding of the methods necessary to find the vibrational populations of N₂ and CO₂ (asymmetric mode of CO₂). The calculations of the vibrational temperatures in theD, E, andF regions for the mid-latitude ionosphere and an aurora are presented. The connection between the excited species and the 4.26-m radiation intensities is considered. The models for the rate coefficient of the reaction of O⁺ with N₂ and the electron density decrease resulting from N₂ in the F region are discussed.     

Low carbon dioxide partial pressure in a productive subtropical lake

The purposes of this study were to assess if Lake Apopka (FL, USA) was autotrophic or heterotrophic based on the partial pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide (pCO₂) in the surface water and to evaluate factors that influence the long-term changes in pCO₂. Monthly average pH, alkalinity and other limnological variables collected between 1987 and 2006 were used to estimate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pCO₂ and CO₂ flux between surface water and atmosphere. Results indicated that average pCO₂ in the surface water was 196 μatm, well below the atmospheric pCO₂. Direct measurements of DIC concentration on three sampling dates in 2009 also supported pCO₂ undersaturation in Lake Apopka. Supersaturation in CO₂ occurred in this lake in only 13% of the samples from the 20-year record. The surface-water pCO₂ was inversely related to Chl a concentrations. Average annual CO₂ flux was 28.2 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ from the atmosphere to the lake water and correlated significantly with Chl a concentration, indicating that biological carbon sequestration led to the low dissolved CO₂ concentration. Low pCO₂ and high invasion rates of atmospheric CO₂ in Lake Apopka indicated persistent autotrophy. High rates of nutrient loading and primary production, a high buffering capacity, a lack of allochthonous loading of organic matter, and the dominance of a planktivorous–benthivorous fish food web have supported long-term net autotrophy in this shallow subtropical eutrophic lake. Our results also showed that lake restoration by the means of nutrient reduction resulted in significantly lower total phosphorus (TP) and Chl a concentrations, and higher pCO₂.     

三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO2和CH4通量初探

水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO₂通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m²·h);CH₄通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m²·h).养鹿消落区CO₂、CH₄通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m²·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO₂通量呈增加趋势,而CH₄通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO₂释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH₄吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄产汇的主要影响因素.     

Longitudinal distributions of two formation pathways of biogenic gases in continental deposits: A case study from Sebei 1 gas field in the Qaidam Basin, western China

The distribution of two formation pathways of biogenic methane, acetate fermentation and reduction of CO2, has been extensively studied. In general, CO2 reduction is the dominate pathway in marine envi- ronment where acetate is relatively depleted because of SRB consuming. While in terrestrial freshwater or brackish environment, acetate fermentation is initially significant, but decreases with increasing buried depth. In this paper, character of biogenic gases is profiled in the XS3-4 well of the Sebei 1 gas field in the Sanhu depression, Qaidam Basin. It indicates that those two pathways do not change strictly with increasing buried depth. CO2 reduction is important near the surface (between 50 m and 160 m), and at the mesozone (between 400 and 1650 m). While acetate fermentation is the primary pathway at two zones, from 160 to 400 m and from 1650 to 1700 m. δ 13C of methane generated in those two acetate fermentation zones varies greatly, owing to different sediment circumstances. At the sec- ond zone (160-400 m), δ 13C1 ranges from ?65‰ to ?30‰ (PDB), because the main deposit is mudstone and makes the circumstance confined. At the fourth zone of the well bottom (1650-1700 m), δ 13C1 is lighter than ?65‰ (PDB). Because the deposit is mainly composed of siltstone, it well connects with outer fertile groundwater and abundant nutrition has supplied into this open system. The high con- centration of acetate is a forceful proof. δ 13C of methane would not turn heavier during fermentation, owing to enough nutrition supply. In spite of multi-occurrence of acetate fermentation, the commercial gas accumulation is dominated by methane of CO2-reduction pathway. A certain content of alkene gases in the biogenic gases suggests that methanogensis is still active at present.     

Estimate of seasonal changes in the intensity of the infrared atmospheric system of molecular oxygen

On the basis of measurements of the intensity of 1.58-μm emissions of the Infrared Atmospheric System of molecular oxygen (IRAO₂) conducted at the Zvenigorod scientific station of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (φ = 55.7°N, λ = 36.8°E), seasonal variations are estimated for various solar zenith angles. Their amplitude has the maximum value at the solar zenith angles χ _S ∼ 105–110°. It decreases at χ _S ∼ 125–130° and tends to zero at χ _S ∼ 80–85°. The comparison of currently measured values of the 1.58-μm emission intensity of the Infrared Atmospheric System of molecular oxygen with published data on the intensity of this emission obtained in 1961–1966 reveals their decrease over approximately 50 years. This fact is in good agreement with similar behavior of the emission intensity of atomic oxygen (557.7 nm) over the period considered.     

Carbon stable isotopic composition of karst soil CO2 in central Guizhou, China

The δ¹³c values of soil CO₂ are less than that of atmosphere CO₂ in the karst area. On the soil-air interface, the δ¹³c vlaues of soil CO₂ decrease with the increase in soil depth; below the soil-air interface, the δ¹³c values of soil CO₂ are invariable. The type of vegetation on the land surface has an influence on the δ¹³C values of soil CO₂. Due to the activity of soil microbes, the δ¹³C values of soil CO₂ are variable with seasonal change in ps. Isotopic tracer indicates that atmosphere CO₂ has a great deal of contribution to soil CO₂ at the lower parts of soil proflie. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49703048 and 49833002)     

典型农业流域不同类型池塘水体CO2排放特征

内陆水体是大气CO₂收支估算的重要组成部分。农业流域分布着大量池塘景观水体,且具备蓄洪抗旱、消纳污染、水产养殖等多种功能。但是,农业流域不同功能的小型池塘CO₂排放特征尚不清楚。本研究以极具农业流域代表性的烔炀河流域为研究对象,选取流域中用于水产养殖(养殖塘)、生活污水承纳(村塘)、农业灌溉(农塘)、蓄水(水塘)的4个功能不同的景观池塘,基于为期1年的野外实地观测,以明确农业流域小型池塘CO₂排放特征。结果表明,不同功能池塘水体CO₂排放差异显著,受养殖活动、生活污水输入和农田灌溉等人类活动影响,养殖塘((80.37±100.39) mmol/(m²·d))、村塘((48.69±65.89) mmol/(m²·d))和农塘((13.50±15.81) mmol/(m²·d))是大气CO₂的热点排放源,其CO₂排放通量分别是自然蓄水塘((4.52±23.26) mmol/(m²·d))的18、11和3倍。统计分析也表明,该流域池塘CO₂排放变化总体上受溶解氧、营养盐等因素驱动。4个不同景观池塘CO₂排放通量全年均值为(37.31±67.47) mmol/(m²·d),是不容忽视的CO₂排放源,其中养殖塘和村塘具有较高的CO₂排放潜力,在未来研究中需要重点关注。     

Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions,crystallization, and magma ascent: hypotheses,theory, and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens

 Measurements of CO₂ fluxes from open-vent volcanos are rare, yet may offer special capabilities for monitoring volcanos and forecasting activity. The measured fluxes of CO₂ and SO₂ from Mount St. Helens decreased from July through November 1980, but the record includes variations of CO₂/SO₂ in the emitted gas and episodes of greatly increased fluxes of CO₂. We propose that the CO₂ flux variations reflect two gas components: (a) a component whose flux decreased in proportion to 1/ √t with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 1.7, and (b) a residual flux of CO₂ consisting of short-lived, large peaks with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 15. We propose two hypotheses: (a) the 1/ √t dependence was generated by crystallization in a deep magma body at rates governed by diffusion-limited heat transfer, and (b) the gas component with the higher CO₂/SO₂ was released from ascending magma, which replenished the same magma body. The separation of the total CO₂ flux into contributions from known processes permits quantitative inferences about the replenishment and crystallization rates of open-system magma bodies beneath volcanos. The flux separations obtained by using two gas sources with distinct CO₂/SO₂ ratios and a peak minus background approach to obtain the CO₂ contributions from an intermittent source and a continuously emitting source are similar. The flux separation results support the hypothesis that the second component was generated by episodic magma ascent and replenishment of the magma body. The diffusion-limited crystallization hypothesis is supported by the decay of minimum CO₂ and SO₂ fluxes with 1/ √t after 1 July 1980. We infer that the magma body at Mount St. Helens was replenished at an average rate (2.8×10⁶m³d^–1) which varied by less than 5% during July, August, and September 1980. The magma body volume (2.4–3.0 km³) in early 1982 was estimated by integrating a crystallization rate function inferred from CO₂ fluxes to maximum times (20±4 years) estimated from the increase of sample crystallinity with time. These new volcanic gas flux separation methods and the existence of relations among the CO₂ flux, crystallization rates, and magma body replenishment rates yield new information about the dynamics of an open-vent, replenished magma body. Received: 15 February 1995 / Accepted: 30 March 1996     

An improved TES algorithm based on the corrected ALPHA difference spectrum

Different from visible signals, thermal infrared radiances depend on both temperature and emissivity. It is a key problem for us to separate temperature and emissivity in thermal infrared remote sensing re- search. Another difficulty encountered in the retrieval of surface temperature is the correction of downwelling sky irradiance, because it is closely related to surface emissivity. When emissivity is un- known, the downwelling sky irradiance is difficult to be removed. In this paper, we introduce a correc- tion term of downwelling sky irradiance developed by Li and Becker into Wien’s approximation, to de- rive an improved ALPHA difference spectrum which is independent of temperature, and furthermore develop a correction term to remove the error of Wien’s approximation. Under the support of the above work, attractive features of Alpha derived emissivity method and ASTER TES algorithm are combined together to acquire a new Improved TES algorithm based on Corrected ALPHA Difference Spectrum (ICADS TES). Because a multi-band inversion technique is applied, and the operations of band ratios and differences are included in the algorithm, it can partly remove the influence of atmosphere and noises. Numerical simulation experiments show that for various combinations of atmosphere, land covers and surface temperatures, the algorithm is applicable and stable. Its accuracy for temperature is 0―1.5 K, and that for emissivity is 0―0.015. Compared with current TES algorithms, our method has clear physical meaning, is easy to be implemented, and is applicable for a wide temperature range and surface types. The results are not influenced by the directional characteristic of emissivity. Because ICADS TES does not need the support of a priori information of surface types, it is also not influenced by the accuracy of classification and the problem of mixture pixels. Compared with our former TES algorithm based on corrected Alpha difference spectra (CADS TES), the new algorithm takes the effect of downwelling atmospheric radiation into account. When the quantity of atmosphere radiation can be estimated precisely, the performance of ICADS TES is much better.     

不同水文情景下洪泽湖二氧化碳排放通量特征及影响因素

内陆水域二氧化碳(CO₂)排放是全球碳平衡的重要组成部分,全球CO₂排放通量估算通常有很大不确定性,一方面源于CO₂排放数据观测的时空离散性,另一方面也是缺少水文情景与CO₂排放通量关联性的研究.本文观测了2018年洪泽湖不同水文情景表层水体CO₂排放通量特征,并探讨其影响因素.结果表明,洪泽湖CO₂排放通量为丰水期((106.9±73.4) mmol/(m²·d))>枯水期((18.7±13.6) mmol/(m²·d))>平水期((5.2±15.5) mmol/(m²·d)),且碳通量由丰(310.2~32.0 mmol/(m²·d))、枯(50.8~2.2 mmol/(m²·d))、平(-17.3~39.8 mmol/(m²·d))3种水文情景的交替表现出湖泊碳源到弱碳汇的转变,空间上CO₂排放通量总体呈现北部成子湖区低、南部过水湖区高的分布趋势.洪泽湖CO₂排放对水文情景响应敏感,特别是上游淮河流域来水量的改变,是主导该湖CO₂排放时空分异的重要因子.丰水期湖泊接纳了淮河更多有机和无机碳的输入,外源碳基质的降解和矿化显著促进了水体CO₂的生产与排放,同时氮、磷等营养物质的大量输入,加剧了水体营养化程度,进一步提高CO₂排放量,间接反映出人类活动对洪泽湖CO₂变化的深刻影响.平、枯水期随着上游淮河来水量的减少,驱动水体CO₂排放的因素逐渐由外源输入转变为水体有机质的呼吸降解.此外,上游河口区DOM中陆源类腐殖质的累积与矿化能够促进CO₂的排放,而内源有机质组分似乎并没有直接参与CO₂的排放过程.研究结果揭示了水文情景交替对湖库CO₂排放的重要影响,同时有必要进行高频观测以进一步明晰湖泊的碳通量变化及其控制因素.     

Controls on magma permeability in the volcanic conduit during the climactic phase of the Kos Plateau Tuff eruption (Aegean Arc)

X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) was applied to pumices from the largest Quaternary explosive eruption of the active South Aegean Arc (the Kos Plateau Tuff; KPT) in order to better understand magma permeability within volcanic conduits. Two different types of pumices (one with highly elongated bubbles, tube pumice; and the other with near spherical bubbles, frothy pumice) produced synchronously and with identical chemical composition were selected for μCT imaging to obtain porosity, tortuosity, bubble size and throat size distributions. Tortuosity drops on average from 2.2 in frothy pumice to 1.5 in tube pumice. Bubble size and throat size distributions provide estimates for mean bubble size (~93–98 μm) and mean throat size (~23–29 μm). Using a modified Kozeny-Carman equation, variations in porosity, tortuosity, and throat size observed in KPT pumices explain the spread found in laboratory measurements of the Darcian permeability. Measured difference in inertial permeability between tube and frothy pumices can also be partly explained by the same variables but require an additional parameter related to the internal roughness of the porous medium (friction factor f ₀ ). Constitutive equations for both types of permeability allow the quantification of laminar and turbulent gas escape during ascent of rhyolitic magma in volcanic conduits.