华南寒武纪海洋中沉积矿床及其古环境

寒武纪早期是华南的一个重要的沉积矿床形成阶段。在华南扬子板块下寒武统黑色岩系中产有大量的金属及非金属矿床,其中倍受关注的矿床有Ni-Mo-PGE多金属硫化物矿床、磷矿床与重晶石矿床。Ni-Mo-PGE多金属硫化物矿床的形成可能与海底热液喷流作用有关,成矿元素除海水源外,有部分来自深部热液;磷矿床形成于特定的浅海环境,成矿物质的聚集可能与有机质和含铁胶体有关;重晶石矿床的形成也与海底热液和有机质有关。这些矿床保存了大量的古海洋信息,对其进行深入研究可以揭示华南寒武纪大爆发时期的古海洋环境变化特征。     

大西洋中脊热液硫化物的矿物学研究

利用１９８９年在大西洋热液活动区采集的块状硫化物样品，采用矿相显微镜、电子显微镜和电子探针等手段，进行了矿物共生组合、矿物形态与成分标型及其演化特征研究。结果表明，大西洋热液成矿作用可以划分为热液期与沉积期两个成矿期，和石英－黄铁矿阶段、黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段、胶状黄铁矿阶段和非晶质ＳｉＯ２阶段等５个成矿阶段；不同成矿阶段黄铁矿的共生矿物和矿物特征不同，在晶体形态上具有从单形晶－聚形晶－胶状     

慢速扩张洋中脊热液成矿的典型实例——青藏高原北部德尔尼铜矿地质对比研究

青海德尔尼铜矿是发育在青藏高原北部的块状硫化物矿床,其赋矿围岩为阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩套中的超基性岩,代表了古特提斯洋的残骸。通过对德尔尼铜矿的详细地质解剖,认为其保留了大量海底热液喷流的地质记录,包括:矿体上部普遍发育的薄层喷流岩;多孔状硫化物中保留下来的胶状结构、草莓结构和角砾结构;矿石的主要矿物组成;与黄铁矿碎屑同期形成的方解石、长英质胶结物;与大西洋Rainbow、TAG热液硫化物矿床相似的矿体分带性。根据洋脊玄武岩中TiO2全岩含量估算德尔尼蛇绿岩所代表的这一段古特提斯洋洋中脊为慢速-超慢速扩张洋中脊,半扩张速率为1.1~2.5cm/a。类比现今洋中脊热液硫化物成矿过程,认为德尔尼铜矿经历了海底喷流、冷却保存和俯冲侵位等3个阶段,其中海底喷流阶段可能与洋底核杂岩具有成因联系,俯冲侵位过程中的矿体和超基性岩、玄武岩受逆冲断层控制。与世界上其他陆地上保存的类似矿床相比,德尔尼铜矿时代年轻(石炭纪),矿床结构和构造及其围岩蚀变特征保存完整,是慢速-超慢速洋脊超基性围岩热液成矿作用的典型实例,可以称之为德尔尼型成矿作用,研究其成矿过程,对研究和理解现今洋中脊超基性岩系统热液成矿作用(尤其是深部成矿作用)具有重要的意义。     

Electrical properties of seafloor massive sulfides

Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are increasingly seen as important marine metal resources for the future. A growing number of industrialized nations are involved in the surveying and sampling of such deposits by drilling. Drill ships are expensive and their availability can be limited; seabed drill rigs are a cost-effective alternative and more suitable for obtaining cores for resource evaluation. In order to achieve the objectives of resource evaluations, details are required of the geological, mineralogical, and physical properties of the polymetallic deposits and their host rocks. Electrical properties of the deposits and their ore minerals are distinct from their unmineralized host rocks. Therefore, the use of electrical methods to detect SMS while drilling and recovering drill cores could decrease the costs and accelerate offshore operations by limiting the amount of drilling in unmineralized material. This paper presents new data regarding the electrical properties of SMS cores that can be used in that assessment. Frequency-dependent complex electrical resistivity in the frequency range between 0.002 and 100 Hz was examined in order to potentially discriminate between different types of fresh rocks, alteration and mineralization. Forty mini-cores of SMS and unmineralized host rocks were tested in the laboratory, originating from different tectonic settings such as the intermediate-spreading ridges of the Galapagos and Axial Seamount, and the Pacmanus back-arc basin. The results indicate that there is a clear potential to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized samples, with some evidence that even different types of mineralization can be discriminated. This could be achieved using resistivity magnitude alone with appropriate rig-mounted electrical sensors. Exploiting the frequency-dependent behavior of resistivity might amplify the differences and further improve the rock characterization.     

Comparison of Modern Zn-Ba-Pb Ore Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins and Fe-Cu-Zn Deposits at Divergent Plate Margins

At divergent plate margins, black smoke forms immediately on contact of ascending hydrothermal solutions with sea water. The black smoke, consisting mainly of black ore (BO) and barite ore (BaO), is rapidly dispersed in seawater leaving behind a dominantly yellow ore (YO). At convergent plate margins, on the other hand, zinc sulfides and associated chalcophilic elements start depositing within the hydothermal mound at mesothermal temperatures, and are largely trapped there to form a mixed yellow, black and barite ore (YO-BO-BaO). The abundance of individual chalcophilic elements within the mixed ore varies by more than four orders of magnitude, with Zn-Pb-Ba-Cu-As-Sb-Cd being the elements most enriched in these deposits. The differing patterns of element deposition in these two tectonic settings is related to the temperature of the hydrothermal fluids, which is a function of water depth and therefore of tectonic setting (mid-ocean ridge vs volcanic arc). In highly sedimented basins, such as the JADE hydrothermal field in the Okinawa Trough, Pb and other chalcophilic elements are leached from the sediment by slowly migrating hydrothermal fluids to form a mixed black-yellow-barite ore (BO-YO-BaO). This type of deposit is the most enriched in Zn-Pb-Ba-As-Sb-Ag in decreasing order of element abundance. These results indicate that black ore (sphalerite plus galena) is most enriched in sedimented-hosted deposits such as the JADE deposit, is moderately enriched in submarine hydrothermal mineral deposits from convergent plate margins and is poorly enriched in submarine hydrothermal mineral deposits from divergent plate margins.     

复杂地形结构下瞬变电磁三维正演模拟

如何确定海底多金属硫化物的空间分布并对其进行资源量评价至关重要。瞬变电磁法是陆地金属矿床勘探的重要手段,但海底的崎岖地形、硫化物的复杂结构以及不稳定的近底观测条件为瞬变电磁在海洋中的应用提出了挑战。为验证瞬变电磁方法对热液区硫化物的勘探应用潜力,本文采用了有限元方法,结合大西洋洋中脊TAG热液区实测地形数据和硫化物深部剖面进行三维正演模拟,通过对比仪器在不同位置、姿态、离底高度的正演模拟结果发现:重叠回线探测装置在离底高度小于60 m时,可以有效探测到TAG丘体的高电导率异常。海底复杂地形以及仪器拖曳方式都会对二次场早期响应产生干扰,同时仪器姿态变化也会改变所探测到的响应,这表明,应结合研究区域的海底地形、仪器海底定位以及姿态数据才能更好的对实测瞬变电磁数据进行合理解释。     

Initial stage of the hydrothermal ore accumulation within the field at 9°50′ N on the East Pacific Rise

In 2003, several hydrothermal mounds located at 9°50′ N on the East Pacific Rise were described and sampled during the expedition of R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh during dives of Mir deep-sea manned submersibles. These hydrothermal mounds were formed during a few recent years after the volcanic activity in this region that occurred in 1991. The studies of the chemical and mineralogical compositions of the hydrothermal deposits of these mounds and of the chemical composition of the principal sulfide minerals helped to describe the initial stage of the formation of the hydrothermal circulation system and the initiation of the hydrothermal ore formation.     

Geomagnetic Models and Edge Recognition of Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits at Mid-ocean Ridges

Near-bottom magnetic prospecting is considered to be an efficient method for investigating inactive hydrothermal areas and the study of the spatial structure of hydrothermal systems. Furthermore, geophysical forward modeling is widely used to simulate the anomalous characteristics of geological bodies. To understand the magnetic and magnetic structure features of hydrothermal sulfide deposits at mid-ocean ridges, we built 3D forward models for both mafic- and ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposits to simulate the near-bottom magnetic field. Our modeling results showed a low amplitude magnetic anomaly above the mafic-hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposits, and a high amplitude magnetic anomaly above the ultramafic-hosted deposits. These features allow us to identify and classify the host rocks of hydrothermal sulfide deposits. Moreover, we can recognize the edge of the magnetic anomalies using the intensity of the spatial differential vector method, considering variables such as the width of the alteration zone, the height of the observation platform, and the magnetic inclination and declination. Therefore, we propose the intensity of the spatial differential vector method as an effective approach to define the boundaries of hydrothermal sulfide deposits.     

海底热液多金属矿床的研究现况

海底扩张中心的热液矿化作用是国际地球科学研究中最为活跃的领域之一。本文介绍了:1.热液多金属矿床调查的历史沿革;2.九十年代热液多金属矿床的海上调查方法;3.海底热液矿床的赋存条件;4.海底热液矿化作用过程;5.高强度热液活动与地质构造事件;6.热液矿体形状和流体动力学。作者认为,在我国开展太平洋多金属结核资源调查的同时,应对热液矿床的研究给予足够的重视。     

海底热液矿床地质和地球化学特点研究

海底热液矿床具有重要的经济价值和科学意义。其产出构造背景包括洋中脊、弧后扩张中心及板内热点处。处于不同构造环境的热液矿床具有不同的地质和地球化学特点。系统总结了海底热液矿床产出的地质和地球化学特点,主要包括热液矿床产出的构造背景、围岩类型、矿区的矿物及矿物组合特点以及不同热液区矿床的元素组成、稀土和硫同位素特点等,对各构造环境中热液矿床的特点进行了对比,指出不同热液区热液矿床地质和地球化学特点差异的根本原因在于所处构造环境的不同和扩张速率的差异。文章最后提出了今后应着重研究的几个问题。     

洋中脊热液羽状流的分布特征及其在多金属硫化物找矿中的指示作用

热液羽状流是海底热液活动的重要标志,海底多金属硫化物是热液活动的产物。现阶段洋中脊多金属硫化物勘探工作的第一步是开展热液羽状流的近底探测;综合各类异常信息,实现从发现热液活动喷口到发现矿床的突破。本文以热液羽状流为研究对象,从羽状流的近底探测、扩散机制和分布特征3个方面,概述了最新的研究进展和有待完善的方面,阐述了羽状流在洋中脊多金属硫化物找矿中的指示作用,最后总结性地指出时空连续性、参数多元化将是热液探测的发展趋势,有助于提升对热液羽状流分布特征的认识,将为热液区分布模式的研究提供更加精细的探测资料。     

Submarine Hydrothermal Mineralization on the Izu-Bonin Arc, South of Japan: An Overview

Considerable effort has been expended in studying the Izu-Bonin Arc over the past 15 years. In particular, 43 dives of the Shinkai 2000 have been undertaken there to discover and evaluate the extent of submarine hydrothermal activity and mineraliza tion. Most effort has been focused on Myojin Knoll (23 dives), Suiyo Seamount (6 dives), and Kaikata Caldera (10 dives). The Izu-Bonin Arc is divided in two by the Sofugan Tectonic Line. Eight submarine caldera are located north of this line but only one is south of it. The physiography of the northern sector of the arc is quite different from that of the southern sector. Volcanic rocks from the northern sector are more acidic than those from the southern sector. Evidence for submarine hydrothermal mineralization has been observed at four seamounts along the Izu-Bonin Arc (Myojin Knoll, Myojinsho, Suiyo Seamount, and Kaikata Caldera), and submarine hydrothermal activity is evident at another three seamounts along the arc (Kurose Hole, Mokuyo Seamount, and Doyo Seamount). The most extensive submarine hydrothermal mineral deposit so far located on the Izu-Bonin Arc is the Sunrise deposit at Myojin Knoll. This deposit, at least 400 m in diameter and 30 m high, is associated with black smoker venting, inactive sulfide chimneys, massive sulfides, hydrothermal Mn crusts, and a hydrothermal vent fauna. The maximum recorded temperature of the hydrothermal vents there was 278°C. Some of the sulfide chimneys contained as much as 49 μg / g Au and 3,400 μg / g Ag. The sunrise deposit is one of the largest submarine volcanic massive sulfide deposits so far discovered in midocean ridge, backarc, or arc settings and has an estimated mass of 9 x 10 6 t. This deposit may be of the Kuroko-type. The discovery of the Sunrise deposit in 1997 gives hope that other, similarly large, sulfide deposits may be found in other caldera along the Izu-Bonin Arc. The geological variability along the arc, the high seismicity, the occurrence of active volcanism and submarine hydrothermal venting, and a proven submarine hydrothermal mineral potential coupled with the proximity of the region to Japan suggest that the Izu-Bonin Arc could profitably serve as a natural laboratory for the long-term monitoring of the seafloor.     

Pb and other ore metals in modern seafloor tectonic environments: Evidence from melt inclusions

Many modern seafloor tectonic environments are host to hydrothermal systems and associated polymetallic sulfide deposits. Metal transport and precipitation are controlled by magmatic processes such as pre-eruptive degassing and the hydrothermal cycle. The original availability of Pb and other ore metals in a given setting is dependent on concentrations in the original magmatic source or additional enrichment processes. We have examined the Pb budget of melt inclusions from nine modern seafloor settings representing back-arcs, mid-ocean ridges and seamounts. Melt inclusions provide information on the characteristics of parental magmas, including insights into metal budgets. Trace element data in melt inclusions hosted in plagioclase, olivine and pyroxene were obtained by laser-ablation inductively-coupled mass-spectrometry.Results from back-arcs emphasize the impact of slab-subduction and dehydration processes on the chemical characteristics of generated magmas. Volatile- and fluid-mobile element-rich melt inclusions at Manus basin and Okinawa trough reflect a robust contribution of elements from the subducting slab as evidenced by relatively low Ce/Pb ratios. At Bransfield strait, on the other hand, melt inclusions are volatile poor, and fluid-mobile element ratios are similar to mid-ocean ridge values indicating little or no contribution from the slab. High Cu concentrations at Manus basin and Okinawa trough can be explained by fluxing of ferric iron from the subducting slab benefiting the production of sulfate over sulfide.Metal budgets for seamounts located on and nearby the axis of mid-ocean ridge segments appear to be independent of any input of mantle plume material. Results from the southern Explorer ridge (strong lower mantle influence, transitional- and enriched-MORBs), Pito and Axial seamounts (moderate lower mantle influence, transitional-MORBs) and a Foundation near-ridge seamount (little to no mantle influence, normal-MORB) show that, despite similar tectonic environments and varying contributions of mantle plume material, Cu, Zn and Pb values do not vary significantly between the enriched and non-enriched magma components of a given setting.     

Submarine Hydrothermal Mineralization on the Izu–Bonin Arc,South of Japan: An Overview

Abstract

Considerable effort has been expended in studying the Izu–Bonin Arc over the past 15 years. In particular, 43 dives of the Shinkai 2000 have been undertaken there to discover and evaluate the extent of submarine hydrothermal activity and mineralization. Most effort has been focused on Myojin Knoll (23 dives), Suiyo Seamount (6 dives), and Kaikata Caldera (10 dives).

The Izu–Bonin Arc is divided in two by the Sofugan Tectonic Line. Eight submarine caldera are located north of this line but only one is south of it. The physiography of the northern sector of the arc is quite different from that of the southern sector. Volcanic rocks from the northern sector are more acidic than those from the southern sector.

Evidence for submarine hydrothermal mineralization has been observed at four seamounts along the Izu–Bonin Arc (Myojin Knoll, Myojinsho, Suiyo Seamount, and Kaikata Caldera), and submarine hydrothermal activity is evident at another three seamounts along the arc (Kurose Hole, Mokuyo Seamount, and Doyo Seamount).

The most extensive submarine hydrothermal mineral deposit so far located on the Izu–Bonin Arc is the Sunrise deposit at Myojin Knoll. This deposit, at least 400 m in diameter and 30 m high, is associated with black smoker venting, inactive sulfide chimneys, massive sulfides, hydrothermal Mn crusts, and a hydrothermal vent fauna. The maximum recorded temperature of the hydrothermal vents there was 278°C. Some of the sulfide chimneys contained as much as 49 μg/g Au and 3,400 μg/g Ag. The sunrise deposit is one of the largest submarine volcanic massive sulfide deposits so far discovered in midocean ridge, backarc, or arc settings and has an estimated mass of 9 × 10⁶ t. This deposit may be of the Kuroko-type. The discovery of the Sunrise deposit in 1997 gives hope that other, similarly large, sulfide deposits may be found in other caldera along the Izu–Bonin Arc.

The geological variability along the arc, the high seismicity, the occurrence of active volcanism and submarine hydrothermal venting, and a proven submarine hydrothermal mineral potential coupled with the proximity of the region to Japan suggest that the Izu–Bonin Arc could profitably serve as a natural laboratory for the long-term monitoring of the seafloor.     

冲绳海槽Jade热液场烟囱物稀土元素和锶、钕同位素地球化学特征

热液烟囱物是弧后扩张盆地现代海底热液活动成矿系统的重要产物.冲绳海槽中的伊是名(Izena)海洼Jade热液活动区烟囱物稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土元素相对富集,并具有铕的较强的正异常.87Sr/86Sr和143Nd/144Nd的平均值分别为0.708928和0.512292,介于冲绳海槽海水和海槽酸性浮岩中的值之间.这些特征表明,Jade热液活动区的热液硫化物矿床的成矿物质来源于下伏的酸性火山岩.矿床的成矿机制可描述为:下渗的海水被加热,它与酸性火山岩发生水-岩热化学交换反应时淋滤出大量的成矿物质形成以富含轻稀土元素为特征的热水溶液;当热液喷出并发生快速结晶沉淀时,形成了以具有轻稀土元素相对富集和铕的正异常为特征的铜-锌硫化物和重晶石-非晶质SiO₂型矿石.     

Mats of Beggiatoa bacteria reveal that organic pollution from lumber mills inhibits growth of Zostera marina

The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution and abundance of Zostera marina (eelgrass) in relation to the distribution of the mat forming bacteria Beggiatoa spp., and the levels of sulfide and organic material (wood waste) in the sediment. Underwater videography and intertidal surveys were used to map the distribution and abundance of Z. marina beds and Beggiatoa in the nearshore area of Commencement Bay, WA (USA), a location that has a long history of sawmill activity. Zostera marina occurred from the intertidal to ?6 m mean lower low water (MLLW) on sandy substrates in areas with low levels of sulfide (<50 μm ) and organic material (<5 % total volatile solids). Areas with high sulfide levels (>200 μm ) occurred where there were significant amounts of organic material in the sediments, which was found to be wood waste that had been discarded from sawmills. Zostera marina was absent from the intertidal and occurred at lower densities in areas with high sulfide levels. In contrast, mats of Beggiatoa were only found in areas where the sulfide levels were >1000 μm and there were significant deposits of wood. Thus, the negative correlation between the distribution and abundance of Z. marina and Beggiatoa suggests that the presence of Beggiatoa mats could be used as a biological indicator of inhibiting levels of hydrogen sulfide in the marine environment.     

Seafloor gravity evidence for hydrothermal alteration of the sediments in Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Gravity data collected at two different levels, sea-surface and seafloor, are compared and interpreted to characterize the effect of hydrothermal circulation on the sediment density in Middle Valley, a deeply sedimented spreading center on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The sea-surface gravity data constrain density variations at depth beneath the seafloor, whereas sea-bottom measurements are more sensitive to shallow sources. At least two different types of hydrothermal signatures in the sediments can be distinguished from the gravity data: short-wavelength anomalies associated with sulfide deposits and broader anomalies associated with areas of lithified sediments. In Middle Valley, three distinct gravity anomalies were identified. (a) An anomaly over a sulfide mound, south of Bent Hill, shows that the sulfide body extends to depths of 120 to 180 m and has been fed by several near-surface conduits. (b) An anomaly at the base of the fault bordering the valley to the east is interpreted as a regional anomaly combined with the local effect of lithified sediments and possibly sulfide deposits. (c) An anomaly paralleling an intra-valley fault, that limits the deepest part of the graben, is interpreted as indicating lithification of the upper sediment layer. A high heat flow anomaly is located 1 to 2 km east of this fault, suggesting that sediment lithification occurred in a wide band above the fault and eastward to the current high heat flow area, due to the progressive migration of the hot fluid circulation.     

Morphology and Internal Structure of Hydrothermal Orebodies Formed in Various Geological Settings of the World Ocean

Oceanology - The variety of information obtained during scientific research and exploration of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits include significant data on the morphology of orebodies formed...     

金在洋脊超镁铁质与镁铁质热液系统中的差异性聚集

洋脊是地球上规模最大的山脉体系,主要由超镁铁质和镁铁质岩所组成,因构造和岩浆作用,这两类岩层分别孕育了超镁铁质和镁铁质含金热液系统。金首先通过水岩反应从洋脊源区岩层内迁移出来,再经历运移堆积作用汇聚到硫化物堆积体内,最后遭受后期蚀变活化迁移改造。以上过程构成了金在这两类热液系统中的完整演化历程。超镁铁质热液系统内的金在汇源端员间的比值远高于镁铁质热液系统。这种差异性聚集暗示了这两类热液系统分别演化出了独具特色的载金属性特征及富集迁移机制。相比于镁铁质热液系统,超镁铁质热液系统内围岩普遍具有的高金含量和高孔高渗特征、热液流体中溶解态非生物有机质和气态物质含量高、硫化物堆积体所处区域裂隙发育及构造稳定等因素,都是造成两者之间存在显著差异性聚集过程的主要原因。持续性地对洋脊热液系统各深部结构体进行更多更精细有关金的丰度、赋存状态及演化变迁的测试分析及模拟研究工作,是未来量化揭示金在不同类型热液系统内的物源贡献及各演化阶段中富集亏损的关键,也将为未来人工海底干预富集成矿工程累积信息。     

Sources of Minor and Rare-Earth Elements in Hydrothermal Edifices of Near-Continental Rifts with Sedimentary Cover: Evidence from the Guaymas Basin,Southern Trough

The mineralogy and geochemistry of a fragment of an active hydrothermal edifice from the Hydrothermal Hill of the Southern Trough valley of the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California were studied. The sample was collected from a depth of 1995 m by the Pisces manned submersible on cruise 12 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences. The fragment and the edifice itself consists of two accrete pipes: ore (pyrrhotite) and barren (carbonate) combined in a single edifice by an outer barite–opal zone. The ore edifice is located in the rift zone of the Guaymas Basin with a thick sedimentary cover and is depleted in metals in comparison with ores from rift zones of the open ocean, which are not blocked by sedimentary deposits. This is explained by loss of metals at the boundary between hot sills and sedimentary rocks and by the processes of interaction of hydrothermal solutions with sedimentary deposits. The sedimentary series faciitates long-term preservation of endogenous heat and the ore formation process. Ore edifices of the Guaymas Basin are mostly composed of pyrrhotite, have a specific set of major elements, microelements and REEs, and contain naphthenic hydrocarbons. They may be search signs of hidden polymetallic deposits, considered to be the roots of ore occurrences localized under the surface of the bottom in young active rifts with high spreading and sedimentation rates, i.e., in near-continental areas of rifts of the humid zone with avalanche sedimentation.