基于多源数据的“利奇马”台风大气环流、云及降水特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY-4A静止卫星资料对“利奇马”生命过程的大气环流特征、云宏观特征进行了分析。针对“利奇马”超强台风期间的一次降水过程,利用GPM卫星的双频降水雷达(Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar,DPR)资料对其进行了宏微观特征分析。结果表明:在“利奇马”生命过程中,西太平洋副热带高压、40°N以北的高空槽脊、(35°N,80°E)的高压以及“罗莎”台风对“利奇马”的发展、移动均产生了重要的影响;其云系分布先后表现为螺旋状、逗点状、中心对称结构以及不规则形状,其南北两侧的云区范围、云顶高度也不断变化;在“利奇马”超强台风期间的一次降水过程中,近地表降水率大致呈环状分布,降水粒子浓度以及降水粒子半径的南北分布与东西分布相差较大,除了云墙降水为对流降水外,其他部分的降水以层云降水为主,层云降水对应的雨顶高度在4.5~12 km,主要集中在5.5~10 km;对流降水对应的雨顶高度在1~12 km,主要集中在2~5 km和6~11 km。     

台风“利奇马”(1909)双眼墙结构的多源观测数据分析

利用CIMSS/MIMIC资料、雷达资料、国家气象中心台风定位定强资料,通过集成微波图像判断台风双眼墙形成,分析"利奇马"长达33. 5 h的双眼墙结构特征。结果表明:(1)受宫古岛附近岛屿地形影响和螺旋环流结构调整,内外眼墙对流出现两次偏移;(2)当台风强度较强且稳定时,内眼墙环流的偏移不会引起台风强度的变化,反而因台风强度稳定使内眼墙环流重新组织;(3)雷达回波显示内眼墙有3 h周期的生消发展过程,非对称摩擦效应决定了内外眼墙之间的对流交换主要发生在moat区西北部。     

台风“梅花”(1109)双眼墙生消过程的卫星资料分析

利用CIMSS/MIMIC微波、AMSU微波、静止红外、TRMM卫星资料,详细地叙述了“梅花”台风三次双眼墙生消的演变过程,定量分析了这三次过程之间及其与以往研究的异同点,包括双眼墙的生消周期、空间尺度、结构、强度以及所伴随的台风强度变化,在此基础上提出了双眼墙生消的演变模型。结果表明:(1) 螺旋云带型态演变是双眼墙生消过程的外在表现形式:随着台风眼墙与螺旋云带的脱离,螺旋云带自身首尾相连,在原台风眼墙的外围形成另一圈闭合环流,即双眼墙结构形成。外眼墙环流在加强加宽后向内收缩,内眼墙环流减弱并消失,只剩一单圈环流,或外眼墙环流演变为螺旋云带,则双眼墙结构消失;(2) 双眼墙结构持续的时间可以由几小时至数天,这可能与内、外眼墙直径无关,而与台风环流特别是外眼墙结构有关。当外眼墙环流对称化后,内、外眼墙将在数小时内完成眼璧置换过程;(3) 在一个成熟的双眼墙台风中,外眼墙对流发展高度较内眼墙高,内外眼墙之间是类似台风眼的下沉气流控制区;(4) 基于ADT的台风业务定强,可能不能正确地描述双眼墙台风强度的变化特征,而AMSU-A所反映的台风暖心强度,能较好说明双眼墙生消过程中台风强度的剧烈变化。      

北上台风强降水形成机制及微物理特征

利用NCEP FNL分析资料、青岛降水现象仪和双偏振雷达观测资料,对北上台风利奇马(1909)和巴威(2008)引发的局地对流性强降水微物理特征进行分析,结果表明:在台风外围的东南暖湿气流内,受地形或边界层锋区触发形成的强对流单体后向传播或原地合并加强造成了局地强降水;雨滴的质量加权平均直径(Dm)和对数归一化浓度(l...     

台风“摩羯”和“利奇马”经渤海强度变化特征分析

利用FY 4水汽云图、NCEP/FNL资料、自动站资料和ERA Interim海温资料，分析入海增强台风“摩羯”（1814）和入海减弱台风“利奇马”（1909）经过渤海强度变化特征。结论如下：台风“摩羯”中心入海增强过程伴随着中高层冷空气侵入，冷空气深入“摩羯”云系中心，台风强度减弱并逐渐消亡。台风“利奇马”入海前冷空气已经侵入台风中心，台风入海后强度减弱,暖心结构变得不对称，低层有清晰的斜压特征。“摩羯”入海前渤海上空为强辐散区，“利奇马”入海前渤海上空为弱辐合场，北上前进方向出现高空辐散有利于台风加强。台风登陆前垂直风切变与台风强度反位相分布，北上后台风垂直风切变与台风强度同位相分布。“摩羯”入海后水汽通道出现断裂，其入海增强更多依赖于热力条件和动力条件。“利奇马”水汽通量和水汽通量散度源于自身环流的贡献。台风“摩羯”入海后潜热加热率激增，“利奇马”低层维持弱潜热加热直至台风消亡。     

热带气旋“利奇马”(1909)暖心演变分析及变性过程探讨

利用NCEP GDAS/FNL再分析数据,根据TFP(Thermal Front Parameter)参数和锋生函数,对1909号热带气旋“利奇马”生命史中各主要阶段暖心特征和变性过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:“利奇马”强度为热带风暴时,其暖心结构较为松散,500 hPa以上和600 hPa以下分别存在一个最强中心,在强度减弱阶段上下层暖心均偏离气旋中心;当其强度升至强热带风暴及以上级别时,低层暖心消失,高层暖心显著增强,结构变得紧凑,气旋中心上空暖区呈棒槌状分布。高层暖心强度与“利奇马”强度呈正相关,当“利奇马”维持超强台风时,其暖心可达10~14℃。“利奇马”与中纬度西风槽接触后,冷空气开始自对流层中低层进入其环流,低层冷空气入侵的程度比中层更明显;低层暖心被冷空气侵蚀而消失,高层暖心则逐渐减弱,结构亦变得松散。TFP参数和锋生函数计算结果表明受冷空气影响,“利奇马”斜压性逐渐增强,其中心西北侧形成一支暖锋,逐渐变性为温带气旋,但冷锋未见发展。变性过程中“利奇马”高层暖心强度虽减弱但仍然维持,但低层暖区被冷空气完全填塞,导致其变性后较快消亡。     

2000-07-14和07-18大暴雨的演绎剖析

利用天气图资料和雷达观测资料,分析了2000-07-14和07-18焦作地区大暴雨过程的环流形势演变特征、影响系统及其垂直结构和雷达回波强度场、高度场、速度场的演变特征.     

台风“桑美”（0608）登陆前后降水结构的时空演变特征

利用雷达－雨量计联合测量降水技术得到的1小时雨量分布资料, 分析了台风“桑美”登陆前后距台风中心111 km以内的降水结构及其时空演变特征, 尤其是登陆前双眼墙循环过程中, 降水结构的变化特征。研究发现: 在登陆前“桑美”经历了双眼墙循环过程, 在此期间, 其内、外眼墙和雨带降水均以强降水为主, 内、外眼墙平均降水率均随时间增强, 而外眼墙增长幅度更大, 且平均降水率始终大于内眼墙, 但并没有伴随外眼半径减小的过程。而雨带平均降水率随时间变化很小, 略有下降。在登陆后,“桑美”内核和外围区仍是以强降水为主, 登陆前三小时左右内核区平均降水率有一个迅速增长的趋势, 登陆后随着台风强度的减弱, 其平均降水率迅速下降。“桑美”降水的空间分布特征显示, 其登陆前后降水结构有明显的非对称性, 在登陆前内、外眼墙和雨带最大降水均出现在台风移动路径的右侧, 且雨带的最大降水率始终位于内、外眼墙的右方; 登陆后, 内核区和外围降水更多地出现在移动路径的后方, 而不是登陆前的右侧。     

台风同心双环云墙的演变

本文利用飞机探测资料，分析了台风同心双环云墙演变的特征。在1949—1985年的83个同心双眼台风中，双环云墙的演变可分为以下三类。1.随着台风的加强，包围眼的云墙直径逐渐缩小，而外围又会涌入一圈环状闭合云墙，外云墙也逐渐缩小，内云墙很快消失。在这类台风变化过程中，会有几次外围涌入环状云墙的情况；与此相对应，台风强度变化有一振荡。2.另一类台风在变化过程中，外围涌入环状云墙只有一次。外云墙发展变化较复杂:有的台风外云墙会渐渐缩小；有的外云墙会渐渐扩展；有的双环云墙维持较长一段时间；有的外云墙出现后很快消失。3.还有一类双环云墙的形成是由台风眼内积云对流发展而演变为环状闭合内云墙的，这类台风的内云墙维持一段时间后即消散。     

一次强对流天气的雷达回波及闪电特征分析

利用地面观测资料、红外卫星云图、天王山714CD多普勒天气雷达资料和STD-1闪电定位资料,详细分析了西昌卫星发射场(以下简称场区)山区地形条件下一次强对流天气的雷达回波发展演变过程和多普勒特征,对流云的云地闪特征,给出分析对流云运动演变的一些方法和应注意的问题.     

SATELLITE-BASED ANALYSIS ON THE CONCENTRIC EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLES OF SUPER TYPHOON MUIFA (1109)

Multisatellite data is used to analyze the characteristics of three eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) during the lifetime of Typhoon Muifa (1109). Spiral rainbands evolutions, concentric eyewall (CE) structure modes, CE durations, and intensity changes are discussed in detail. In addition, an ERC evolution model of Typhoon Muifa is given. There are four main findings. (1) The outer spiral rainband joins end to end to form the outer eyewall after it disconnects from the original (inner) eyewall. The inner eyewall weakens as the outer eyewall becomes axisymmetric and is intensified. The contraction of the outer eyewall causes the inner eyewall to dissipate rapidly. Finally, the ERC ends with an annular eyewall or spiral rainbands. (2) Although the CE duration times of Typhoon Muifa’s three ERCs covered a large range, the CE structures were all maintained for approximately 5 h from the formation of the axisymmetric outer eyewall to the end of the cycle. (3) There is no obvious precipitation reflectivity in the eye or moat region for the subsidence flow. The convection within the two eyewalls is organized as a radially outward slope with increasing height. (4) Typhoon intensity estimation results based on ADT may not explain the intensity variations associated with ERC correctly, while the typhoon’s warm core data retrieved from AMSU-A works well.     

特大眼台风Winnie（1997）的高分辨率数 值模拟

台风Winnie 1997的眼直径为370 km,是有观测以来发现的最大台风眼之一。应用Penn State/NCAR高分辨率中尺度模式MM5,成功地模拟了Winnie的路径、强度、台风眼及其双眼壁结构。由此根据模式输出结果分析了台风眼及内外眼壁附近的流场和热力场特征。发现Winnie台风的眼壁及其周围风场都显示了明显的非对称性结构。Winnie的外眼壁对应一个极大风速环,也是暖湿环和正涡度环。内眼壁对应一个次极大风速环、暖湿环。上升运动控制整个内眼壁和海平面2 km以上的外眼壁区域,下沉运动则控制眼区和内外眼壁之间。径向入流集中在外眼壁和内外眼壁之间的边界层,流出则位于外眼壁的对流层中上层。     

Typhoon Winnie （1997） with a Very Large Eye： High Resolution Numerical Simulation

Typhoon Winnie (1997) was one of the hurricanes that had extremely large eyewall ever recorded with a diameter of eyewall reaching 370 km. Using the Penn State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5 with 3-km grid horizontal spacing on the finest nested mesh, Winnie was successfully simulated in terms of track, intensity, eye and concentric eyewalls. The dynamic and thermal structures of concentric eyewalls were studied based on the model output. It was found that the concentric eyewalls and their surrounding wind fields were asymmetric in observation as well as in simulation. Winnie's outer eyewall was associated with a maximum wind ring, a warm moist ring, and a high vorticity ring. The inner eyewall was associated with a secondary maximum wind ring and a warm moist ring. Upward motion dominated the whole layer of inner eyewall and the area above 2-km altitude of the outer eyewall. Downward motion was found inside the eye and the moat. Radial inflow happened in the boundary layer of the outer eyewall and the moat, but radial outflow dominated the middle and upper levels of the outer eyewall.     

Influences of Different PBL Schemes on Secondary Eyewall Formation and Eyewall Replacement Cycle in Simulated Typhoon Sinlaku (2008)

The effects of different planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes on the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) are investigated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with six different PBL schemes. The SEF and ERC have been successfully simulated with all the six PBL schemes and the mechanism for the SEF and ERC proposed in our previous study has been reconfirmed. It is demonstrated that both the intensification of the storm and the inward-moving outer spiral rainband contribute to the SEF. After the SEF, the associated diabatic heating enhances the secondary eyewall further, and the transfer of moist air from outer region to the primary eyewall is cut off by the secondary eyewall. In such a way, the primary eyewall dies and an ERC completes. It is found that some simulated features of the SEF and ERC, such as the time and location of the SEF and duration of the ERC, do vary from one simulation to another. In order to describe the features of the SEF and ERC quantitatively, a concentric eyewall index (CEI) is defined and a threshold of the CEI is suggested to determine the onset of the secondary eyewall. The differences in the simulated SEF and ERC are discussed and some possible causes are suggested. In addition, based on the CEI threshold and the conservation law of angular momentum, a formula to predict the location of SEF is also proposed and applied to all the six simulations. The success and failure of the formula are then discussed.     

Elucidating the characteristics of eyewalls and rainbands associated with a severe typhoon influenced by Taiwan��s high orography using Doppler radar analysis

Radar observations of the strong Typhoon Bilis (2000) are unique for investigating the effect of Taiwan high orography on the mesoscale structures of storm system in the vicinity of southeastern Taiwan. Typhoon Bilis was the first tropical storm, which possessed the double eyewall feature observed by Doppler radar over the Taiwan area. The inner eyewall exhibited an approximately circular shape with a diameter of 20?km. Convections associated with the storm were cyclonically and radially outward propagated, with the linear aspect in the right flank of the system and counterclockwise and spiral migration in the left flank, maintaining the development of the outer eyewall. The low-level maximum Doppler winds in the left and right flanks relative to the typhoon movement were comparable, owing to a prominent confluence in the left flank. The prominent confluent zone was constructed by two wind fields, the northwesterly from the inner circulation of the typhoon and the outer circulation in the streamline analysis. The replacement of maximum wind between the inner and outer eyewalls, extending from low levels to middle levels in the left flank of the storm, was a clear model for the examination of the significance of the orographic effect on a severe typhoon. A conceptual model for a case of super typhoon under the influence of Taiwan high terrain was constructed.     

Formation and Replacement Mechanism of the Concentric Eyewall of Super Typhoon Muifa (1109)

Based on high-fidelity numerical simulation by using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, we analyzed the formation and replacement mechanism of the concentric eyewall of Super Typhoon Muifa (1109) from the aspects of the potential vorticity (PV), dynamic/ thermodynamic structure change, sea surface flux, and water vapor content. Observational data and sensitivity tests were also adopted to verify the results. We found that: (1) The abnormal increase of the PV in the rain zone is mainly due to the condensation latent heat. Sufficient water vapor conditions are beneficial to the formation of the outer eyewall structure, and when the environmental water vapor content is larger, the intensity of the outer eyewall becomes greater. (2) After the formation of the typhoon’s outer eyewall, in the area where the outer eyewall is located, the increase of inertial stability contributes to the decrease of the intensity of the inner eyewall. When the intensity of the outer eyewall is larger, the divergence and subsidence motion in the upper layer of the outer eyewall has a greater weakening effect on the intensity of the inner eyewall. (3) The increase of potential temperature of the outer eyewall is mainly due to the condensation latent heat release and the warming of dry air subsidence motion in the moat area. (4) The increase of sea surface heat flux can prolong the concentric eyewall replacement process.     

2006年超级台风“桑美”强度与结构变化的数值模拟研究

使用一个高分辨率、非静力数值模式WRF模式对2006年超级台风Saomei强度和结构进行了数值模拟研究.首先,评估了Makin的粗糙度长度公式对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的影响,结果表明,采用新参数后,使得模拟的台风强度变化与实况最佳路径资料的强度变化更一致,对超级台风Saomei强度预报有改进;但对台风路径的影响不大.通过QuikSCAT、雷达和TRMM非常规资料的验证,进一步表明模拟的台风Saomei的结构与实况很接近,可以再现台风内核区域的部分"双眼墙"和"Annular"结构.其次,通过对台风Saomei边界层过程模拟的改进,表明在平均风速大于40 m/s时边界层各物理量明显改善,使得模式最大强度比传统的简单外推插值方案有显著改进,特别是在台风最强阶段,当台风Saomei眼墙区域的海表面拖曳系数C_d的相对变小,使得其眼墙区域的平均切向风速、径向风速、垂直风速、温度距平、涡旋动能和绝对角动量等物理量均有增强.表明台风Saomei眼墙氏域(20-40 km)各物理量的贡献对其强度和结构变化的影响十分重要.最后,在此基础上进一步分析模式海温和大尺度环境垂直风切变对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的可能影响,讨论了台风Saomei在其增强和消弱阶段中,大尺度环境垂直风切变对其强度变化的负反馈作用.     

Current understanding of tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes – a review

Summary Current understanding of tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity changes has been reviewed in this article. Recent studies in this area tend to focus on two issues: (1) what factors determine the maximum potential intensity (MPI) that a TC can achieve given the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere and the ocean? and (2) what factors prevent the TCs from reaching their MPIs? Although the MPI theories appear mature, recent studies of the so-called superintensity pose a potential challenge. It is notable that the maximum intensities reached by real TCs in all ocean basins are generally lower than those inferred from the theoretical MPI, indicating that internal dynamics and external forcing from environmental flow prohibit the TC intensification most and limit the TC intensity. It remains to be seen whether such factors can be included in improved MPI approaches.Among many limiting factors, the unfavorable environmental conditions, especially the vertical shear-induced asymmetry in the inner core region and the cooling of sea surface due to the oceanic upwelling under the eyewall region, have been postulated as the primary impediment to a TC reaching its MPI. However, recent studies show that the mesoscale processes, which create asymmetries in the TC core region, play key roles in TC structure and intensity changes. These include the inner and outer spiral rainbands, convectively coupled vortex Rossby waves, eyewall cycles, and embedded mesovortices in TC circulation. It is also through these inner core processes that the external environmental flow affects the TC structure and intensity changes. It is proposed that future research be focused on improving the understanding of how the eyewall processes respond to all external forcing and affect the TC structure and intensity changes. Rapid TC intensity changes (both strengthening and weakening) are believed to involve complex interactions between different scales and to be worthy of future research.The boundary-layer processes are crucial to TC formation, maintenance, and decaying. Significant progress has been made to deduce the drag coefficient on high wind conditions from the measurements of boundary layer winds in the vicinity of hurricane eyewalls by Global Positioning System (GPS) dropsondes. This breakthrough can lead to reduction of the uncertainties in the calculation of surface fluxes, thus improving TC intensity forecast by numerical weather prediction models.     

Evaluation of Two Initialization Schemes for Simulating the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Lekima(2019)

Two different initialization schemes for tropical cyclone(TC) prediction in numerical models are evaluated based on a case study of Typhoon Lekima(2019). The first is a dynamical initialization(DI) scheme where the axisymmetric TC vortex in the initial conditions is spun up through the 6-h cycle runs before the initial forecast time. The second scheme is a bogussing scheme where the analysis TC vortex is replaced by a synthetic Rankine vortex. Results show that although both initialization schemes can help improve the simulated rapid intensification(RI) of Lekima, the simulation employing the DI scheme(DIS) reproduces better the RI onset and intensification rate than that employing the bogussing scheme(BOG).Further analyses show the cycle runs of DI help establish a realistic TC structure with stronger secondary circulation than those in the control run and BOG, leading to fast vortex spinup and contraction of the radius of maximum wind(RMW).The resultant strong inner-core primary circulation favors precession of the midlevel vortex under the moderate vertical wind shear(VWS) and thus helps vortex alignment, contributing to an earlier RI onset. Afterwards, the decreased vertical shear and the stronger convection inside the RMW support the persistent RI of Lekima in DIS. In contrast, the reduced VWS is not well captured and the inner-core convection is weaker and resides farther away from the TC center in BOG,leading to slower intensification. The results imply that the DI effectively improves the prediction of the inner-core process,which is crucial to the RI forecast.