Wide-angle airborne laser range data analysis for relative height determination of ground-based benchmarks

 A wide-angle airborne laser ranging system has been developed for the determination of relative heights of ground-based benchmarks in regional-scale networks (typically 100 laser reflectors spread over 100 km²). A first prototype demonstrated a 1–2 mm accuracy in radial distance measurement in a ground-based experiment in 1995. The first aircraft experiment was conducted in 1998, over a small area (1 km²) equipped with a network of 64 benchmarks. The instrument was modified before that experiment, in order to minimize echo superimposition due to the high density of benchmarks. New data processing algorithms have been developed, for the deconvolution of strongly overlapped echoes and a high a priori uncertainty in the aircraft flight path, and for the estimation of benchmark coordinates. A special methodology has been developed for the parameterization of these algorithms and of outlier detection tests. From a total of 2×10⁴ pseudo-range measurements, that have been acquired from two flights composed of 30 legs each, only 3×10³ remain after outlier detection. A positioning accuracy of 1.5 cm in the vertical coordinate (2.1 cm in the difference between the two flights) has been achieved. It is shown that the errors are normally distributed, with a nearly zero mean, and are consistent with the a posteriori uncertainty. It is also shown that the accuracy is limited mainly by the sensitivity of the photodetector used for this experiment (due to reduced response time). Another limiting factor is the effect of aircraft attitude changes during the measurements, which produces additional uncertainties in absolute distance measurements. It is planned to test new photodetectors with high internal gains. These should provide, in future experiments with smaller benchmark density, an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio of a factor of 5–10, leading to sub-centimeter vertical positioning accuracy. Received: 19 June 2001 / Accepted: 3 January 2002     

基于LiDAR高度纹理和神经网络的地物分类

使用LiDAR单一数据进行点云分割工作时,基于斜率的严格分割LiDAR点云的方法不能很好的适应复杂地物 的分类工作。本文将LiDAR粗分割后的点云转换为高度图像和反射强度图像,并求取高度图像GLCM高度纹理。将4 种GLCM高度纹理、地面粗糙系数、平均高度和平均反射强度共7种纹理作为识别地面覆盖物的特征,并利用后向传播 神经网络(BP-ANN)方法对LiDAR数据进行地物识别。实验表明,这种方法能够从LiDAR独立数据源中有效的实现地 物分类,实验获得的精度大于90%。与传统的最大似然法进行对比,BP-ANN的分类精度高于最大似然法。当预设地 面类型能同时满足被光学影像和LiDAR数据识别的条件时,LiDAR高度纹理分类与光学影像分类结果的一致性达到 76.5%。     

Rapid texture mapping from image sequences for building geometry model

An effective approach, mapping the texture for building model based on the digital photogrammetric theory, is proposed. The easily-acquired image sequences from digital video camera on helicopter are used as texture resource, and the correspondence between the space edge in building geometry model and its line feature in image sequences is determined semiautomatically. The experimental results in production of three-dimensional data for car navigation show us an attractive future both in efficiency and effect.     

Rapid texture mapping from image sequences for building geometry model

An effective approach,mapping the texture for building model based on the digital photogrammetric theory, is proposed. The easily-ac-quired image sequences from digital video camera on helicopter are used as texture resource, and the correspon-dence between the space edge in build-ing geometry model and its line feature in image sequences is determined semi-automatically. The experimental re-sults in production of three-dimension-al data for car navigation show us an attractive future both in efficiency and effect.     

人卫激光测距望远镜系统的指向修正

利用实测数据分析了人卫激光测距望远镜系统常用的两种指向修正模型(球谐函数模型与Mount Strom lo支架模型)的精度和稳定性。结果表明,两种模型均能达到较好的拟合精度,但Mount Strom lo支架模型系数间大多不相关,其稳定性明显优于球谐函数模型。     

基于资源三号影像的建筑物高度信息提取方法

建筑物高度信息的获取是高分辨率遥感影像信息提取研究中的热点问题之一。该文提出了一套结合面向对象分类方法的建筑物高度反演技术方法。首先,利用建筑物和阴影的形态学指数,通过面向对象分类方法提取建筑物轮廓和阴影信息;然后,采用相交线平均法计算阴影长度;最后,根据阴影长度和建筑物高度的几何关系模型计算建筑物高度。采用西安市的国产资源三号(ZY-3)卫星遥感数据进行提取试验,通过171栋建筑物的实际测量高度对结果进行验证,获得了91.23%的总体精度,显示出该方法在建筑物高度信息提取研究方面具有一定的现实意义。     

支持向量机的建筑物激光脚点提取方法

本文提出了一种基于全色波段航空影像和激光雷达数据的建筑物检测方法.如何从激光点云数据中提取出建筑物激光脚点,是建筑物三维重建和轮廓提取的难点问题之一.植被密集区域以及与建筑物紧密相邻的树木的激光点很难与建筑物激光点区分开.本文利用支持向量机对单个激光点的特征进行两分类,特征向量包括激光点的高程、高程变化信息以及与激光点...     

RESEARCH ON LASER RANGE SCANNING AND ITS APPLICATION

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On filtering and compressing lageos laser range data

A method of compressing LAGEOS laser range measurements into normal points is described. First, the raw range measurements are screened, on a pass-by-pass basis, by a filter which utilizes the fact that the range varies with time very nearly like a quadratic curve. Second, the time series of the filtered range data over each pass is divided into small segments, typically of 150 s duration. Third, each separate segment is modelled by a unique low-order Chebyshev polvnomial, typically of order four. Fourth, the polynomial is interpolated at some instant, typically that corresponding to the mean time of the segment, to vield the normal point. Baseline measurements across Australia obtained from full rate data and from data compressed into 150 s normal points, agree to within the measurement error. These differences are mainly due to the effects of data distribution and pass geometry. Computer costs are substantially reduced.     

Research on laser range scanning and its application

In this paper the development of the technology of the laser scanning is summarized. The principles of laser range scanning are introduced. Based on the laser scanning technology and methods, which are investigated by the authors to survey deposit volume, a surveying system is developed and a practical application is performed. It is shown that the laser-scanning technology has obvious advantages such as measurement precision, automation and visualization of observed data in comparison with the traditional methods. As a result, labor intensity is relieved obviously and work efficiency is promoted.     

阴影长度法建筑高度数据提取的误差分析

针对大范围建筑物高度信息的提取精度低且速度慢的问题,提出利用GOOGLE Sketch Up模型法,模拟沈阳市2014-09-22T10∶30∶00不同位置、不同高度的建筑及阴影,对此情况下基于阴影长度法测算的建筑高度误差变化规律进行研究。结果表明:测试点经度变化或纬度变化时,建筑高度测算误差都随着与中心样本点的距离增加而增大,且误差随纬度变化的幅度大于随经度变化;测试点经纬度同时变化,建筑高度测算误差随着与中心样本点的距离增加而增大,且沿西北—东南方向变化幅度大于沿东北—西南方向;同一位置,测算误差随建筑高度增加而增大。研究结果对提高阴影长度法的精度以及快速准确获取大范围建筑物高度信息等研究有参考价值。     

A laser scanning-based method for fast estimation of seismic-induced building deformations

Monitoring damaged buildings in an area where an earthquake has occurred requires the use of techniques which provide rapid and safe measurements even in emergency conditions. In particular, remote sensing techniques like terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) can satisfy these requirements, since they produce very dense point clouds in little time and also allow an accurate geometric modeling of observed buildings. Nevertheless, strong constraints on TLS data acquisition geometry, such as acquisition distance and incidence angles, typically characterize an area in seismic emergency conditions. In order to correctly interpret the data, it is necessary to estimate errors affecting TLS measurements in these critical conditions. A reliable estimation can be achieved by means of experiments and numerical simulations aimed at quantifying a realistic noise level, with emphasis on reduction of artifacts due to data acquisition, registration and modeling. This paper proposes a data analysis strategy in which TLS-based morphological maps computed as point-to-primitive differences are created. The method can be easily used for accurate surveying in emergency conditions. In order to demonstrate the proposed method in very diverse situations, it was applied to rapidly detect deformation traces in the San Giacomo Roncole Campanile (Modena), the Asinelli tower (Bologna) and the Cantalovo Church (Verona), three buildings damaged by the Mw 5.9 Emilia Romagna 2012 earthquake (Italy).     

直接线性变换在建筑物比高求解中的应用

高度信息作为人工地物的重要属性信息,在军事和民用上都具有很高的利用价值。针对人工地物高度提取的发展现状及存在的主要问题,本文对单张航片利用直接线性变换结合DEM确定人工地物比高方法的原理和技术进行了研究,并进行了实验,验证了方法的可行性。     

An automatic mosaicking method for building facade texture mapping using a monocular close-range image sequence

This paper presents an automatic mosaicking method for generating building facade textures from a monocular close-range digital image sequence. The process begins with the computation of the camera parameters (except the coordinates of the projective center), which are determined by combining vanishing point geometry with constraints of a straight line bundle as well as prior information of parallel lines in object space. The raw images are later rectified for the purpose of eliminating their salient geometric distortion. Next, automatic retrieval of the relevant image segment is implemented using the detecting range variance by means of the histogram of projective differences between the corresponding points for each of the facades from the raw image sequence. A strip model of the least-squares adjustment, which is similar to the strip block adjustment in aerial triangulation, is employed to determine the spatial alignment of each of the image segments in order to generate the facade textures from the relevant image segments. Afterwards, the entire building facade texture is mosaicked by ortho-image generation. Two refining strategies are proposed to optimize the mosaic result. One is refining the mosaic region where corresponding points are difficult to match but plenty of horizontal lines are available, and the constraint of corresponding horizontal lines is introduced to implement this process. The other strategy is to refine the unsatisfactory mosaic region by densifying the corresponding points by means of the spatial alignment of the relevant image segment computed by the strip method. The experimental results indicate that this method is widely applicable and compares well with other reported approaches with regard to automation level and applicability, for uncalibrated images as well as images with large geometric distortions.     

一种传统民居遥感提取方法

针对基于地物光谱统计特征的建筑物提取方法由于存在较大的同物异谱现象导致提取结果不满足要求的问题,该文提出了一种基于形态学建筑物指数并顾及纹理特征的遥感提取方法。该方法综合考虑传统民居在高分辨率遥感影像上的光谱、形态和纹理特征,首先利用形态学建筑物指数法提取建筑,并使用最小矩形长宽比和像元个数区分道路和零星地物,而后利用Contourlet变换和谱直方图相似性计算进行纹理甄别,实现传统民居的遥感识别和提取。为了验证该方法,选取湖南省常宁市庙前镇中田村QuickBird影像进行试验,结果表明该方法能够获得较高精度的提取结果,整体精度为71.54%,影响提取精度的关键原因为损毁严重的建筑物光谱特征与目标图像纹理相差较大。     

Optimisation of building detection in satellite images by combining multispectral classification and texture filtering

Conventional multispectral classification methods show poor performance with respect to detection of urban object classes, such as buildings, in high spatial resolution satellite images. This is because objects in urban areas are very complicated with respect to both their spectral and spatial characteristics. Multispectral classification detects object classes only according to the spectral information of the individual pixels, while a large amount of spatial information is neglected. In this study, a technique is described which attempts to detect urban buildings in two stages. The first stage is a conventional multispectral classification. In the second stage, the classification of buildings is improved by means of their spatial information through a modified co-occurrence matrix based filtering. The direction dependence of the co-occurrence matrix is utilised in the filtering process. The method has been tested by using TM and SPOT Pan merged data for the whole area of the city of Shanghai, China. After the co-occurrence matrix based filtering, the average user accuracy increased by about 46% and the average Kappa statistic by about 57%. This result is about 26% better than the accuracy improvement through normal texture filtering. The method presented in this study is very useful for a rapid estimation of urban building and city development, especially in metropolitan areas of developing countries.     

Generalization of 3D building texture using image compression and multiple representation data structure

Textures are an essential part of 3D building models and often consume large portions of the data volume, thus making visualization difficult. Therefore, we propose a multi-resolution texture generalization method to compress the textures of 3D building models for dynamic visualization at different scales. It consists of two steps: image compression and texture coloring. In the first step, texture images are compressed using wavelet transformation in both the horizontal and the vertical direction. In the second step, a TextureTree is created to store building texture color for dynamic visualization from different distances. To generate a TextureTree, texture images are iteratively segmented by horizontal and vertical dividing zones, until each section is basically in the same color. Then the texture of each section is represented by their main color and the TextureTree is created based on the color difference between the adjacent sections. In dynamic visualization, the suitable compressed texture images or the TextureTree nodes are selected to generate 3D scenes based on the angle and the distance between the viewpoint and the building surface. The experimental results indicate that wavelet based image compression and the proposed TextureTree can effectively represent the visual features of the textured buildings with much less data.     

相位法激光测距信号源系统研究

为了使相位式激光测距获得更好的调制信号源,采用了基于单片机控制DDA芯片AD9851产生频率可调,相位可控的信号源,由于DDS具有噪声低,频率分辨率高,易于编程等优点,根据实际需要,通过给AD9851编程获得不同的频率,满足不同距离的测量.由于获得的信号源中存在着高频杂散信号,设计了最接近理想特性的椭圆低通滤波器,并给...     

Stereo analysis of high-resolution SAR images for building height estimation in cases of orthogonal aspect directions

SAR stereo image analysis for 3D information extraction is mostly carried out based on imagery taken under same-side or opposite-side viewing conditions. For urban scenes in practice stereo is up to now usually restricted to the first configuration, because increasing image dissimilarity connected with rising illumination direction differences leads to a lack of suitable features for matching, especially in the case of low or medium resolution data. However, due to two developments SAR stereo from arbitrary viewing conditions becomes an interesting option for urban information extraction. The first one is the availability of airborne sensor systems, which are capable of more flexible data acquisition in comparison to satellite sensors. This flexibility enables multi-aspect analysis of objects in built-up areas for various kinds of purpose, such as building recognition, road network extraction, or traffic monitoring. The second development is the significant improvement of the geometric resolution providing a high level of detail especially of roof features, which can be observed from a wide span of viewpoints. In this paper, high-resolution SAR images of an urban scene are analyzed in order to infer buildings and their height from the different layover effects in views taken from orthogonal aspect angles. High level object matching is proposed that relies on symbolic data, representing suitable features of urban objects. Here, a knowledge-based approach is applied, which is realized by a production system that codes a set of suitable principles of perceptual grouping in its production rules. The images are analyzed separately for the presence of certain object groups and their characteristics frequently appearing on buildings, such as salient rows of point targets, rectangular structures or symmetries. The stereo analysis is then accomplished by means of productions that combine and match these 2D image objects and infer their height by 3D clustering. The approach is tested using real SAR data of an urban scene.     

融合高度和光谱信息的倾斜摄影数据建筑物自动提取

建筑物作为三维模型的主体,其矢量化主要依赖人工勾画,虽有采用深度学习等方法进行建筑物提取的研究,但依然需要标注大量样本。针对上述问题,本文以天津市典型区域为试验区,提出一种融合高度和光谱信息的倾斜摄影数据建筑物自动提取方法。首先,通过高度初始分割、植被信息滤除、形态学后处理等,逐步优化建筑物提取结果,实现建筑物信息的自动提取,建筑物的总体识别精度达到94%。然后,通过对建筑物轮廓进行矢量化和规则化,在地理信息平台中实现了建筑物的对象化查询,拓展了实景三维模型的应用深度。