中纬电离层的低频等离子体不稳定性

本文研究了中纬电离层Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性和漂移不稳定性的基本性质.如果不存在中性风和背景电场,中纬Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性的增长率比赤道相应条件下的小.中性风和电场对中纬Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性有重要影响.当中性风速度达到10m/s时,其作用就超过了重力.漂移不稳定性也受到重力、中性风和电场的影响,离子-中性粒子碰撞能降低漂移不稳定性的增长率.本文的分析表明,在赤道电离层容易产生大尺度的Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性,在中纬电离层易产生小尺度的漂移不稳定性.     

东亚扇区中低纬地区电离层暴的统计分析

用1957~2006年间515个主相单步发展的磁暴事件,分析东亚扇区4个中低纬台站的电离层扰动类型及电离层暴开始时间,得到该地区电离层暴随纬度、季节和地方时的分布规律.研究表明,中纬区负暴明显,低纬区正暴明显;夏季负暴比正暴多,冬季正暴比负暴多,春秋季正负暴分布表现出明显的纬度差异.在东亚扇区,中纬区负暴开始时间主要分布在夜间及清晨时段,且在正午至午后时段极少发生.低纬区正暴开始时间主要发生在白天时段,且在夜间18~21 LT时段也易发生正暴.中低纬电离层正相暴平均延迟时间在10 h以内,负相暴平均延迟时间在10 h以上,且中纬区延迟时间明显比低纬区短.电离层暴延迟时间与磁暴主相开始时间对应的地方时很相关,正相暴对白天发生的磁暴比对晚上发生的磁暴响应快些,而负相暴正好相反.但电离层暴延迟时间与磁暴强度之间并没有十分明显的依赖关系.     

赤道-低纬电离层不规则结构和闪烁活动出现率的理论模型构建

为构建赤道-低纬电离层不规则结构和闪烁活动出现率的理论模型,本文根据分析赤道-低纬电离层的广义Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)不稳定性得到的三维线性增长率的表达式,计算分析了线性增长率随地方时的变化特征.并选取计算得到的每日增长率的极大值表征每日的线性增长率,分析增长率随季节、太阳活动和地理经度的变化特征以及逐日变化特征,建立三维广义R-T不稳定性线性增长率的理论统计特征模型,发现增长率表现出显著的随地方时、季节、太阳活动和地理经度以及逐日变化特征.通过比较分析增长率的变化特征与不规则结构和闪烁活动的变化特征,发现三维广义R-T不稳定性的线性增长率能较好地反映不规则结构和闪烁活动随季节、太阳活动、地理经度以及逐日变化规律.本文建立的R-T不稳定性的三维线性增长率的统计特征模型可用于构建赤道-低纬电离层不规则结构和闪烁出现率的理论形态特征模型.     

中、低纬度地区电离层不同层结间的耦合对夜晚F区不规则结构的影响

电离层不规则结构的形成和演化与电离层等离子体不稳定性密切相关 .长期以来 ,在中低纬区扩展 -F现象的研究中 ,没有考虑电离层上下层结之间的相互作用 .本文从理论上全面探讨了在中纬度地区 ,E区可变的Pedersen电导率和Hall电导率 ,与F区可变的Pedersen电导率的共同作用对F区梯度漂移不稳定性的影响 ,导出了存在这种耦合时电离层梯度漂移不稳定性的统一表达式 .这一耦合理论不但解释了实际观测中发现的 ,在某些地方电离层F区顶部的不稳定性发生率要高于F区底部这一现象 ;同时还表明 ,电离层E区与F区的耦合对F区夜晚梯度漂移不稳定性的形成不仅会有阻碍作用 ,同时还使得中、低纬度地区的扰动增长具有了方向的选择性 .该理论的一个重要结论是 ,F区中某一地区能否发展出梯度漂移不稳定性 ,并不完全由当地电离层F区的状态决定 ,同一根磁力线连接的、位于不同纬度地区的E区层结对其发展和演化也会有相当大的影响 .     

1990年3月21日磁暴期间的电离层响应

利用美、欧、日等国非相干散射雷达观测的离子速度,高纬地磁站链1 min分辨率H分量及多站地面电离层垂测h'F等多种资料,对高低纬电离层的磁层耦合响应进行事例分析.除常规地磁资料外,极光区两雷达站对F层离子速度的测量是考察高纬电离层对流的很有效手段.本次中强磁暴期间赤道环电流指数Dst的最小值为-136 nT,但其最大的离子速度却超过2500 m/s,双对流圈的西旋则约为30°.从此次事件中极光区两雷达站离子速度的连续观测,得出了物理上合理的电离层对流形态,此图象得到地磁站链记录的有力支持.本事例的中低纬电离层响应再次确认了磁层扰动从高纬向中低纬穿透的事实.此外,Arecibo非相干散射雷达站资料又进一步证明:在同一经度链附近,磁暴期夜间电离层垂测h'F的多站突增现象是东向扰动电场从高纬穿透到中低纬,再通过E×H垂直向上的等离子漂移,使F层底部上升的结果.本文用高、低纬台站的多种观测资料较好地分析了该典型电离层物理现象.     

2015年3月磁暴期间中国中低纬地区电离层变化分析

2015年3月17日爆发了本太阳活动周最大的地磁暴,Dst指数达到-233 nT.本文利用电离层测高仪f_。F_2和h_mF_2、北斗同步卫星(BDSGEO)TEC以及GPS电离层闪烁S4指数对此次磁暴期间中国中低纬地区(北京、武汉、邵阳和三亚)的电离层变化进行分析,并对此次磁暴所引发电离层暴的可能机制进行了探讨.磁暴期间,中低纬电离层暴整体表现为正相暴之后长时间强的负相暴.3月17日白天中纬正相暴为风场抬升电离层所致,而驼峰区及低纬地区正相暴由东向穿透电场所引起;3月18日白天长时间的强负相暴为西向扰动发电机电场和成分扰动所引起;3月17和18日夜间的负相暴可能是日落东向电场受到抑制以及赤道向风场对扩散的抑制导致驼峰向赤道压缩所致,同时被抑制的日落东向电场强度不足以触发产生赤道扩展F,导致低纬三亚和邵阳夜间电离层闪烁在磁暴期间受到完全抑制.这是我们首次基于北斗同步卫星TEC组网观测开展的电离层暴研究.     

化学物质释放激发中低纬扩展F的数值模拟

利用离子和电子动量方程、连续性方程以及电流连续性方程建立了适合描述中低纬spread-F发展的物理模型,并对模型进行了数值求解,讨论了利用H₂O释放来激发电离层Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性的可能性. 结果表明,电离层处于不稳定状态时,H₂O在电离层底部释放后,造成电子的大量消耗,增强了峰值高度以下电子的密度梯度,有利于spread-F的发展,在spread-F发展的过程中,释放中心附近会形成电子密度的消耗区,两侧出现密度的增强区;而电离层比较稳定时,初始扰动会逐渐稳定下来,但化学物质释放仍能造成电子较长时间、较大范围的扰动.     

太阳活动高、低年东亚中、低纬地区扩展F特性比较研究

扩展F(Spread-F)作为重要的电离层不规则结构之一,对电波传播、导航、通讯等有重要的影响,因此对其时、空特性的研究一直倍受重视.本文通过分析低纬海南台站和中纬长春与乌鲁木齐台站的测高仪数据,比较研究了太阳活动高、低年我国中、低纬地区夜间电离层扩展F的发生特性.扩展F发生率特性主要体现在:无论低纬还是中纬太阳活动低年扩展F发生率最大值高于太阳活动高年;无论太阳活动高年还是低年低纬站扩展F发生率最大值高于中纬站.细节特征主要体现在:首先,三台站在太阳活动高、低年扩展F发生率都存在双峰结构.太阳活动高年,低纬海南站双峰结构集中在春、秋分季节,而中纬站则集中在冬、夏季节,扩展F较容易发生的地方时低纬站主要集中在子夜前,而中纬站则偏向子夜后;在太阳活动低年,中、低纬双峰结构都出现在冬、夏季节,低纬海南站扩展F较突出的出现在子夜前后,而中纬台站则主要出现在子夜及子夜后.其次,双峰结构中的细节表现不同,如低纬海南站太阳活动高年扩展F较容易发生在春分季节,但2月和4月份发生率都比较高而且接近,而太阳活动低年扩展F较容易发生在夏季月份,但5月和7月的发生率也都比较高且接近,且太阳活动高、低年低纬主峰峰值非常接近,不像中纬地区有明显的差异等.本文针对实测数据进行了详细的分析并结合已有研究进行了细致的讨论.     

电离层电场的半年变化对F2区峰值电子浓度的影响

利用一个电离层理论模式,模拟了太阳活动低年、地磁宁静情况下,中低纬和赤道地区电离层F2区峰值电子浓度(NmF2)的半年变化规律,重点讨论了电离层电场对NmF2半年变化的影响.模拟结果表明,当输入的电场没有周年和半年变化时,磁赤道地区电离层NmF2本身就具有一定的半年变化特征,而在稍高的纬度上,NmF2半年变化的强度较弱.当输入的电场具有一定的半年变化时,电离层NmF2的半年变化强度有明显的改变,且这种改变随地方时和地磁纬度不同有明显的差别.在地磁赤道附近的电离层赤道槽地区,从上午到午夜的时间内,具有半年变化的电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的强度是减弱的作用,在其他的时间内,电场对电离层NmF2半年变化强度是加强的作用.而在稍高纬度的电离层驼峰地区,情况明显不同.从上午一直到翌日日出前,具有半年变化的电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的幅度都是加强的作用.在其他的时间内,电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的幅度是减弱的作用.同时,研究表明电离层电场对NmF2半年变化的作用和“赤道喷泉”现象强烈相关.     

一次中强磁暴期间低续电离层响应的CT成像

为考察赤道异常区电离层对中等强度磁暴的响应特性,用电离层ＣＴ成像方法重建电离层电子密度二维剖面。重建结果表明,暴时低纬电离层电子密度以降低为主,但暴相随纬度和高度而异;磁暴期间,赤道异常峰结构仍然存在,但恢复相期间峰的位置向赤道移动;磁暴急始之后约２０ｍｉｎ,在赤道异常峰区出现电子密度深度耗空,这种耗空遍及从底到顶的整个Ｆ区,朝赤道一侧显现水平梯度非常大的陡壁。这种与磁暴急始相联系的电子密度深度耗     

Ionospheric measurements during the CRISTA/MAHRSI campaign: their implications and comparison with previous campaigns

The CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment on board a space shuttle was accompanied by a broad campaign of rocket, balloon and ground-based measurements. Supporting lower ionospheric ground-based measurements were run in Europe and Eastern Asia between 1 October–30 November, 1994. Results of comparisons with long ionospheric data series together with short-term comparisons inside the interval October-November, 1994, showed that the upper middle atmosphere (h =80–100 km) at middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the interval of the CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment (4–12 November, 1994) was very close to its expected climatological state. In other words, the average results of the experiment can be used as climatological data, at least for the given area/altitudes. The role of solar/geomagnetic and “meteorological” control of the lower ionosphere is investigated and compared with the results of MAP/WINE, MAC/SINE and DYANA campaigns. The effects of both solar/geomagnetic and global meteorological factors on the lower ionosphere are found to be weak during autumn 1994 compared to those in MAP/WINE and DYANA winters, and they are even slightly weaker than those in MAP/SINE summer. The comparison of the four campaigns suggests the following overall pattern: in winter the lower ionosphere at northern middle latitudes appears to be fairly well “meteorologically” controlled with a very weak solar influence. In summer, solar influence is somewhat stronger and dominates the weak “meteorological” influence, but the overall solar/meteorological control is weaker than in winter. In autumn we find the weakest overall solar/meteorological control, local effects evidently dominate.     

Ionospheric signatures of magnetospheric boundaries in the post-noon sector

Spatial structures in ionospheric electron density revealed in a tomographic image have been identified with auroral forms and related to their sources in precipitating particles observed by DMSP satellites. The observations of plasma enhancements relate to discrete auroral arcs seen in the post-noon sector, identified by both red- and green-line emissions measured by a meridional scanning photometer. The features lie within a very narrow latitudinal band on L-shells where the satellite detectors observed electron precipitation classified as from the boundary plasma sheet (BPS). The harder particles are identified with an E-region structure, while further north the precipitation is softer, resulting in a localised F-layer blob and 630.0 nm emissions. A steep gradient in plasma density represent a signature in the ionosphere of the central plasma sheet (CPS)/BPS boundary. A transition to a less-structured F-layer is found on crossing the convection reversal boundary.On leave from Artic Geophysics, University Course on Svalbard (UNIS), N-9170 Longyearbyen, Norway     

The synthesis of travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID) signatures in HF radar observations using ray tracing

Characteristic signatures are often observed in HF radar range-time-intensity plots when travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are present. These signatures, in particular the variation of the F-region skip distance, have been synthesised using a ray tracing model. The magnitude of the skip variation is found to be a function of the peak electron density perturbation associated with the TID and radar frequency. Examination of experimental observations leads to an estimate of the peak electron density perturbation amplitude of around 25% for those TIDs observed by the CUTLASS radar system. The advantage of using the skip variation over the radar return amplitude as an indicator of density perturbation is also discussed. An example of a dual radar frequency experiment has been given. The investigation of the effect of radar frequency on the observations will aid the optimisation of future experiments.     

锦州台电离层斜向探测系统运行概况及故障排除

锦州地震台的电离层斜向探测系统于2009年4月安装并运行,是首都圈地震电离层前兆监测试验网探测站全国20个站点之一。辽宁地区共有三个电离层斜测站,本文主要对锦州台电离层斜向探测系统四年多以来的运行情况及发生故障后的解决方法进行总结。     

First complementary observations by ionospheric tomography, the EISCAT Svalbard radar and the CUTLASS HF radar

Experimental results are presented from ionospheric tomography, the EISCAT Svalbard radar and the CUTLASS HF radar. Tomographic measurements on 10 October 1996, showing a narrow, field-aligned enhancement in electron density in the post-noon sector of the dayside auroral zone, are related to a temporal increase in the plasma concentration observed by the incoherent scatter radar in the region where the HF radar indicated a low velocity sunwards convection. The results demonstrate the complementary nature of these three instruments for polar-cap ionospheric studies.     

Plasma convection at high latitudes using the EISCAT VHF and ESR incoherent scatter radars

The recent availability of substantial data sets taken by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar allows several important tests to be made on the determination of convection patterns from incoherent scatter radar results. During one 30-h period, the Svalbard Radar made 15 min scans combining local field aligned observations with two, low elevation positions selected to intersect the two beams of the Common Programme Four experiment being simultaneously conducted by the EISCAT VHF radar at Troms. The common volume results from the two radars are compared. The plasma convection velocities determined independently by the two radars are shown to agree very closely and the combined three-dimensional velocity data used to test the common assumption of negligible field-aligned flow in this regime.     

利用观测的TEC和电离图推导顶部电离层剖面的一个方法

给出一个利用观测的ＴＥＣ和电离图参数来推导顶部电离层电子密度剖面的方法．基本原理是，利用反演的峰下剖面计算出峰下积分电子含量，然后由观测的ＴＥＣ推算出顶部的积分电子含量。假定ＩＲＩ计算的顶部剖面经一个修正标高因子修正后所得的积分电子含量与观测值一致，从而得到修正标高因子。     

On the usefulness of E region electron temperatures and lower F region ion temperatures for the extraction of thermospheric parameters: a case study

Using EISCAT data, we have studied the behavior of the E region electron temperature and of the lower F region ion temperature during a period that was particularly active geomagnetically. We have found that the E region electron temperatures responded quite predictably to the effective electric field. For this reason, the E region electron temperature correlated well with the lower F region ion temperature. However, there were several instances during the period under study when the magnitude of the E region electron temperature response was much larger than expected from the ion temperature observations at higher altitudes. We discovered that these instances were related to very strong neutral winds in the 110–175 km altitude region. In one instance that was scrutinized in detail using E region ion drift measurement in conjunction with the temperature observations, we uncovered that, as suspected, the wind was moving in a direction closely matching that of the ions, strongly suggesting that ion drag was at work. In this particular instance the wind reached a magnitude of the order of 350 m/s at 115 km and of at least 750 m/s at 160 km altitude. Curiously enough, there was no indication of strong upper F region neutral winds at the time; this might have been because the event was uncovered around noon, at a time when, in the F region, the E × B drift was strongly westward but the pressure gradients strongly northward in the F region. Our study indicates that both the lower F region ion temperatures and the E region electron temperatures can be used to extract useful geophysical parameters such as the neutral density (through a determination of ion-neutral collision frequencies) and Joule heating rates (through the direct connection that we have confirmed exists between temperatures and the effective electric field).     

Proton transport model in the ionosphere. 2. Influence of magnetic mirroring and collisions on the angular redistribution in a proton beam

We investigate the influence of magnetic mirroring and elastic and inelastic scattering on the angular redistribution in a proton/hydrogen beam by using a transport code in comparison with observations. H-emission Doppler profiles viewed in the magnetic zenith exhibit a red-shifted component which is indicative of upward fluxes. In order to determine the origin of this red shift, we evaluate the influence of two angular redistribution sources which are included in our proton/hydrogen transport model. Even though it generates an upward flux, the redistribution due to magnetic mirroring effect is not sufficient to explain the red shift. On the other hand, the collisional angular scattering induces a much more significant red shift in the lower atmosphere. The red shift due to collisions is produced by < 1 -keV protons and is so small as to require an instrumental bandwidth <0.2nm. This explains the absence of measured upward proton/hydrogen fluxes in the Proton I rocket data because no useable data concerning protons < 1 keV are available. At the same time, our model agrees with measured ground-based H-emission Doppler profiles and suggests that previously reported red shift observations were due mostly to instrumental bandwidth broadening of the profile. Our results suggest that Doppler profile measurements with higher spectral resolution may enable us to quantify better the angular scattering in proton aurora.     

Solar Activity Effects on Gravity Wave Activity Inferred from Radio Wave Absorption in the Lower Ionosphere

The low frequency (LF) nighttime radio-wave absorption in the lower ionosphere has been measured at Prhonice (50°N, 15°E) in central Europe for over 35 years. Digital measurements, performed since summer 1988, allow absorption oscillations in the period range 10 – 180 mins, which are believed to reflect gravity wave activity, to be derived. Unfortunately, problems with the transmitter in recent years terminated the evaluation of gravity wave activity. The analysis of the available information (6 years of data) allows two conclusions to be drawn as to the effects of the solar activity on gravity wave activity: (1) there is no detectable effect of the solar 27-day variation on gravity wave activity; (2) there is an indication that the positive effect of the 11-year solar cycle on gravity wave activity in the winter half of the year is remarkable (lack of data in summer). The result concerning the solar cycle effect is, to a certain extent, preliminary, because the available data do not cover a complete solar cycle. A comparison with results from other stations and an interpretation of results are presented.