土壤地球化学测量在黔东八瓢达冲金矿勘查中的应用与找矿效果

通过对矿区实施1∶5000土壤地球化学测量,确定该区的指示元素为Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、As,选用传统的统计方法确定各元素的异常下限值分别为6×10-9、30×10-6、40×10-6、150×10-6、50×10-6,据此发现了一批有价值的地球化学异常区。对各元素地球化学异常区的找矿潜力进行分析,结合地层、岩性、构造等有利控矿因素综合评判主成矿元素异常、元素组合异常,圈定出3个找矿靶区。在Ⅰ号异常靶区内,Au与As、Cu、Pb在空间上具有良好的叠合性,经工程布置发现了M1~M7含金石英脉矿体,圈定了Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号矿体;在矿区西部Ⅲ号异常靶区,Au与As、Zn异常叠合良好,经工程验证,在此发现M11、M12、M13等多条含金石英脉体,圈定了Ⅲ号矿体。总的来说,对异常区进行钻探和槽探等工程验证,异常的位置、规模、走向与新发现矿体(矿化点)吻合较好,表明土壤地球化学测量在该区找矿是有效的,值得向邻区推广。     

沟系土壤地球化学测量在内乡韭菜沟矿区勘查中的应用

通过在韭菜沟矿区的沟系土壤地球化学测量工作,发现了一批有价值的地球化学异常,结合地层、岩性、构造等有利控矿因素,对金、银、砷、汞、锑地球化学异常区的找矿潜力进行分析,说明砷、汞、锑异常对金矿化有一定的指示意义。进一步明确找矿方向,缩小找矿范围,圈定了3个找矿靶区,对各靶区实施山地工程验证,取得了较好的找矿效果,证明沟系土壤地球化学测量方法在地质勘查中具有明显的找矿效果,为进一步的地质工作提供了科学依据。     

香格里拉扎沙地区地球化学异常及其找矿意义

扎沙地区土壤地球化学测量共圈定10个元素组合异常。Ⅰ类异常与地质构造吻合较好,应为致矿异常,可作为重要找矿标志,对缩小找矿靶区和找矿有较好的指导意义。     

黑龙江省木兰县六块地南土壤地球化学异常特征及成矿预测

黑龙江木兰县六块地南大地构造位置属于小兴安岭-张广才岭岩浆弧,成矿区带为伊春-延寿多金属成矿亚带的重要组成部分,成矿地质条件优越。为查明该区各成矿元素和矿(化)体的分布特征,实现找矿突破,开展了1：2万土壤地球化学测量及成矿预测工作。利用12种成矿元素进行相关性分析、聚类分析、因子分析、单元素异常分析和组合元素异常分析,圈定了元素异常区,优选了找矿靶区。结果表明,区内Au、As、Sb、Mo元素变异系数值高,成矿潜力较强;As、Sb元素的相关性较好,相关系数为0.73,R型聚类分析将成矿元素分为4类,因子分析将分析元素分为4组;结合区内成矿地质条件和土壤地球化学异常特征,共圈出单元素异常113处,组合异常3处;测区主攻矿种为Au和Zn, Au元素主要找矿靶区为Au-5和Au-7异常区,Zn元素主要找矿靶区为Zn-6异常区,As、Sb、Mo找矿前景非常好,可作为第一找矿目标元素。     

柬埔寨茅草田地区地球化学异常及找矿意义

对柬埔寨王国茅草田地区进行1∶5万土壤地球化学测量,以及对该区内的元素分布特征、单元素异常特征、元素相关性分析和相关元素组合异常研究,确定了找矿靶区;通过地表工程揭露,发现金矿体,验证了异常为矿致异常。     

梁家沟矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿意义

在1∶1万土壤地球化学测量的基础上,对梁家沟矿区的地球化学特征进行了初步分析,对元素的分布特征及单元素异常特征进行了研究,发现Ag、Pb、Mo、W为矿区具有一定潜力的找矿指标。结合矿区内异常元素组合特征、地球化学—地质成因和找矿远景分析,圈定矿区内冰冷沟、苇子沟和乔沟为找矿靶区。     

赞比亚西北省兴安矿区地球化学异常及找矿意义

赞比亚矿产资源非常丰富,但以往只把铜钴矿及宝石矿作为重点找矿目标,对金矿等勘查重视程度不够。在赞比亚西北省兴安矿区开展了1∶1万土壤地球化学测量工作,通过元素分布特征、单元素异常特征、元素相关性分析、相关元素累乘组合异常研究,确定了找矿靶区;经过钻孔深部验证,发现铜金矿体,验证了异常为矿致异常。     

大比例尺地球化学勘查技术在隐伏矿找矿实践中的应用——以内蒙古乌拉特后旗查干德尔斯大型钼矿为例

根据地球化学1∶20万主成矿元素Mo的综合异常,采用1∶1万地质填图和1∶2.5万沟系土壤测量方法,快速圈定了Mo找矿靶区。在综合研究的基础上,确定找矿有利部位,经钻探验证,发现内蒙古乌拉特后旗查干德尔斯大型隐伏钼矿,证明了大比例尺沟系土壤地球化学测量对该区寻找隐伏矿床具有重要作用。笔者系统总结了该类矿床的地质地球化学找矿标志,为寻找隐伏矿床提供了参考。     

四川木里烟依金矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿预测

烟依矿区位于我国重要的金成矿区带甘孜-理塘构造结合带南段,紧邻梭罗沟金矿,在对烟依矿区进行1:10000地质草测,基本查明该矿区地质条件,在此基础上,对矿区开展1﹕10000土壤地球化学测量工作。通过样品Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg五种微量元素含量特征分析,显示Au元素为测区内成矿有利元素。使用数理统计软件对样品5种元素进行降维,划分出Au-As-Sb和Ag-Hg两组元素组合,对组合元素采用衬度累加法进行数据处理,对单元素异常图和组合元素异常图进行套合,并结合地质成矿条件共圈定了4个成矿靶区,通过探槽工程对靶区YY-2和靶区YY-4进行验证,确定了Au1和Au2两条金矿化体,显示了本区金土壤地球化学找矿的有效性。     

内蒙古蓬勃山地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿方向

蓬勃山地区位于天山—阴山构造带东段,隶属于甜水井—乌珠尔嘎顺—雅干成矿带。研究区矿化主要表现为金矿化,矿化类型较为单一。通过对研究区的土壤地球化学测量,共圈出单元素异常66处。根据各元素聚类分析结果,并结合元素异常的套合情况,进一步圈定了4处组合异常。综合考虑研究区土壤地球化学异常特征、土壤地球化学组合异常所在位置及异常与地质体、矿脉的关系,在研究区内圈定了三个找矿靶区并进行了工程验证,取得了良好的找矿效果。     

Application of modified wavelet and fractal modeling for detection of geochemical anomaly

Aim of this research is to propose a wavelet-fractal model for detection of geochemical anomaly based on a modified Morlet Wavelet Kernel (MMWK). This study was carried out for detection of lithium anomalies regarding stream sediment samples. Major Li anomalies commence from 51.1 ppm obtained by the wavelet-fractal modeling based on Decomposed Wavelet Transformation (DWT) using a conventional Morlet wavelet. A modified kernel for the Morlet wavelet was utilized for separation of the Li anomalies. The MMWK benefits from the use of L1 norm (instead of L2) which consequently provides more robustness and resistance to outliers for stream sediment data. Results derived via the modified Morlet kernel-fractal modeling show that there are principal lithium anomalies with Li ≥ 55.2 ppm. In addition, staged factor analysis was used and Li was placed with Rb, Cs and F in F2-2. Then, the F2-2 main anomalies commence from 2.7 and 2.9 using the conventional Morlet and MMWK, respectively. Subsequently, both methods were compared by a log-ratio matrix with an Overall Accuracy (OA) due to rock samples retaken from these anomalies. These rock samples were classified using a Concentration-Number (C-N) fractal model and high intensive anomalous samples with Li ≥ 126 ppm. This correlation indicated that the OA between the main obtained anomalies by the MMWK and the rock samples are higher than conventional Morlet-fractal modeling.     

Correlation of trace elements with hydrocarbon microseepage

Direct correlation have been observed between certain trace element and hydrocarbon anomalies in the near subsurface soils of Vindhyan basin, India. This relationship with hydrocarbon is very useful in hydrocarbon exploration. 52 soil samples from Vindhyan basin were collected from a depth of 2.5m. All the soil samples were analyzed for light hydrocarbon, isotope and trace element concentrations. The adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbon analyses show the presence of methane (8–328 ppb), ethane (0–27 ppb) and propane (0–11 ppb) respectively and these values indicate the presence of hydrocarbon micro-seepage in the study area. The carbon isotopic values determined for methane and ethane for these soil samples are (?26.41 to ?47.70 ‰ PDB) and (?20.07 to ?35.30 ‰ PDB) respectively and they are thermogenic in nature. The trace element concentrations of nickel (33–220 ppm), vanadium (72–226 ppm), copper (20–131 ppm), chromium (94–205 ppm), zinc (66–561 ppm) and cobalt (9–39 ppm) have higher than the normal concentrations in soils. Trace element concentrations are used to plot with the data obtained from light gaseous hydrocarbon concentrations and carbon isotopic values of soil samples of the Vindhyan basin. Trace element anomalies have been observed around the hydrocarbon anomalies in the study area.     

Surface geochemical and biogeochemical expression of base‐metal mineralization at Woodlawn,New South Wales,Australia

The presence of base‐metal mineralization at Woodlawn was first recognised early in 1968 when a roadside reconnaissance geochemical sampling survey, conducted over felsic volcanic rocks in the Goulburn‐Tarago area, encountered anomalous B horizon soils containing up to 200 ppm Cu, 800 ppm Pb and 300 ppm Zn. Regional soil thresholds have been determined at 50 ppm Cu, 90 ppm Pb and 50 ppm Zn. Chip samples from the subsequently located gossan revealed up to 2000 ppm Cu, 8000 ppm Pb and 2000 ppm Zn, 500 ppm Sn, 25 ppm Ag and 3000 ppm As.

The first grid B horizon soil geochemical survey was conducted in 1968 over the gossan and surrounding area, and repeated with closer spaced sampling in the first half of 1970. The first survey delineated strong Cu (to 1000 ppm) and Pb (to 2500 ppm) anomalies coincident with the gossan zone, and intense hydromorphic zinc anomalies (to 3000 ppm) located down slope from the gossan in residual clay‐soils derived from dolerite bedrock. Threshold values have been determined at 140 ppm Cu, 700 ppm Pb and 580 ppm Zn. Ag and Sn in B horizon soils show pronounced anomalies coincident with the gossan and are suitable metals for geochemical target definition. Of fourteen trace elements determined in 1974 from B and C horizon soils on two lines across the ore zone Cu, Pb, Zn, Se, Ba, Sn and Ag show direct correlation with the mineralization, whereas Cd and Mn show moderate hydromorphic dispersion, having accumulated principally in clay soils derived from dolerite weathering. As, Sb and Bi, whilst responding over the ore zone, show elevated values in soils over hanging‐wall units; Ni and Co show maximum levels in soils over dolerite bedrock.

Bark and leaves of Acacia mearnsii, collected from a line across the gossan, contain anomalous levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn and Ti near the ore zone, and weaker, but clearly anomalous Mn and Ni levels over dolerite bedrock. Both bark and leaves of Acacia mearnsii reflect the presence of concealed mineralization. The shrub Solanum linearifolium grows preferentially over and close to the Woodlawn ore zone, where it contains up to 840 ppm Cu, 250 ppm Pb, 7300 ppm Zn, 6 ppm Sn and 250 ppm Ti in leaf ash compared with levels of 200 ppm Cu, 2 ppm Pb, 400 ppm Zn, 0.8 ppm Sn and 60 ppm Ti in plants growing 1.5 km from the ore zone. This shrub has potential as an indicator of base‐metal mineralization.     

Integrated geo-microbial and trace metal anomalies for detection of hydrocarbon microseepage in Ahmedabad block of Cambay basin,India

The aim of the present work is to define the geo-microbial signatures along with trace metals, and to investigate whether the geo-microbial anomalies have correlation with trace metal anomalies in Ahmedabad block of Cambay basin. The surface geochemical techniques are based on seepage of light hydrocarbon gases from the oil and gas pools to the shallow surface and can bring up near-surface oxidation reduction zones that favor the development of a diverse array of chemical and mineralogical changes. The paper reports the role of hydrocarbon microseepage in surface alterations of trace metal concentrations and hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria and its interrelationship. For the purpose a total of 90 soil samples are collected in grid pattern of 2 x 2 km interval. The paper reports the chemical alterations associated with trace metals in soils that are related to hydrocarbon microseepages above some of the major oil and gas fields of this petroliferous region. The concentrations of V (0 to149 ppm), Cr (2 to 192 ppm), Cu (4 to 171 ppm), Se (98 to 440 ppm), Zn (56 to 1215 ppm) are obtained. It is observed that the concentrations of trace elements are tremendously increased when they are compared with their normal concentrations in soils. In this study the hydrocarbon oxidizing bacterial counts ranged between 1.0 x 10³ and 1.59 x 10⁶ cfu/g of soil sample respectively. The attempt has made for the first time, which revealed good correlation as both these anomalies are found as apical in relation. Integrated studies between trace elements and hydrocarbon oxidizing bacterial anomalies showed positive correlation with existing oil and gas wells in the study area.     

General relations in the trace-element composition of zircons from eclogites with implications for the age of eclogites in the belomorian mobile belt

Analysis of currently available data (877 individual high-precision zircon analyses) on the composition of zircons from eclogite complexes worldwide reveals general relations in the zircon composition: an anomalous decrease in the Th concentration (no higher than 3 ppm on average) and the Th/U ratio (0.33 on average), a significant decrease in the concentrations of all REE (to 22 ppm) and particularly LREE (<2 ppm), and relatively low concentrations of Y (34 ppm), U (100 ppm), and P (41 ppm) at an elevated Hf concentration (11 400 ppm on average). The REE patterns of eclogitic zircons are noted for pronounced flat HREE patterns, poorly pronounced (if any) negative Eu anomalies, strongly reduced positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 11 on average), and U-shaped configurations of LREE patterns up to the development of negative Nd anomalies. The relations detected in the distribution of trace elements and REE in eclogitic zircons are of universal nature and occur irrespective of the rock type (metabasites, metaultrabasites, or gneisses) and the metamorphic pressure (eclogites of high and ultrahigh pressure). The application of the aforementioned criteria makes it possible to reliable distinguish eclogitic zircons from those of magmatic or metamorphic genesis (not related to high-pressure metamorphism). Eclogites in the Belomorian Mobile Belt (in the Salma and Gridino areas) were determined to contain zircons in metagabbro eclogites; the cores of these zircons have an age of 2.8?C2.9 Ga and are of magmatic genesis, whereas their outer metamorphic zones have an age of 1.9 Ga and a trace-element composition typical of eclogitic zircons. Hence, the Belomorian Mobile Belt was affected only by single (Svecofennian, at ??1.9 Ga) episode of eclogite metamorphism of Archean rocks.     

Geochemical anomaly separation by multifractal modelling

Geochemical anomaly separation using the concentration–area method as applied to two different geological settings in Portugal is investigated. Soil geochemistry data sets were used in both settings. Geochemical surveys were conducted for the exploration of gold mineralisations in quartz veins associated with major shear zones (Arouca, NW Portugal). Similar surveys were also undertaken for V and Ti exploration related to the accumulation of oxide minerals in gabbroic rocks belonging to an exotic oceanic terrane (Mombeja) and to a late calc-alkaline igneous complex (Odivelas), both in SE Portugal. Results have been interpreted using the extensive information available for each area, which includes detailed geological mapping, structural information, whole-rock chemical analysis, and mineralogical data. Anomalous thresholds for each area were computed and compared mainly with whole-rock chemical analyses and mineral chemistry data. In the Arouca area, anomalies at the local scale were identified for Au (630 ppb), As (912 ppm), and Sb (630 ppm), and at a regional scale for As (96 ppm). In the Mombeja area, anomalies at a regional scale were identified for V (88 ppm), Cr (232 ppm), and Ni (76 ppm), and the available results for Odivelas area suggest the existence of local scale V anomalies, whose magnitude is generally above 400 ppm. In the Arouca area, the correlation between these threshold values and grades in rocks is clearly shown, especially by discriminating two different mineralising events. The second, and most important mineralising event is responsible for grades above 1 ppm for Au in the mineralised structures, contrasting with grades below 500 ppb from the first event. The anomalies identified in Mombeja reflect mainly a regional distribution of the outcropping rock types, mainly metagabbros and serpentinised peridotites, with special emphasis on the correlation between V and the gabbroic rocks. The thresholds obtained for each element are always lower than their mean content in the rocks. The Odivelas area shows threshold values for V clearly above the mean rock content, being a consequence of the occurrence of anomalous accumulations of oxide minerals within the gabbroic rocks. In order to overcome data scarcity, a scheme to super-sampling the population by using estimated values with ordinary kriging in the computation of the anomalous thresholds was essayed. These results, albeit needing further validation, gave some indicative references to the economic potential of this area for V mineralisations.     

Distribution of trace Hg and its mode of occurrence over Fankou Pb---Zn deposit, Guangdong, China

Blind ore bodies more than 200 m below the surface and ore-bearing faults are clearly indicated by soil-air Hg anomalies through an overburden 20–40 m thick over the Fankou Pb---Zn deposit. The background of soil-air mercury in this area is 50 ng m⁻³ and the highest value encountered is 2000 ng m⁻³. The maximum anomaly to background contrast is 40. The width of anomalies higher than 500 ng m⁻³ can be greater than 600 m. The background Hg in soils of the area is 0.06 ppm and increases to 0.15 ppm where there are soil-air anomalies. The contrast of Hg in soils is only 2.5. Mercury in the unconsolidated overburden is in the form of free gas and is absorbed onto soil colloids such as clay minerals and Fe-Mn oxides. The primary sulphides contain 14–320 ppm Hg where Hg is incorporated isomorphically in sulphide minerals, which is confirmed by microprobe analysis.Based on a systematic analysis of the materials from surface and underground workings for the mode of occurrence of Hg, the authors suggest that the Hg-vapour anomalies in soil-air are the oxidation products of the ore.     

Application of concentration–number (C–N) multifractal modeling for geochemical anomaly separation in Haftcheshmeh porphyry system, NW Iran

Geochemical anomaly separation using the concentration–number (C–N) method at the Haftcheshmeh porphyry system in NW Iran is the aim of this study. We used lithogeochemical data sets to explore Cu, Mo, Au and Re mineralization in gabbroic, dioritic and monzonitic units at the Haftcheshmeh Cu–Mo porphyry system. The obtained results were interpreted using a rather extensive set of information available for each mineralized area, consisting of detailed geological mapping, structural interpretation and alteration data. Threshold values of elemental anomalies for the mineralized zone were computed and compared with the statistical methods based on the data obtained from chemical analyses of samples for the lithological units. Several anomalies at local scale were identified for Cu (40 ppm), Mo (12 ppm), Au (79 ppb), and Re (0.02 ppm), and the results suggest the existence of local Cu anomalies whose magnitude generally is above 500 ppm. The log–log plots show the existence of three stages of Cu and Mo enrichment, and two enrichment stages for Au and Re. The third and most important mineralization event is responsible for presence of Cu at grades above 159 ppm. The identified anomalies in Haftcheshmeh porphyry system, and distribution of the rock types, are mainly gabbrodiorite–monzodiorite, granodiorite and monzodiorite–diorite that have special correlation with Cu–Mo and gabbroic and monzonitic rocks, especially the gabbrodiorite–monzodiorite type, which is of considerable importance. The study shows that these elemental anomalous parts have been concentrated dominantly by potassic and phyllic, argillic and propylitic alterations within the gabbroic, monzonitic and dioritic rocks especially in the gabrodioritic type in certain parts of the area. The results, which were compared with fault distribution patterns, revealed a positive correlation between mineralization in anomalous areas and the faults present in the mineralized system.     

Application of spectrum–area fractal model to identify of geochemical anomalies based on soil data in Kahang porphyry-type Cu deposit,Iran

The aim of this study is to identify geochemical anomalies using power spectrum–area (S–A) method based on the grade values of Cu, Mo and Au in 2709 soil samples collected from Kahang porphyry-type Cu deposit, Central Iran. S–A log–log plots indicated that there are three stages of Cu, Mo and Au enrichment. The third enrichment was considered as the main stage for the presence of Cu, Mo and Au at the concentrations above 416 ppm, 23 ppm and 71 ppb, respectively. Elemental anomalies are positively associated with monzo–granite–diorite and breccias units which are in the central and western parts of the deposit. The anomalies are located within the potassic, phyllic and argillic alteration types and also there is the positive correlation between the anomalies and nearing faults in the studied area. The results obtained via fractal model were interpreted accordingly to incorporate the information for the mineralized areas including detailed geological map, structural analysis and alterations. The results show that S–A multifractal modeling is applicable for anomalies delineation based on soil data.     

云南岩溶区As、Cd元素异常特征

云南岩溶区水系沉积物中As、Cd元素含量分别为6.7~14.9ppm和0.14~0.21ppm,普遍高于省内其它地区。云南不同岩溶区As、Cd元素含量高异常还有较大的差异。As、Cd元素的高异常以滇东南岩溶区最为明显,异常幅度最大;其次为滇东岩溶区、滇西北以及滇西保山—沧源岩溶区;滇东北地区Cd异常较为突出,而As异常较弱。一般从岩石到土壤As、Cd元素呈富集态势,富集约4~5倍。通过对小江流域泸西As、Cd元素高异常区的地球化学和地质环境分析,发现农作物对As吸收量不大,超标率为14.8%;但对Cd元素吸收远高于As元素,超标率高达74.1%。通过对比分析,认为岩溶区碳酸盐岩As、Cd元素的高背景含量(As含量12.89~28.86ppm、Cd含量0.031~0.314ppm)是其风化形成的土壤中As、Cd元素含量高异常的根本来源,As、Cd元素主要通过粘土矿物和有机质的吸附累积而富集。