中国区域加权平均温度的时空分析及模型研究

加权平均温度(T_m)是全球卫星导航系统技术反演大气可降水量的关键参数,影响着水汽反演的精度。针对传统的Bevis模型运用在中国区域精度不高的问题,该文提出新的增加时空参数的T_m多元线性回归模型。根据2013—2015年中国86个探空站点的探空资料,分析了T_m的时空特征;然后根据2013年站点资料,利用线性回归建模方法建立了中国区域的T_m单因子回归模型和增加了时空参数的T_m多因子回归模型,并利用2014—2015年的探空数据进行验证。T_m单因子回归模型和T_m多因子回归模型的精度分别为3.1 K和2.6 K,比Bevis模型(精度3.3 K)分别提高了约6.0%和21.2%。考虑到季节对T_m的影响,将T_m多因子回归模型按季节分段,得到按季节分段的T_m多因子回归模型,其精度与T_m多因子回归模型大致相当,但能更细致表达出不同季节T_m的精度情况。结果表明增加了时空参数的T_m多因子回归模型更加适合中国区域的加权平均温度T_m的计算。     

Spatio-temporal analysis for monitoring urban growth – a case study of Indore City

Urban sprawl is characterized by haphazard patchwork of development, which leads to an improper development in any city. To prevent this kind of sprawl in future, it is necessary to monitor the growth of the city. Hence, an attempt has been made in the present study to monitor the urban growth over a period of time by employing Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques in conjunction with Shannon entropy. Shannon entropy is a measure to determine the compactness or dispersion of built-up land growth in the urban areas. The growth patterns of urban built-up land have been studied initially by dividing the area into four zones. The observations have been made with respect to each zone. Then, the study area has been divided into concentric circles of 1 km buffers and the growth patterns have been studied based on urban built-up density with respect to each circular buffer in all four zones. These observations have been integrated with road network to check the influence of infrastructure on haphazard urban growth. It has been found from the study that Shannon entropy is a good measure to determine the spatial concentration or dispersion of built-up land in the city. The study also proved the potential of RS and GIS techniques in the spatio-temporal analysis of urban growth trends and their consequences in the lands adjoining to urban areas.     

Entropy Approach for Assessment of Urban Growth: A Case Study of Jaipur,INDIA

In India the last 30 years had witnessed a radical transformation of urban scene. In particular, during this period, the one lakh cities and million plus cities began to grow rapidly. In the present study, urban growth of Jaipur city in the last 31 years (1975–2006) was assessed. Jaipur ranks 11th in India with a total population of 2.3 million and has shown a consistent increase in the past 50 years. It is one of the fastest growing mega cities of the country with an annual average growth rate of 4.5% which is quite high from the national urban growth rate. Remote sensing and GIS have been used to extract the information related to urban growth-built up area and its spatial and temporal variation. The Shannon’s entropy at two levels (city as a whole and ward wise) is computed in order to quantify the form and patterns of urban growth using built up area as spatial phenomena. Further, multivariate statistical techniques have been used to establish the relationship between the urban growth and its causative and determining factors. Results of this study reveal that the growth rate of built up in Jaipur has outstripped the rate of population growth. Shannon’s entropy quantifies as dispersed form of urban growth till 2000 and after it, there is relative compactness in 2006.     

Photogeologic fracture trace study in Northern part of the Kashmir valley

Photogeological fracture traces were analysed in the Sopur area, North Kashmir valley. Azimuthal frequency diagram of the fracture traces show two preferred fracture trends indicating joint or fault pattern caused by tension. The study revealed a homoclinal structure beneath the valley alluvium.     

表示和查询人的时空分布的一个面向行为的时空数据模型设计

人的动态时空分布信息有着重要的现实应用意义。人在一定时间的动态分布是该时间内人参与活动和出行时序模式在时间和空间的表现。针对人的动态时空分布表示和可视化查询目的,提出一个在GIS环境下面向行为的时空数据模型。查询能够分别基于人、时间和位置。将基于这个数据模型的原型系统在MAPGIS软件平台上给以实施,并以宁波一区域为例,将原型系统予以实现和检验。     

Erosion study of a part of Majuli River-Island using remote sensing data

Majuli, the world’s largest river island, is situated in mid of river Brahmaputra in Assam. River Brahmaputra flows in highly braided channels most of them are transient in nature, being submerged during high monsoon flows and changing drastically their geometry and location. Majuli island, home of about 1.3 million people is endangered because of the erratic behavior of the river. In this study, an attempt has been made to observe the trends of erosion in a small part of Majuli island, the area near Kaniajan village in south Majuli- a stretch of about 11 km, using satellite data of 1991, 1997 and 1998. Image processing of digital data has been done in ILWIS software. Supervised for delineation of river from land and then change detection analysis has been done to find out changes in river course from 1991 to 1997 and further from 1997 to 1998. Erosion and deposition maps of the area have been prepared and the erosion of island is measured at various sections at 1 km interval. Erosion of 1900 ha has been observed during the period of six years from 1991 to 1997 and 845 ha during the period of one year from 1997 to 1998.     

时空数据模型研究进展

对已有的时空数据模型进行了分析,介绍了有关学者对构建模型的见解和贡献;阐述了具有代表性的时空数据模型的原理和特点,指出不同阶段时空数据模型的研究成果和不足之处以及当前时空数据挖掘面临的难题。     

基于CA的时空过程模拟建模方法

对现有GIS数据模型的局限性、时空过程模拟模型与GIS的结合进行了分析。介绍了元胞自动机的特点及连续型元胞自动机模型,并结合地震动模拟对二维连续型元胞自动机进行了实例分析。     

时空拓扑关系的集成表达

针对地理实体之间的时空拓扑关系,阐述了当前被普遍接受的空间和时态拓扑关系模型、基于点集和逻辑谓词集的描述方法。基于8种时态和空间拓扑关系逻辑谓词,提出时空数据库中时空拓扑关系集成表达(或称联合表达)的64种情况,分别利用英文缩写字母和关系图2种形式对其进行了描述。最后,通过示例的应用说明时空拓扑关系集成表达的具体情形。     

地籍信息系统中的时空信息管理

在描述地籍管理中时间及其关系的基础上,提出了地籍信息依据变更频度对历史数据进行分割存贮的分频基态修正法,并在对时态信息处理分析的基础上阐述了基于事件的时空数据模型。     

时间序列空间数据可视化中有关问题的研究

就土地利用变化可视化这一实例,对时间序列空间数据可视化的图形关系分析和图形内插等问题进行了深入的研究,得出了土地利用变化中图形关系变化的四种基本形式,并针对这四种基本图形的变化情形研究出了相应的内插策略;在对现有的图形内插算法研究的基础上,提出了基于物理场模型的整体内插算法,该算法能够较好地解决文中的图形内插问题。     

时空数据的可视化表达研究

多维动态数据的可视化表达是地图与GIS学科面临的一个重要问题,按照时空地物的几何类型结合专题地图的各种表示方法相对系统地论述了时空数据的可视化表达方法。应用快照式和增量式两种可视化方法可视化动态地形图数据,两种方法相比,增量式具有更大的优点。     

公共交通服务的局部时空公平分析

通过分析可达的时空分布情况可以说明不同区域公共交通服务水平的差异,然而这种分析方法缺乏对公平的直接量化。针对传统交通可达指标无法反映时变公平和局部区域对全局公平的贡献问题,本文提出了一种基于可达计算的局部多模态的时空公平指标。可达计算考虑包括地面公交与地铁等多模态的乘车方式,并计算不同时刻可达值,利用相对变化的熵来衡量不同局部区域在时变情况下对整体的贡献率。通过对贡献率相同的区域进行聚类,可以直观地分析交通服务分布的公平变化。本文将指标用于武汉市公交网络,分析了地铁修建前后武汉市不同区域到达不同城市商圈的可达公平变化。试验结果表明,指标可以有效地反映不同时刻武汉市公共交通公平的时空分布情况。     

程序寻找支导线网计算路径的研究

支导线网在煤矿测量中普遍存在,但用程序自动寻找其计算路径比较复杂。本文从支导线网的拓扑关系出发,结合数据结构"树"的概念,采用先根遍历递归方式介绍了寻找支导线网的计算路径算法,并采用Vis-ual C++编程语言加以阐述与实现。该算法已用于煤矿井下支导线网的计算中,导线网计算效率明显提高,为其他工程的类似计算提供参考。     

A detailed study of the duality relation for the least squares adjustment in euclidean spaces

The Euclidean spaces with their inner products are used to describe methods of least squares adjustment as orthogonal projections on finite-dimensional subspaces. A unified Euclidean space approach to the least squares adjustment methods “observation equations” and “condition equations” is suggested. Hence not only the two adjustment solutions are treated from the view-point of Euclidean space theory in a unified frame but also the existing duality relation between the methods of “observation equations” and “condition equations” is discussed in full detail. Another purpose of this paper is to contribute to the development of some familiarity with Euclidean and Hilbert space concepts. We are convinced that Euclidean and Hilbert space techniques in least squares adjustment are elegant and powerful geodetic methods.     

城市大比例尺地形图时空数据库的建设

论述了城市大比例尺地形图时空数据库建设的必要性,给出了地形图时空数据库的建立过程的框架图形。从时空数据库设计、时空数据采集与现状数据入库、变化信息获取与采集、时空数据库维护与恢复等几个方面论述了城市大比例尺地形图时态数据库建设的各个环节的技术关键。最后指出了城市大比例尺地形图时空数据库建设需进一步要做的工作。     

PostgreSQL在时空数据管理中的应用

针对当前时空数据管理中存在的主要问题,提出用PostgreSQL作为平台来进行时空数据的管理。从PostgreSQL自身的特点出发,并结合"香港18个地区区议会选举"的例子,分析、探讨如何在PostgreSQL的环境中实现对时空数据的有效管理。在此基础上对时空数据的合理组织进行研究,为时空数据的管理提供新的思路。     

城市道路交通事故时空分布模式分析

为分析城市道路交通事故的时空分布模式,本文基于网络空间线性最邻近指数和Knox时空检验方法,对武汉市青山区道路交通事故的热点路段分布以及时空交互模式进行检验。实验结果表明,城市道路交通事故在空间和时空层面均呈现显著聚集分布。事故热点主要分布在主干道和道路交叉口等人流量大和路网密集的区域,显著性时空交互现象发生于近时空区域内。本文结果可为交通事故防控、交通设施优化提供理论参考。     

时空数据模型在城市规划管理中的应用研究

讨论了城市发展的时空特点,论述了将时空数据模型引入城市规划管理系统的必要性和可行性,分析了面向对象时空数据模型的数据和空间历史拓扑关系的组织方法。