微下击暴流的数值模拟

建立了一个具有极高分辨率的二维面对称微下击暴流数值模式，对干、湿两类微下击暴流线在云下的生成和演变过程进行了模拟试验，取得较理想结果。模拟湿微下击暴流线的各种主要结构和演变特征与实测结果吻合较好。干型微下击暴流由冰晶降水元在干绝热气层中下落时的蒸发致冷驱动，只产生了很小的地面降水和降温。 几百米厚的弱稳定层对干微下击暴流有明显阻挡和削弱作用。     

微下击暴流的特征及其数值模似

文中概述了微下击暴流的特征 ,研究了 1 997年 7月 2 2日发生在北京地区的一个湿型微下击暴流的多普勒速度场结构 ;使用非静力全弹性中 -γ尺度模式 ,模拟了这个湿型微下击暴流线的主要结构和演变过程 ,与雷达实测结果吻合较好。结果表明 :在背景场为高温、高湿、垂直风速切变小的环境条件下 ,下沉气流的发展并非完全由蒸发、融化降温所产生的负浮力所支配 ,恰恰相反 ,降水拖曳力起主导作用 ;在不同的环境条件下 ,下沉气流发展的云物理过程可以有较大的差异。     

武汉"6·22"空难下击暴流的三维数值模拟研究

使用武汉实测探空资料,利用三维强风暴冰雹分档模式对2000年6月22日发生在武汉的一次引起坠机事件的下击暴流进行了模拟和分析,并与实际观测进行了比较研究,结果表明:造成此次空难的下击暴流的发生发展与大的天气背景紧密相关;模拟微下击暴流的各种主要结构和生消演变特征与实测结果吻合较好;该下击暴流产生的直接原因是冰雹的重力拖曳作用引起,其次是冰雹的融化和雨水蒸发的冷却作用.空中散度和涡度的分布与变化同下击暴流也存在密切的联系.     

下击暴流的雷达预警量化指标研究

下击暴流是一种局地灾害性天气现象,对航空飞行安全有极大危害,也会对地面物体造成严重损害。依据下击暴流发生前母体雷暴(下文简称雷暴)反射率因子核迅速下降的特征,基于雷达体扫数据,定义了判断下击暴流发生、发展的“单位面积等效势能”概念,并结合下击暴流期间雷暴速度场中层辐合的事实,设计得到了下击暴流出流强度公式。结果表明:(1)单位面积等效势能值的变化准确反映了雷暴强中心高度变化。(2)相邻体扫的单位面积等效势能差,反映了雷暴能量的释放量,下击暴流发生前1—2个体扫的单位面积等效势能差达到最大,这反映了下击暴流的爆发;可通过设置单位面积等效势能的释放量为30%,预警下击暴流的发生。(3)单位面积等效势能的释放能够提前6—12 min预警出下击暴流的发生,并通过出流强度公式量化由下击暴流产生的地面大风值。预警风速的误差由雷暴距雷达的距离决定,距离越近风速误差越小,反之亦然。(4)对6次下击暴流预警结果表明,该指标能够准确预警下击暴流的发生,而出流强度受雷暴识别参数的影响较大,远距离误差较大。     

下击暴流的雷达预警量化指标研究北大核心CSCD

下击暴流是一种局地灾害性天气现象,对航空飞行安全有极大危害,也会对地面物体造成严重损害。依据下击暴流发生前母体雷暴(下文简称雷暴)反射率因子核迅速下降的特征,基于雷达体扫数据,定义了判断下击暴流发生、发展的"单位面积等效势能"概念,并结合下击暴流期间雷暴速度场中层辐合的事实,设计得到了下击暴流出流强度公式。结果表明:(1)单位面积等效势能值的变化准确反映了雷暴强中心高度变化。(2)相邻体扫的单位面积等效势能差,反映了雷暴能量的释放量,下击暴流发生前1—2个体扫的单位面积等效势能差达到最大,这反映了下击暴流的爆发;可通过设置单位面积等效势能的释放量为30%,预警下击暴流的发生。(3)单位面积等效势能的释放能够提前6—12 min预警出下击暴流的发生,并通过出流强度公式量化由下击暴流产生的地面大风值。预警风速的误差由雷暴距雷达的距离决定,距离越近风速误差越小,反之亦然。(4)对6次下击暴流预警结果表明,该指标能够准确预警下击暴流的发生,而出流强度受雷暴识别参数的影响较大,远距离误差较大。     

武汉天河机场一次下击暴流天气的多普勒雷达分析

利用常规气象资料、跑道自动观测资料(AWOS)、自动观测站资料和多普勒天气雷达资料等,对武汉天河机场的一次下击暴流天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:1)本次下击暴流发生在副热带高压减弱,西风槽向东移动,地面辐合线相配合的天气背景下;2)下击暴流影响机场期间,具有气压陡升、温度骤降、风向变化和风速突增等气象要素的演变特征;3)阵风锋与雷暴之间距离的变化一定程度上可以预示未来雷暴的强弱;4)本次下击暴流与阵风锋有紧密的联系,阵风锋北移过程中激发出β中尺度对流单体,β中尺度对流单体产生了下击暴流,并且雷达速度图上沿雷达径向的正负大值速度对是下击暴流发生的典型特征之一。     

两类不同风灾个例的灾情调查与观测对比分析

利用灾情调查、常规观测和雷达资料对比分析2018年6月8日佛山南海龙卷和2016年8月18日湛江雷州微下击暴流两次强风天气过程。结果表明:南海龙卷强度为F1级和EF1级,雷州微下击暴流强度为F2级和EF2级,且导致风灾的气流具有多尺度性以及时空尺度小的特征。两次过程均发生在低层辐合、高层辐散和中低层急流汇合有利的环流背景,但龙卷发生在台风环流内部,而微下击暴流发生在台风外围。环境参数表现为弱的条件不稳定、对流抑制能量小和抬升凝结高度低,但龙卷过程的0—1 km风垂直切变较强。导致风灾的风暴单体均伴有中气旋,但形成龙卷的微超级单体具有明显的钩状回波特征,低层存在中等强度中气旋,中气旋尺度较微下击暴流过程的小得多,底高较低,龙卷出现前中气旋底高降低,直径缩小。形成微下击暴流的为一椭圆形的β中尺度风暴单体,低层存在强中气旋,中气旋为辐散性气旋,底高较高,直径逐渐增大,垂直剖面图上存在中层径向速度辐合、强反射率因子核心下降特征。     

2017年7月一次微下击暴流背景的多尺度特征

利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.6模拟了2017年7月12日宁波机场附近的一次微下击暴流天气过程,结合浙江省自动站资料、机场自动观测数据、多普勒天气雷达资料等分析微下击暴流成因,结果表明：此次微下击暴流是由海风锋触发的强雷雨引起的,机场自动观测数据显示的风、温、压等气象要素的变化均呈现出明显的微下击暴流特征;数值模式较好地模拟出微下击暴流的水平风场结构;拖曳作用、下沉过程中冰雹融化、液态水和雨水持续蒸发降温作用是形成此次下击暴流的重要原因;低层位温扰动加强了垂直运动,中低层位涡异常增大区与雷暴强降水区域有较好对应关系。     

北京一次下击暴流的三维数值模拟分析

应用中尺度气象数值模式WRF模拟再现了2001年8月23日北京时间14时至24日00时发生在北京密云县附近的一次典型强对流风暴天气,重点发掘并分析了密云水库附近一次茁中尺度下击暴流的形成与演变过程。研究表明：（1）WRF模拟结果显示该茁中尺度下击暴流的生命期为1 h左右,水平尺度约为20 km,其水平和垂直流场与下击暴流流场的理论结构基本一致,但辐散气流流速在近地面层未能达到下击暴流定义的18 m/s;（2）模拟的下击暴流环境场中扰动位温、各水成物的比含水量与层结不稳定性以及上升气流的联系紧密,并可推断强下沉气流主要由雨水粒子拖曳作用产生,较大的位温扰动则加强了气流上升运动,迫使暖湿气块更大程度抬升,进一步维持和发展下击暴流系统。     

江苏一次下击暴流过程致灾大风成因分析

通过天气学分析方法和雷达回波特征分析方法对发生在江苏沿淮地区一次下击暴流事件的环境条件、地面要素场特征和六次风暴单体造成的下击暴流过程进行了分析,并探讨12级致灾大风的可能成因,探寻具有较大预警提前量的下击暴流大风预警指标.结果 表明:此次下击暴流事件是在具有前倾槽结构的弱风速垂直切变环境条件下由脉冲风暴等孤立对流系统...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.