Idealized Numerical Simulation Study of the Potential Vorticity Banners over a Mesoscale Mountain： Dry Adiabatic Process

Topography-induced potential vorticity (PV) banners over a mesoscale topography (Dabie Mountain, hereafter DM) in eastern China, under an idealized dry adiabatic flow, are studied with a mesoscale numerical model, ARPS. PV banners generate over the leeside of the DM with a maximal intensity of ～1.5 PVU, and extend more than 100 km downstream, while the width varies from several to tens of kilometers, which contrasts with the half-width of the peaks along the ridge of the DM. Wave breaking occurs near the le...     

Potential Vorticity Diagnostic Analysis on the Impact of the Easterlies Vortex on the Short-term Movement of the Subtropical Anticyclone over the Western Pacific in the Mei-yu Period

By employing NCEP-NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis datasets, the mechanism of the easterlies vortex(EV) affecting the short-term movement of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific(WPSA) in the mei-yu period is examined using potential vorticity(PV) theory. The results show that when the EV and the westerlies vortex(WV) travel west/east to the same longitude of 120°E, the WPSA suddenly retreats. The EV and WV manifest as the downward transport of PV in the upper troposphere, and the variation of the corresponding high-value regions of PV significantly reflects the intensity changes of the EV and WV. The meridional propagation of PV causes the intensity change of the EV. The vertical movement on both sides of the EV is related to the position of the EV relative to the WPSA and the South Asian high(SAH). When the high PV in the easterlies and westerlies arrive at the same longitude in the meridional direction, the special circulation pattern will lower the position of PV isolines at the ridge line of the WPSA. Thus, the cyclonic circulation at the lower level will be strengthened, causing the abnormally eastward retreat of the WPSA. Analysis of the PV equation at the isentropic surface indicates that when the positive PV variation west of the EV intensifies, it connects with the positive PV variation east of the WV, forming a positive PV band and making the WPSA retreat abnormally. The horizontal advection of the PV has the greatest effect. The contribution of the vertical advection of PV and the vertical differential of heating is also positive, but the values are relatively small. The contribution of the residual was negative and it becomes smaller before and after the WPSA retreats.     

Potential vorticity aspects of the MJO

Considering linearized motion about a resting basic state, we derive analytical solutions of the equatorial β-plane primitive equations under the assumption that the flow is steady in a reference frame moving eastward with a diabatic forcing resembling a Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) convective envelope. The solutions are analyzed in terms of potential vorticity (PV) dynamics. Because the diabatic source term for PV contains a factor βy, the diabatic heat source is ineffective at generating a PV anomaly at the equator but maximizes the PV response near the poleward edges of the heat source. In this way a moving heat source can produce two ribbons of lower tropospheric PV anomaly, a positive one off the equator in the northern hemisphere and a negative one off the equator in the southern hemisphere, with oppositely signed PV anomalies in the upper troposphere. Associated with these PV anomalies are geopotential anomalies that are shifted several hundred kilometers poleward. In the lower troposphere these zonally elongated geopotential anomalies resemble ITCZ trough zones, which demonstrates the close connection between the MJO wake dynamics and the formation of double ITCZs.To demonstrate that the MJO wake response can be described by simple PV dynamics, we propose an invertibility principle relating the PV to the streamfunction, which in turn is locally related to the geopotential. This equatorial invertibility principle accurately recovers the balanced wind and mass fields found in the MJO wake in the primitive equation model. However, while the invertibility principle highlights the ability of simple PV dynamics to accurately describe the flow in the wake of an MJO convective envelope, it also clearly illustrates the inability of such dynamics to describe the Kelvin-like flow pattern ahead of the convection.     

Potential Vorticity Structure and Inversion of the Cyclogenesis Over the Yangtze River and Huaihe River Valleys

In this paper, the potential vorticity structure and inversion of the cyclogenesis over the Yangtze River and Huaihe River valleys during 21 23 June 2003 are investigated with a potential vorticity （PV） framework. The cyclogenesis is manifested by a lower-tropospheric PV anomaly over the Yangtze River and Huaihe River valleys at early stages mainly due to latent heat release, which greatly affects the evolution of the associated lower-tropospheric geopotential height and wind fields as demonstrated by piecewise PV inversion. At later stages, an upper-tropospheric PV anomaly develops, resulting in the growth of ridges over the cyclone in both the upstream and downstream, which provide a favorable background field for the low-level cyclone development. But the effect of a surface thermal anomaly always impedes the development of the cyclone to different extents during this cyclogenesis. It is further demonstrated that the position and the strength of the PV anomaly are closely related to the low-level cyclone development, and the lower-tropospheric PV anomaly seems to constitute the most significant feature, for instance, contributing about 60% to the low-level jet （LLJ）.     

副热带高压对登陆台风等熵面位涡演变影响的数值模拟研究

选取1997年第11号台风“温妮”为研究个例, 通过中尺度模式MM5模拟再现了该台风登陆后经历初期减弱、 变性及变性后再次发展的演变过程。采用Davis et al.(1996) 提出的片段位涡反演方法, 提取具有副热带高压物理意义的位涡扰动, 采用片段位涡反演的方法, 改变模式积分初始时刻台风东部副热带高压强度, 并引入Ertel等熵面位涡收支方程, 深入分析不同强度的副热带高压环流系统在登陆台风结构演变的过程中等熵面位涡的守恒性, 以及守恒性与非守恒性相对作用的大小。研究表明: 台风北上深入内陆的过程中, 高空槽大值位涡源源不断的输送使得对流层低层西北侧位涡增长, 台风中心上空的辐散形势有利于台风强度的再次增强。由于摩擦和非绝热加热的存在, 对流层位涡局地变化主要决定于位涡的水平平流 (守恒项)、 位涡的垂直平流、 加热的垂直微分 (非守恒项) 的分布。台风经历变性及再增强的过程中, 其影响范围内位涡守恒性经历了先减弱后增强的过程, 非守恒项中位涡的垂直平流能较好地描述对流层中层位涡局地变化趋势, 而加热的垂直微分则在对流层低层和高层表现良好。副高强度的加强使台风加速北上, 加快了台风变性速度, 高层位涡的向下输送明显提前且强度增强, 位涡守恒性的破坏、 重建也相应提前, 位涡垂直平流的整层负值减小, 加热垂直微分对对流层低层位涡增长的正贡献加强, 且持续时间更长。     

Potential vorticity and the PV perspective

This paper highlights some theoretical aspects of potential vorticity(PV) and discusses some of the insights the PV perspective has given us. The topics covered include the nature of PV, its controlling role in the symmetric stability of the atmosphere, its inversion to give the flow field, Rossby waves and their coupling to give baroclinic instability, PV and midlatitude weather systems and, finally, insights into tropical motions.     

Potential vorticity analysis of quasi-biweekly rainfall events over the Yangtze Basin in summer 2014

2014年夏季长江流域(YRV)发生的多次阶段性强降水事件显著地受10-20天准双周振荡所调控.代表性振荡过程与合成分析表明,准双周湿位相主要取决于对流层高层南侵的高位势涡度(PV)与低纬度向西南平流的高PV导致南亚高压形态改变而产生的YRV高空辐散.高空向南的正PV平流与低层南风输送的负PV平流在YRV上空形成正的PV平流垂直梯度,激发出等熵面位移的上升运动分量;高空的高PV同时向中低层伸展,导致等熵面坡度增大从而增强气块沿等熵面上滑的上升运动分量,由此产生更强的非绝热有关的上升运动分量.干位相情况则相反.     

光伏电站对局地气候的影响研究进展

清洁能源的快速发展有效降低了人类对传统化石能源的依赖,并为缓解全球气候变暖做出显著贡献。随着各地光伏装机规模的不断扩大,光伏电站这一人工设施对气候环境的影响日益引起人们的关注。针对这一问题,国内外学者自2000年陆续开展了相关研究。综合国内外现有研究成果,对研究方法、影响机理及光伏电站对气候的影响等方面进行总结。大量研究表明：光伏电站布设会在荒漠地区产生“光伏热岛效应”,从而引起局部区域气温上升,在城市地区布设能够在降低能源消耗的同时减少“城市热岛效应” 。此外,光伏组件还会对反照率、地表辐射平衡等产生影响,进而对局地甚至全球气候产生作用,其影响范围和程度尚无准确结论,还需要进一步深入探索。     

位涡理论及其应用

位涡是近代天气动力学的重要概念之一。本文主要对位涡理论的某些要点,包括位涡的概念、位涡的守恒性、位涡的分析、位涡思想、位涡反演、湿位涡及位涡理论的发展和应用等作一简要介绍。     

A Review of Potential Vorticity and its Possible Application in the moist Atmospheric Flow

Potential vorticity (PV) has been served as a powerful and useful dynamic tracer for the understanding of the large-scale dynamics and synoptic variations in the atmosphere and oceans. Significant progress has been made on the application of PV. In recent decades there has been a substantial amount of work done on PV in a general moist atmosphere. In this paper PV and the generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV) and their application in the tropical cyclones and mesoscale meteorological field are reviewed. The GMPV is derived for a real atmosphere (neither totally dry nor saturated) by introducing a generalized potential temperature instead of the potential temperature or equivalent potential temperature. Such a generalization can depict the moist effect on PV anomaly in the non-uniformly saturated atmosphere. A new convective vorticity vector (CVV) is introduced in connection with GMPV in order to diagnose the development of tropical deep convections.     

Progress in Research of Stratosphere-Troposphere Interactions： Application of Isentropic Potential Vorticity Dynamics and the Effects of the Tibetan Plateau

This paper reviews recent progress in understanding isentropic potential vorticity （PV） dynamics during interactions between the stratosphere and troposphere, including the spatial and temporal propagation of circulation anomalies associated with the winter polar vortex oscillation and the mechanisms of stratosphere- troposphere coupling in the global mass circulation framework. The origins and mechanisms of interannual variability in the stratospheric circulation are also reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Tibetan Plateau as a PV source （via its thermal forcing） in the global and East Asian atmospheric circulation. Diagnosis of meridional isentropic PV advection over tile Tibetan Plateau and East Asia indicates that the distributions of potential temperature and PV over the east flank of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia favor a downward and southward isentropic transport of high PV from the stratosphere to the troposphere. This transport manifests the possible influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the dynamic coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere during summer, and may provide a new framework for understanding the climatic effects of the Tibetan Plateau.     

平流层-对流层相互作用研究进展：等熵位涡理论的应用及青藏高原影响

系统介绍了近年来应用等熵位涡理论研究平流层-对流层动力相互作用所发现的一些新的事实和机理,包括平流层冬季极涡振荡过程中平流层、对流层环流异常的时空传播特征,以及等熵质量理论框架下的平流层-对流层动力耦合机理,还介绍了影响平流层环流年际尺度异常的因子及影响过程。回顾了夏季青藏高原的热力作用所激发的负位涡强迫源对东亚及全球大气环流的影响。并基于对夏季高原周边等熵位涡经向输送垂直分布的诊断进一步说明,夏季青藏高原的存在使高原东缘及东亚地区成为平流层和对流层物质交换的独特区域,探讨了夏季青藏高原影响平流层-对流层动力耦合的一种重要途径及其影响全球气候的重要意义。     

The role of dynamic and diabatic processes in the generation of cut-off lows over Northwest Africa

Summary The present observational study addresses the role of dynamic and diabatic processes leading to the generation of four deep upper-level troughs/cut-offs, involved in two extreme precipitation episodes over West Africa during the cool season. The elongated potential vorticity (PV) streamers associated with the observed troughs form as a result of an equatorward transport of high-PV air downstream of a large ridge over the central North Atlantic. Strong deformation along the eastern side of the ridge leads to a thinning of the PV streamers. In some situations the tips of the streamers break up and form distinct and long-lived stationary cut-offs near West Africa, in particular if the presence of another PV ridge downstream allows a complete isolation from the midlatitude westerlies. In other situations a prior anticyclonic wave-breaking event over Europe leads to an advection of high-PV towards the Iberian Peninsula that merges with the streamer and impedes a complete cut-off. The observations presented here suggest that the rapid amplification of the PV ridges over the North Atlantic and thus the subsequent streamer formation are related to upstream latent heating through non-conservative diabatic reduction of upper-level PV and through the strong divergent outflow near the tropopause that support large negative isentropic PV advection. The intense latent heat release is promoted by cyclo- and frontogenesis, and the transport of warm, moist air by a low-level jet ahead of the surface cold front (often called a warm conveyor belt; WCB). Diabatic PV tendencies are highest where the WCB rises over the surface warm front to the northeast or east of the cyclone centre. In most cases the distinct heating occurs in connection with a strong upper-level jet and a rapid deepening of the involved surface cyclone. More quantitative dynamical and statistical studies of the suggested relation are needed to better understand the relative contributions of single factors to the large and synoptic scale evolution that leads to PV streamers/cut-offs near West Africa.     

The Roles of Barotropic Instability and the Beta Effect in the Eyewall Evolution of Tropical Cyclones

Diabatic heating by convection in the eyewall often produces an annular region of high potential vorticity(PV) around the relatively low PV eye in a strong tropical cyclone(TC). Such a PV ring is barotropically unstable and can encourage the exponential growth of PV waves. In this study, such instability and the subsequent nonlinear evolution of three TC-like vortices having PV rings with different degrees of hollowness on an f-plane are first examined using an unforced, inviscid shallow-water-e...     

北半球阻塞高压的维持Ⅰ:准地转和Ertel位涡分析

从北半球不同地区的４个阻塞高压个例，研究了阻塞高压维持机制及其地域性差异。对阻塞高压区域３００ｈＰａ时间平均准地转让涡低值区的维持机制的分析表明，该位涡低值区的维持机制存在显著的地域性差异。其中，在２个太平洋阻高个例中，时间平均流的位涡平流使低位涡向阻高西北部输送，从而有利于位涡低值区经向度的维持；时变扰动的位涡输送则有抵消平均流作用的倾向，从而对位涡低值区的维持起耗散作用。在大西洋和东亚阻高个例中，平均流的位涡平流使低位涡区向东移动，而时变扰动的位涡输送则有抵消平均流位涡平流的作用，从而有利于位涡低值区在原地稳定维持。以上主要是相对涡度输送的差异所致。等熵面Ｅｒｔｅｌ位涡分析表明，阻高区域３３０Ｋ时间平均等熵位涡低值区的维持机制与３００ｈＰａ时间平均准地转位涡低值区的维持机制十分相似，从而表明以上等压面准地转位涡分析可以近似用来代表等熵Ｅｒｔｅｌ位涡分析。     

台风海棠造成河南暴雨过程的位涡分析

采用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料对2005年台风海棠影响河南所造成的三个阶-RCS区域性暴雨进行位涡分析,揭示了此次台风暴雨产生的机制。结果表明：台风海棠低压环流呈现为高位涡结构。它造成的河南第一个阶段强降水是在台风东北部的东南急流南侧产生的;第二和第三个阶段是由于台风到达较高纬度后,与西风带高位涡冷空气相互作用而产生的远距离暴雨。同时,高空西风急流的南移有利于高位涡的向南输送,对于暴雨的增幅具有促进作用。     

青藏高原周边对流层顶的时空分布、热力成因及动力效应分析

利用多套、多种再分析资料的逐日气候平均场,通过对比分析,揭示了青藏高原周边区域对流层顶分布及其季节演变的独特特征,并分析了其热力成因以及气候学效应。结果表明,与同纬度的落矶山和太平洋地区相比,青藏高原及伊朗高原区域对流层顶高度的冬夏变化幅度更大。冬季副热带对流层顶断裂带（热带对流层顶与极地对流层顶之间高度剧烈变化的过渡带）位于青藏与伊朗两个高原上空,春季开始两个高原上空对流层顶抬升迅速,夏季最高可超过热带对流层顶的高度（超过100 hPa）,成为同纬度甚至全球对流层顶最高点。青藏与伊朗两个高原上空对流层顶的剧烈抬高,对应两个高原上空大气气柱比同纬度明显偏暖,同时伴随着青藏与伊朗两个高原上空位势涡度值的明显降低。因此,在青藏与伊朗两个高原区域,由春至夏等熵面强烈下凹,同时等位涡面剧烈抬升;夏季时等位涡面及对流层顶断裂带在青藏高原北部成近乎上下垂直分布,与南北倾斜分布的等位温面接近正交分布。这种特征与夏季同纬度其他地区相对平缓的对流层顶断裂带、等位涡面以及等熵面的经向分布形成强烈对比。进一步研究发现,青藏与伊朗两个高原上空由春至夏迅速发展的强大热源是引起上述对流层顶变化特征的主要原因。不同的是,青藏高原上空主要由发展强烈的对流凝结潜热所主导,而伊朗高原上空则主要由绝热下沉加热引起;此外,由春季至夏季,随着青藏高原地区对流层顶与等熵面剧烈相交分布的形成,南亚高压也逐步控制青藏高原上空,在南亚高压东缘盛行的偏北气流作用下,中高纬度平流层的高位涡空气得以在青藏高原东缘及东亚地区沿剧烈倾斜的等熵面被输送到较低纬度的对流层。与降水的季节演变对比可知,平流层高位涡输送的出现、加强和减弱与夏季降水的发展、加强与减弱成同步对应关系。从而证实了青藏高原影响夏季东亚地区形成独特气候格局的事实,说明在这种影响过程中,平流层-对流层动力相互作用过程不可忽视。      

青藏高原低涡形成、发展和东移影响下游暴雨天气个例的位涡分析

2016年6月28日至7月1日在我国副热带地区发生了一次青藏高原低涡形成、发展及东传引发长江中下游地区暴雨天气的过程。本文利用MERRA2（Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications）再分析资料和TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission）降水资料对该过程进行位涡诊断分析。结果表明，夏季青藏高原地表加热具有强烈的日变化。高原地表加热由白天感热加热源到夜间辐射冷却源的转变直接影响高原上空非绝热加热率的垂直梯度，使高原近地层白天有位涡耗散，夜间有位涡制造，呈现明显的昼夜循环。当夜间的位涡制造异常强，以至不为白天的耗散所抵消时，通常位涡制造的昼夜循环被破坏，高原低涡形成，低涡周围随之出现降水。当低涡中心移动至高原东部时，中心附近伴随有强烈的降水，显著的凝结潜热加热使位涡中心增强，高原低涡进一步发展。随着低涡系统继续向东移出高原，长江中下游地区中高层出现位涡平流随高度增加的大尺度动力背景，上升运动发展，最终导致强降水发生。     

高低空位涡扰动、非绝热加热与气旋的发生发展

从湿位涡的扰动量出发，来分析气旋发展过程中高低空位涡的变化，结果表明：低层位涡扰动先于气旋并孤立于高层位涡扰动而存在，在气旋发生过程中，低层正值位涡扰动发展上伸，与高层下传的位涡相接，形成一条正值位涡扰动柱，而湿位涡扰动柱的形成正是气旋发生的重要标志。江南暴雨期的非绝热加热主要由降水产生的凝结潜热造成，最大加热层的出现，是低层位涡扰动产生和向上发展的一个重要原因，对气旋的发展起着促进作用。     

位涡分析在新疆暴雨预报中的应用

根据位涡理论,选取2004年7月18~20日的一次由中亚低涡造成的盛夏暴雨过程做个例分析,对位涡与新疆地区降水和暴雨的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明:对流层高层干位涡能较好地反映冷暖空气的活动及天气系统的演变特征,位涡场比温度场、高度场能更清楚地示踪冷空气,这为研究冷空气的活动,特别是冷空气在触发暴雨中的作用提供了新的思路;对流层低层湿位涡与降水的强弱有良好的对应关系,当eθ线陡立时,易导致倾斜涡度发展,出现降水;当湿位涡MPV<0时,在eθ线陡峭密集区内易出现暴雨。