预应力组合网架结构的自振特性分析及现场测试

本文采用子空间迭代法计算了预应力组合网架的自振频率与振型,分析总结了结构的自振特性及其影响因素,诸如索预应力、跨高比、边界条件、板和梁肋偏心、附加质量以及节点刚度的影响,并回归得出预应力组合网架基本周期简化计算公式。同时使用“脉动法”对天津一中新建活动中心楼层预应力组合网架进行了现场动力测试,结果表明预应力组合网架动力计算所采用的计算模型合理、计算分析结果可信,最后使用自由振动法及半功率点法得出了预应力组合网架结构的阻尼比,此值可作为钢与混凝土预应力组合网架结构的参考阻尼比。     

基于BP神经网络的空间索杆结构承重索损伤识别研究

针对某实际空间索杆结构的承重索预应力松弛现象,采用BP神经网络与基于振动的损伤识别方法,分别对单榀承重索和双榀承重索的预应力松弛进行了识别研究。研究表明,虽然空间索杆结构的动力性能较为复杂,但归一化后的结构前10阶固有频率变化比和归一化后的对应结构第一阶模态的部分节点的损伤信号指标对承重索的损伤位置较为敏感,利用其进行损伤定位是可行的。在此基础上,再增加考虑结构的第一阶同有频率平方变化比即可进一步有效识别出承重索的损伤程度。     

Vibrations of beams fully or partially supported on elastic foundations

Exact stiffness and consistent mass matrices for beams on elastic foundations are derived. Using these matrices it is possible to find the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibrations, for beams fully or partially supported on elastic foundations. Several examples are given for frequencies and mode shapes of beams partially supported on elastic foundations.     

单索面混凝土矮塔斜拉桥的动力特性

以厦门银湖矮塔斜拉桥为例,通过引入拉索自振频率影响度的概念,分析了拉索的存在对矮塔斜拉桥自振特性的影响,探讨了矮塔斜拉桥的自振特性与相应连续梁桥(或刚构桥)的区别;在分析矮塔斜拉桥地震反应的基础上,通过引入振型贡献率的概念,分析了高阶振型对矮塔斜拉桥动力性能的影响;分析了矮塔斜拉桥的振型耦联效应。最后首次较全面地总结了单索面混凝土矮塔斜拉桥的动力特性,对进一步认识矮塔斜拉桥的动力性能有一定的参考意义。     

The dynamics of interstructural connection to prevent pounding

This paper examines the dynamic implications of connecting closely neighbouring structures for the purpose of eliminating pounding during earthquakes. To prevent this destructive contact the structures are connected by a link and beam system which transmits the connection forces to the floors of the structures. Four specific cases are used as examples of the effects. The coupled system is modelled as a combined mass and stiffness matrix problem which allows the traditional methods for analysis. The mode shapes and natural frequencies for these cases are examined, and it is shown that the general response characteristics can be derived from the coupled system's frequencies and modes. Estimates of the fundamental frequency of the coupled system are derived. Both the harmonic and earthquake response are examined for the four cases. In all circumstances the linkage reduces the relative overlap deflection of the structures at large amplitudes, but it also increases the base shear on the stiffer of the two structures at excitation frequencies below the fundamental frequency. It is shown that bounds on the base shear are derivable from the change in the fundamental frequencies. The dependence of the response characteristics on the stiffness of the coupling beam is also examined.     

Evaluation of the structural damage of high‐rise reinforced concrete buildings using ambient vibrations recorded before and after damage

Evaluation of the degrees of structural damage suffered by high‐rise residential buildings after being subjected to strong ground motions is extremely important to the development of life continuity planning for building residents. However, these evaluations cannot be based on strong‐motion records alone, because earthquake observation equipment is not installed in most such buildings in Japan. In this study, we propose simple equations for estimating the stiffness degradation rate and the peak inter‐story drift ratio (PIDR) by using ambient vibration records instead of strong‐motion records when high‐rise RC buildings are subjected to a severe earthquake. More specifically, we propose one equation that relates the square root of the stiffness degradation rate, which is the ratio of natural frequencies at the maximum response to the preliminary tremor response (elastic state), in strong‐motion records with the ratio of natural frequencies identified from ambient vibrations before and after damage was suffered. We also propose an equation that relates the PIDR with the stiffness degradation rate on the basis of the stiffness‐degrading bilinear restoring force characteristic derived from the strong‐motion records of 13 high‐rise buildings for the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nanbu Earthquake (Mw 6.9) and the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake (Mw 9.0). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Output-only identification of the modal and physical properties of structures using free vibration response

The viability of a complete structural characterization of civil structures is explored and discussed. In particular, the identification of modal (i.e. natural frequencies, damping ratios and modal shapes) and physical properties (i.e. mass and stiffness) using only the structure’s free decay response is studied. To accomplish this, modal analysis from free vibration response only (MAFVRO) and mass modification (MM) methodologies are engaged along with Wavelet based techniques for optimal signal processing and modal reconstruction. The methodologies are evaluated using simulated and experimental data. The simulated data are extracted from a simple elastic model of a 5 story shear building and from a more realistic nonlinear model of a RC frame structure. The experimental data are gathered from shake table test of a 2-story scaled shear building. Guidelines for the reconstruction procedure from the data are proposed as the quality of the identified properties is shown to be governed by adequate selection of the frequency bands and optimal modal shape reconstruction. Moreover, in cases where the structure has undergone damage, the proposed identification scheme can also be applied for preliminary assessment of structural health.     

Verification of system identification utilizing shaking table tests of a full‐scale 4‐story steel building

This paper verifies the feasibility of the proposed system identification methods by utilizing shaking table tests of a full‐scale four‐story steel building at E‐Defense in Japan. The natural frequencies, damping ratios and modal shapes are evaluated by single‐input‐four‐output ARX models. These modal parameters are prepared to identify the mass, damping and stiffness matrices when the objective structure is modelled as a four degrees of freedom (4DOF) linear shear building in each horizontal direction. The nonlinearity in stiffness is expressed as a Bouc–Wen hysteretic system when it is modelled as a 4DOF nonlinear shear building. The identified hysteretic curves of all stories are compared to the corresponding experimental results. The simple damage detection is implemented using single‐input‐single‐output ARX models, which require only two measurements in each horizontal direction. The modal parameters are equivalent‐linearly evaluated by the recursive Least Squares Method with a forgetting factor. When the structure is damaged, its natural frequencies decrease, and the corresponding damping ratios increase. The fluctuation of the identified modal properties is the indirect information for damage detection of the structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Static and dynamic stiffness measurements with Opalinus Clay

In this work, an experimental study was carried out with the aim of reconciling static and dynamic stiffness of Opalinus Clay. The static and dynamic stiffness of core plugs from a shaly and a sandy facies of Opalinus Clay were characterized at two different stress states. The measurements included undrained quasi-static loading–unloading cycles from which the static stiffness was derived, dynamic stiffness measurement at seismic frequencies (0.5–150 Hz) and ultrasonic velocity measurements (500 kHz) probing the dynamic stiffness at ultrasonic frequencies. The experiments were carried out in a special triaxial low-frequency cell. The obtained results demonstrate that the difference between static and dynamic stiffness is due to both dispersion and non-elastic effects: Both sandy and shaly facies of Opalinus Clay exhibit large dispersion, that is, a large frequency dependence of dynamic stiffness and acoustic velocities. Especially dynamic Young's moduli exhibit very high dispersion; between seismic and ultrasonic frequencies they may change by more than a factor 2. P-wave velocities perpendicular to bedding are by more than 200 m/s higher at ultrasonic frequencies than at seismic frequencies. The static undrained stiffness of both sandy and shaly facies is strongly influenced by non-elastic effects, resulting in significant softening during both loading and unloading with increasing stress amplitude. The zero-stress extrapolated static undrained stiffness, however, reflects the purely elastic response and agrees well with the dynamic stiffness at seismic frequency.     

SMA负刚度双曲面减震装置的优化及抗震性能研究

SMA负刚度双曲面隔震装置的试验结果表明：绕支座布置的SMA索在支座转弯处不能自由滑动,导致SMA索的受力与设计目标严重不符。为解决上述问题,拟提出一种优化升级的SMA负刚度双曲面减震装置。基于某一连续梁桥,比较研究了正刚度、零刚度与该负刚度装置的抗震性能。结果表明：该优化装置具有良好的耗能能力、自恢复性能以及强震下的限位能力。与正刚度装置及零刚度装置相比,该装置具有更好的抗震性能。     

基于环境振动的斜拉桥拉索基频识别

斜拉索是现代斜拉桥最重要的结构构件，索力在斜拉桥的施工控制和长期监测中起着重要作用。振动测试法是斜拉桥索力测定、监测和状态评估中应用最广泛的一种方法。振动法测索力的关键在于准确地识别出索的基频。本文使用自功率谱和倒频谱方法，基于MATLAB平台，开发出了斜拉桥拉索环境振动模态分析图形用户交互(GUI)工具箱，实现了斜拉索基频的快速自动识别。应用本文的方法，对福州青洲闽江主跨605m斜拉桥拉索的环境振动实测加速度数据进行了分析处理，斜拉索基频识别方便直观，结果可靠。     

Soil-pile interaction in vertical vibration induced through a frictional interface

The interaction between a soil layer and an end bearing pile in vertical vibration induced through the frictional interface is theoretically investigated. The pile is assumed to be vertical and elastic, whereas the soil is considered as a linear visco-elastic layer with hysteretic damping. Slip between the pile and the soil is allowed to occur along the frictional interface, in which the hysteretic frictional stress is linearized to permit modal decomposition. Approximate solutions of the pile and the soil for steady-harmonic loads are obtained in closed form by composing the wave modes of the layer. The displacement amplitudes of the pile and the soil, the critical slip force, the stiffness of the pile head, and the modal stiffness contribution of the soil to the pile are evaluated numerically with respect to the ratio of applied force level to the slip stress level and the slenderness ratio, at various frequencies.     

Stiffness identification of a tall building during construction period using ambient tests

Ambient response measurements were made on an eighteen-storey building at three different stages of construction to detect any changes in the frequencies, mode shapes and stiffness with construction. The first nine frequencies and corresponding mode shapes for each stage of construction are found. A comparison is made among these mode shapes and frequencies and with the mode shapes and frequencies of an analytical model incorporating beams, columns, shear walls, panels and diagonal elements. The added effects, on frequencies and mode shapes, of non-structural elements such as stairs, elevators, claddings and partition walls are studied. Using Improved Statistical Structural Identification, an attempt is made to study the stiffening effect of non-structural elements by updating the stiffness matrix of the building.     

运行状态下海上单桩风机系统自振频率分析

系统自振频率限制是海上风机结构设计中的一个关键因素。运行状态下风机动力荷载会引起基础的水平侧移,较大的水平侧移会导致基础刚度的降低,进一步影响风机系统的自振频率。该文基于有限元软件ABAQUS平台,建立单桩式海上风机结构系统的自振频率数值模型,并讨论运行状态下基础水平侧移对大直径海上风机系统自振频率的影响。模型中考虑了塔筒的变截面特性;桩-土相互作用通过p-y曲线方法模拟;桩和塔采用梁单元模拟;通过Pushover分析汇总出水平侧移引起的桩顶水平刚度。研究结果表明:桩基侧向位移会降低风机结构体系的自振频率;桩基侧向位移对基频的影响较小,对高阶频率的影响显著;大直径海上风机的频率计算中可忽略风机运行状态对体系自振频率的影响。     

采用双向调谐质量阻尼器的大跨度桥梁风振控制仿真分析

传统的调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）设计均仅针对结构某一阶模态单独设置,当用于密频结构减振时会导致附加质量过多。为减小TMD的附加质量,结合大跨度斜拉桥结构的密频与风致耦合振动特点,提出了一种新型的双向共享质量与电涡流阻尼式TMD。具体实现方式是：水平、竖向TMD的刚度构件分别采用悬臂梁与压簧,将水平向TMD整体置于压簧上面,从而构成竖向TMD的质量;导体板固定不动,使安装在TMD质量块的永磁体阵列随质量块竖向或水平方向运动,从而分别产生竖向与水平向的电磁涡流阻尼。研究结果表明：（1）电涡流阻尼可以很好地实现双向TMD装置的共享阻尼,且电涡流阻尼的大小可以很方便地调节;（2）采用双向TMD进行斜拉桥的风致振动控制减振效果良好,可行性强。     

The damped cable system for seismic protection of frame structures — Part II: Design and application

The complementary sections of the studies carried out on the damped cable system, whose experimental and numerical characterization and assessment analyses are described in the companion paper, are presented herein. The first section includes a criterion for a preliminary evaluation of the section area of cables, the second branch stiffness of spring‐dampers and the mutual installation preload, and suggestions for a simplified nonlinear dynamic computation of the damping coefficient of dissipaters. A second section follows, aimed at evaluating the influence of cable layout on damped cable system performance. A numerical enquiry is developed on a four‐story and an eight‐story RC plane frame, to assess their seismic response for several shapes of cables, and determine what geometrical configurations are the best performing ones. In the third section, a demonstrative application of the protective system, represented by the seismic retrofit of a hospital building with RC structure, is offered. The characteristics of the system designed for this case study, including locations, dimensions, layouts, and technical installation details of cables and spring‐dampers, are illustrated, and the improvement of seismic performance as compared with the original conditions, is finally assessed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

建筑用低硬度橡胶隔震支座界限性能和屈曲性能研究

本研究系统地对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料及力学性能进行了试验研究。研究用低硬度橡胶天然及铅芯橡胶隔震支座18种规格总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及低硬度橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能，温度、压力、剪切变形、老化及徐变等相关性能，压缩界限、拉伸界限、极限剪切变形等界限性能和屈曲特性，以及橡胶材料性能和隔震工程应用等方面。本文主要介绍低硬度橡胶天然及铅芯隔震支座的压缩、拉伸、剪切等界限性能和屈曲应力与剪切应变的相关特性，文中提出了基于刚度因子建立的橡胶支座的界限压缩和界限拉伸应力评价方程，同时还给出了剪切变形状态下的屈曲应力评价方法。     

非匀质场地地震反应的模态叠加法解

将模态叠加法应用于刚性基岩上、受竖直向上传播的稳态剪切地震波激振下剪切刚度沿深度按指数规律增长的单层非匀质场地土模型的地震反应分析,求得有效振型参与系数的解.在算例分析中将此类非匀质场地与剪切波速取为平均值的匀质场地的有效振型参与系数进行了比较,并验证了第一阶固有频率的工程估算式仍可用于此类非匀质场地,且其对估算高阶固有频率是个很重要的参数.     

低硬度橡胶隔震支座各种相关性及老化徐变特性

作者系统地对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料和力学性能进行了试验研究。研究使用的低硬度橡胶隔震支座分18种规格，总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及低硬度橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能；温度、压力、剪切变形、老化和徐变等相关性；压缩界限，屈曲及极限剪切变形等界限性能以及橡胶材料性能和隔震工程应用等方面。本文主要介绍低硬度橡胶隔震支座的压力、剪切变形、温度对支座刚度、阻尼等力学性能的影响，同时还对隔震支座的老化及徐变特性进行了试验研究，确定低硬度橡胶使用60年后的力学性能变化率。文中同时提出了低硬度橡胶支座的温度修正方程，并提出了隔震结构地震反应分析时支座刚度和屈服荷载变化的取值范围。