超载预压法的卸载控制理论研究

超载预压法是处理软土地基的一种有效的方法,其处理效果可以从工后沉降（后续变形）得到反映,而工后沉降与超载预压的超载比及卸载时地基达到的平均固结度有关。对于超载卸除前地基应达到的平均固结度（即卸载控制问题）,目前还缺乏简单有效的计算模型。从超载预压的原理出发,基于 曲线,提出了考虑土体骨架非线性弹塑性应力-应变关系的二元件固结模型,给出了该模型的固结微分方程,并用差分法进行了求解,与传统卸载控制理论相比显示出了较理想的结果。同时,基于该模型讨论了渗透系数和土骨架的弹塑性应变的比例对卸载控制的影响。     

Osmotic Swelling and Osmotic Consolidation Behaviour of Compacted Expansive Clay

Compacted clay soils are used as barriers in geoenvironmental engineering applications and are likely to be exposed to salinization and desalinization cycles during life of the facility. Changes in pore fluid composition from salinization and desalinization cycles induce osmotic suction gradients between soil–water and reservoir (example, landfill/brine pond) solution. Dissipation of osmotic suction gradients may induce osmotic swelling and consolidation strains. This paper examines the osmotic swelling and consolidation behaviour of compacted clays exposed to salinization and desalinization cycles at consolidation pressure of 200 kPa in oedometer assemblies. During salinization cycle, sodium ions of reservoir fluid replaced the divalent exchangeable cations. The osmotic swelling strain developed during first desalinization cycle was 29-fold higher than matric suction induced swelling strain of the compacted specimen. Further, the diffusion controlled osmotic swelling strain was 100-fold slower than matric suction-driven swelling process. After establishment of ion-exchange equilibrium, saturated saline specimens develop reversible osmotic swelling strains on exposure to desalinization cycles. Likewise the saturated desalinated specimen develops reversible osmotic consolidation strains on exposure to cycles of salinization. Variations in compaction dry density has a bearing on the osmotic swelling and consolidation strains, while, compaction water content had no bearing on the osmotic volumetric strains.     

Large deformation elastic electro-osmosis consolidation of clays

This paper presents the theoretical background of an elastic electro-osmosis consolidation model for saturated soils experiencing large strains, which considers volumetric strains induced by changes in both the hydraulic and electric driven pore water flows. Three fully coupled governing equations, considering the soil mechanical behaviour, pore water transport and electrical field, and their numerical implementation within an updated Lagrangian finite element formulation, are presented. The proposed model is first verified against a classical one-dimensional analytical solution for electro-osmosis consolidation to demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency. Then, various numerical examples are investigated to study the deformation characteristics and time dependent evolution of excess pore pressure. Finally, the importance of considering large strains in a consistent and proper way is demonstrated, and differences compared to models based on small strain theory are highlighted.     

Multi-dimensional chemo-osmotic consolidation of clays

A model of chemo-osmotic consolidation of clays in multi-dimensional domains is presented, with volumetric strains induced by both changes in the chemistry and osmotically driven pore water flow considered. Three fully coupled governing equations considering force equilibrium, pore water transport and chemical transport are presented and solved using the transient finite element method. The proposed approach is verified via consideration of chemo-osmotic consolidation of a compacted clay landfill liner and then applied to investigation of a hypothetical case with a local leachate leak in the compacted clay liner. An assessment of the impact of the two-dimensional nature of the system is made. The consolidation process is found to be dominated by osmotic consolidation in the early stages and subsequently by chemical consolidation. It is found that the surface settlement and the leachate concentration in the compacted clay liner may be highly overestimated by a one-dimensional analysis. Moreover, the peak negative excess pore pressure predicted by the two-dimensional solution remains in a shallow region under the leak while in the one-dimensional solution it moves progressively downwards.     

试论软弱筑堤土的固结效应

根据软土的排水固结效应,分析了软土强度随固结效应的增长规律,提出了考虑固结效应的堤基加载方案。同时,结合淮河入海水道近期工程软土堤段的实测资料,分析了堤基土的固结度和强度增长规律,提出了分级填筑施工法。     

Deformation effects of porosity variation on soil consolidation caused by groundwater table decline

Soil consolidation has been widely analyzed using the poroelastic theory. As soil consolidation proceeds, porosity variation leads to the changes in hydraulic conductivity, Young’s modulus, and body force. However, the combined deformation effect of porosity variation on soil consolidation is rarely examined. In this study, a poroelastic consolidation model used to simultaneously consider the changes in hydraulic conductivity, Young’s modulus, and body force was developed to investigate the combined deformation effect of porosity variation on soil consolidation caused by groundwater table decline. The results indicate that the deformation effect of porosity variation on soil consolidation is negligible when the body force number is <0.01. For body force numbers >0.01, soil displacement could be overestimated or underestimated if the combined deformation effect of porosity variation is not completely considered. The misestimation of soil displacement increases as the body force number increases. In addition, the combined deformation effect of porosity variation also affects the transmission of pore water pressure. Therefore, it could be concluded that a reliable analysis of soil consolidation must simultaneously account for the variations in hydraulic conductivity, Young’s modulus, and body force.     

基于加载动力效应对孔压滞后现象的一个解释

在底部可测孔压的固结仪内进行单面排水固结试验时,观测到试样底部的孔压可出现滞后现象。为分析其原因,考虑加载引起的动力效应,建立以竖向应变为求解对象的一维动力固结方程,并用有限差分法进行求解。引入新指标CD来综合考虑试样压缩模量、渗透系数、密度以及土样厚度等4个参数对动力效应的影响,探讨了该指标对固结过程中孔隙水压力的影响。计算结果表明,瞬时加载引起的动力效应是引起试样内孔压滞后的一个原因,并且对于压缩模量或渗透系数较大的试样,更易出现孔压滞后现象,同时动力效应对固结度的影响则主要体现在固结的前期。最后讨论了固结分析时可以忽略动力效应的范围。     

Viscosity effect on consolidation of poroelastic soil due to groundwater table depression

In this study, the viscosity effect on consolidation of poroelastic soil due to groundwater table depression is examined. A viscoelastic consolidation numerical model is developed to conduct this examination. By nondimensionalizing the governing equations the viscosity number that depends on hydraulic conductivity, viscous moduli, and thickness of soil is obtained to represent the viscosity effect on consolidation of poroelastic soil. The case of clay stratum sandwiched between sandy strata subjected to sudden and gradual groundwater table depressions is used to investigate the importance of viscosity effect to poroelastic consolidation. The results show that the displacement and pore water pressure of clay stratum are strongly related to the viscosity effect. The overestimation of soil displacement will occur if the viscosity effect is neglected. Hence, the viscosity effect needs to be considered in modeling consolidation of poroelastic soil under groundwater table depression.     

考虑次固结效应的流变固结理论研究

软土的固结与蠕变是土力学研究和工程建设中需要考虑的重点问题, 但是传统的固结理论, 例如太沙基固结理论没有考虑软土的流变特性, 对软土的次固结沉降无法做出准确的解释。为了研究软土的固结与蠕变以及次固结沉降特性, 掌握其应力和变形规律, 本文对传统的固结理论进行了改进。在太沙基一维固结理论的基础上, 利用次固结系数和修正的Singh-Mitchell经验蠕变模型, 建立了考虑次固结效应的一维流变固结微分方程。在太沙基三维固结理论和比奥固结理论的基础上, 利用修正的Singh-Mitchell经验蠕变模型, 建立了考虑次固结效应的三维流变固结微分方程。新建立的流变固结微分方程能够更加准确地反映软土固结和蠕变性状的应力-应变-时间关系, 为软土固结沉降研究提供新的理论依据。     

连云港软土蠕变特性及其工程应用

为了研究软土的蠕变固结特性,进行了一维的固结蠕变压缩试验。得到了连云港软土的蠕变特性。以参数Cα/?e100分析了次固结对固结过程的影响。把饱和粘性土骨架视为粘弹性体,提出了一种划分主次固结的方法,并且,此方法可以应用于实测资料进行主次固结划分。     

软土次固结特性试验研究

对广州南沙原状软土进行了一系列的固结试验,探讨了应力历史、加荷比、超载预压对软土次固结的影响。试验结果表明：软土的主次固结的划分与加荷比有关,加荷比对次固结系数C?也有影响;次固结系数主要受到先期固结压力pc的影响,当ppc时,次固结系数表现出不同的变化规律;经预压处理后土样的次固结系数与压缩指数Cc之比近似为一常数：C?/Cc≈0.03,试验成果所揭示的次固结特性对先期固结压力的依赖,为降低地基工后沉降提供了明确的思路。     

水泥与生石灰处理吹填土对比试验研究

吹填土是由水力吹填形成的,颗粒很细,固结性能差,吹填以后要经过很长时间才能自然沉积固结,待表面形成硬壳后方可进行加固处理,因此,缩短沉积固结时间,使吹填土尽快地从泥浆状态转变为具有一定承载力的地基,是亟待解决的问题。在室内进行模拟加固方法的沉降柱试验,对吹填土加添固化剂以加速其沉积固结。固化剂主要选用水泥和生石灰,对两种添加方式的机理及固结效果进行详尽的分析和研究,初步找出加固效果产生差异的原因,从而揭示其固化机理,为吹填土地基的加固提供一种更加经济可行的方法。     

Wave phenomena

The response of a saturated porous medium is treated from a wave propagation point of view. Well-known processes such as consolidation, fluidization and stationary flow are derived from the proposed model as limiting cases. Pore pressures and skeleton strains due to pore pressure impulse loading at the boundary of a semi-infinite porous medium are discussed.     

软黏土层一维有限应变固结的超静孔压消散研究

根据土力学固结理论计算分析软黏土层固结过程的超静孔隙水压力值,确定软黏土体固结过程的强度增长,对排水固结法处理软土地基至关重要。软黏土层固结过程中土体变形较大时,有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土固结所得结果差异较大。利用非线性有限元法及程序,通过对软黏土层固结工程算例的计算结果分析,研究了有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土层一维固结超静孔压值消散的差异;探讨了软黏土体一维固结过程中,几何非线性、土体渗透性变化和压缩性变化对超静孔隙水压力消散的影响。研究结果表明,当土体的变形较大时,有限应变固结理论计算出的超静孔压要比小应变固结理论得到的值消散的更快。考虑土体固结过程中渗透性的变化时,超静孔压消散变慢;可用软黏土渗透性变化指数ck 反映渗透性变化对超静孔压消散的影响,渗透性变化指数ck值越小、超静孔压消散越慢。固结过程中软黏土压缩性的大小及变化也影响超静孔压的消散,可用软黏土的压缩指数cc反映固结过程中压缩性的大小及变化对超静孔压消散的影响,软黏土的压缩指数cc越小,固结过程软黏土层中的超静孔压消散越快。     

砂墙地基二维固结自由应变解

将含竖向排水体地基的三维固结变形问题等效为平面应变问题进行数值分析时,砂墙地基二维固结解析解答是合理确定其等效固结计算参数的重要依据。为辨析现有砂墙地基等应变固结近似解答的适用性,针对微单元土体严格的二维固结微分方程,考虑对地基固结有重要影响的井阻作用,以及涵盖完全透水和不完全透水的更一般边界面排水条件,推求得到了其自由应变解答。并与现有解答进行对比分析,同时,分析了泊松比效应以及水平和竖向排水对地基固结的影响。结果表明,现有砂墙地基的等应变固结解答虽然近似,但已有足够精确;砂墙地基以水平向固结为主,竖向固结几乎可以忽略不计;地基固结速率随着泊松比的增大而增大,在将竖向排水体等效为砂墙时,应考虑其作用影响。     

江苏省睢宁县农村居民点整理潜力分析及效益评价

农村居民点整理是一项复杂的系统工程,整理潜力分析和效益评价是农村居民点整理项目投资前期工作的中心环节．是项目决策的依据。该文在分析睢宁县农村居民点整理潜力的基础上,对整理后的效益进行分析．为东部经济父发达地区的农村居民点整理提供了参考。     

Crushed Salt Consolidation for Borehole Sealing in Potash Mines

Consolidation tests have been performed to determine the mechanical properties of crushed salt as affected by applied stresses and consolidation period. The crushed salt with particle sizes ranging from 0.075 to 4.76 mm mixed with 5% saturated brine are consolidated under axial stresses ranging from 2.5 to 10 MPa. The consolidation curves show instantaneous and transient strains. The densities, uniaxial compressive strengths and elastic moduli measured after consolidation for 3–180 days increase with applied stresses and time. The crushed salt properties are determined as a function of mean strain energy required during consolidation. The relations are used to predict the crushed salt properties installed in exploratory boreholes under various external pressures. Two main mechanisms strengthen and stiffen the crushed salt mass: (1) consolidation by volumetric change due to particle rearrangement and cracking, and (2) recrystallization and healing processes. The borehole depth and installation time are significant factors controlling the long-term density, strength and stiffness of the crushed salt seal.     

孔隙变化对吹填土地基真空预压固结的影响

吹填地基真空加固过程中,吹填土由液体泥浆变为固态土体,其孔隙降低非常大。由于土体的渗透性和压缩性是孔隙比的函数,因此,吹填土在固结过程中固结系数变化很大,而现行设计方法中固结系数取为常数,这导致预测结果和实际结果差异较大。为考虑固结过程中孔隙变化对固结过程的影响,推导了真空荷载作用下土体固结系数与有效应力的关系,并将该关系应用于巴隆固结理论,从而建立吹填土地基真空固结分析模型。通过室内模型试验,验证了该模型的合理性。计算结果表明,考虑孔隙变化的影响时,吹填土地基前期固结速度快,而在后期逐渐变慢。由于排水面附近土体渗透系数迅速降低,阻碍了周围土体中孔隙水向排水面排出,因此,与现行固结设计方法计算结果相比,吹填土地基后期固结速度慢,总体固结时间长。     

上海软粘土微观特性及在土体变形与地面沉降中的作用研究

对上海软粘土的颗粒及集合体成分、孔径分布、微结构、孔隙溶液与阳离子交换性作了分析 ,对固结前后的孔径变化与人工回灌对土体性质可能带来的影响作了探讨 ,从物理化学角度阐述了软粘土微观特性对土体固结变形及地面沉降的影响.     

一维小变形主、次固结耦合理论模型分析

基于丁洲祥等提出的大变形主、次固结耦合模型,研究了在小变形情况下退化的主、次固结耦合模型。首先对该模型进行了无量纲化处理,引入了新的主、次固结耦合系数 。当 0时,模型即退化为经典的Terzaghi固结模型。采用有限差分法分析了新模型中超静孔压的变化规律发现,当主、次固结耦合系数 时,固结初期的超静孔压出现类似Mandel效应的增大现象,并且 值越大,这种现象愈加明显;Terzaghi主固结理论预测的超静孔压值一般会偏小于考虑主、次固结耦合情况下的结果。上述现象区别于Mandel效应的本质原因在于主、次固结耦合效应,这与殷建华等的EVP模型较早论述的黏性效应本质是一致的,但本文模型的表述相对而言更为简洁。最后结合Mesri和Godlewski的 概念,提出了 的确定方法及模型的改进形式,其结果为主、次固结耦合理论的深入研究和工程应用提供了新的参考。