Migration and household change in the population aged 65 and over, 1971-1991

"This analysis uses the ONS [Office for National Statistics] Longitudinal Study, a record linkage study including individual-level data from three national Censuses (1971, 1981 and 1991) and linked vital registration data, to examine migration patterns among older people [in Great Britain]. The aims of this study are to examine regional differences in household composition, to look at changes in the relationship between household change and migration over time, and finally, to analyse the interrelationships between changes in household composition, health and migration in the 1981-91 period.... Despite...dramatic changes in the living arrangements of older people, results show that mobility among the elderly remained relatively stable between the 1971-81 and 1981-91 decades."     

‘We are at the mercy of the floods!’ : Extreme weather events,disrupted mobilities,and everyday navigation in urban Ghana

This paper examines how extreme weather events affect the mobility of low-income urban residents in Ghana. Bringing together scholarship on extreme weather and mobilities, it explores the differential impact of flooding on their everyday lives as they navigate the cities of Accra and Tamale. A range of qualitative methods were drawn on, including semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and follow-along-participant observations in selected communities of both cities. Three key themes emerged: disrupted road and transport infrastructure, everyday mobility challenges, and coping/adaptive strategies. In flooding conditions, residents experienced difficulties leaving/returning home, engaging in income-generating activities, and accessing transport services and other key urban infrastructure. Conceptually, the paper reveals how disruption to urban residents’ daily movements and activities (re)produces new forms of mobilities and immobilities, which have three relational elements: postponed, improvised and assisted. Throughout the analysis, we show how these mobilities/immobilities vary by age and gender: all urban residents, (though women in particular), experience postponed mobility; young people especially engage in improvised mobility; and children and the elderly are in greatest need of assisted mobility. The paper thus contributes to scholarship on extreme weather events and mobility by providing a more spatially nuanced understanding of the multi-faceted domains in which flooding, socio-economic conditions and adaptive strategies intersect to influence urban mobility in resource poor settings.     

基于理性选择理论的广州不同类型社区老年人独立居住特征及影响因素

已有研究表明,中国城市有独立居住意愿和实现独立居住安排的老年人比例不断上升,这将对家庭养老和社区治理产生影响.本文基于理性选择理论,利用2018-2019年在广州旧街坊社区、单位社区、保障房社区、商品房社区、城中村社区和城郊农村社区收集的老年人问卷调查数据,从个人理性、家庭理性和社区理性三个层次出发,选取人口、健康、经...     

Coping with Rural Change: Finding a Place for the Elderly in Sustainable Communities

This paper reports on some individual constructions of ageing and how these relate to the mutual sustainability of lives and communities in the changing rurality of New Zealand in the 1990s. The Arena Society model is used to organise a discussion of the impact of technology on settlement systems, with reference to changes in the provision of banking services and their impact on the elderly. The views of older people living in the village of Tirau in the Waikato are used to ground the analysis in human experience. The concluding discussion focuses on the potential contribution of older rural residents to the ‘multiple agency’ that communities will need for survival in the ‘open society’.     

Variations in Ageing in Home and Ageing in Neighbourhood

This paper takes a new approach to investigating people who age in place. It provides an explanation for why people age in a place that can be useful in government and corporate planning. Our research investigates the principal factors that drive the decision of a rising number of older Australians to age in place. Many older people wish to age in place rather than move in with their children or be institutionalised. They wish to continue to be active in their local communities and maintain their existing social ties. The concept of ageing in place covers two distinct groups: those who are able to stay in their current dwellings and age in home and those who move house but remain in their local community and age in neighbourhood. Age-friendly home modification is a response to ageing in home, whereas the provision of institutional healthcare and the provision of age-suitable housing to facilitate downsizing are associated with ageing in neighbourhood. Using Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey data, this research examines the mobility decisions of older Australians and identifies the major determinants of a decision to age in place. This research argues for a better understanding of ageing in place, differentiating between those ageing in home and those ageing in neighbourhood.     

北京城市老年贫困人口识别与空间分布

随着中国老龄化程度加深和城镇化水平的提高,城市地区的老年贫困问题日渐突出。由于缺乏明确的界定和统一的标准,老年贫困人口识别的准确性不足,不同研究的结论存在很大分歧。特别是教育、健康、家庭和社会支持等因素与老年贫困的关联被忽视、贫困线的设定较为主观等问题,对厘定城市老年贫困的空间格局和制定相关政策造成很大困扰。本文通过北京市典型居住社区的实证研究对上述问题进行了探讨,首先基于老年人属性变量的因子分析构建了城市老年贫困的综合判别指标;然后通过贫困线的优化分析,估计不同类型居住社区的老年贫困比例;再以市域范围内的街道和中心城区周边的地区办事处为空间单元,对北京市城市老年贫困的空间格局进行了分析。研究结论为:① 资源、健康、独立性和性别是老年人属性差异的决定因子,其中资源因子得分综合反映了城市老年人的贫困程度。② 不同类型居住社区的城市老年贫困比例存在显著差异,根据居住社区的分布,测得北京城市老年人口的贫困比例为9.55%。③ 城市内部老年贫困的空间格局分析表明:城市老年贫困人口比例从首都功能核心区、城市功能拓展区、城乡结合部地区到外围城区顺次增加;城市老年贫困人口密度则以外围城区与首都功能核心区最高,城市功能拓展区居中,城乡结合部地区最低。这些结果为进一步制定不同地区的老年贫困对策提供了参考依据。     

大型超市老年人社会交往与社会空间重构

选择南京市3个大型超市,运用现场观察、问卷调查与半结构访谈等方法,结合“社会性”模型,对老年人的社会交往内容、特征、影响因素和机制进行研究。结果发现：社会交往活动是老年人在大型超市的一种重要活动,并受教育程度、家庭结构、孤独感和超市环境等多重因素影响,形成不同的交往类型和特征。发生在购物空间内的交往行为也促成了老年人对购物空间的社会性建构,使其由单纯的购物场所衍生为社会交往空间。在居住隔离加深和适于老年人社会交往空间匮乏的城市中,日常购物空间的社会交往环境建构与社会价值挖掘,对老年人摆脱孤独与寂寞,提高生活质量与幸福感具有现实意义。     

城市老年人的移动性变化及其对日常生活的影响——基于社区老年人生活历程的叙事分析

就地养老日益受到中国城市老年人的欢迎,其中个体移动性对老年人日常生活尤具重要意义。本文从微观个体的视角出发,运用质性研究方法,选取一对空巢的高龄老年夫妇作为典型案例,对其退休以来的移动性变化与日常生活历程进行叙事分析;以期揭示移动性对老年个体生活的重要意义、移动性的变化特征与日常生活的密切关联,从而为中国城市老年服务与宜老环境建设提供科学支持。结果表明,老年个体移动性具有日常活动空间向外拓展、逐渐向社区及周边收缩、局限于家及住所附近3个阶段;随年龄增长而不断下降的身体机能与健康状况,和家庭因素共同促使老年人移动性与日常生活发生阶段性演变;个人、家庭、所在社区的资源分别构成了各阶段的核心影响因素。个体的移动性空间应成为中国城市宜老社区与环境建设以及老年规划与服务的关键命题。     

社区环境对老年人行为与健康的影响研究——不同年龄阶段老年人的群组比较

居家养老是中国老年人最主要的养老模式,社区环境成为影响老年人健康的重要因素。基于复旦大学2014年“社区老年人健康邻里调查”数据,探讨了社区环境、步行行为与老年人健康的关系。研究发现：良好的社区休闲环境对所有老年人的健康均有显著正向影响,而从低龄到高龄,社区交往环境与步行对老年健康的影响路径呈现出从个体步行行为向社区人际交往转移的特征,社区交往环境对高龄老年人的健康具有极为重要的作用。步行的减少一定程度上降低了中龄老年人的健康水平,高龄老年人在较低的社区交往环境的压抑效应下进一步降低了健康水平。重视社区休闲环境与交往空间的优化建设,增加社区交往活动的组织等将对中国老年人健康起到极为重要的改善作用。     

老年人公交移动性的季节时空分异特征研究——以安徽省芜湖市为例

移动性是老年人生活质量的重要影响因素,提高老年人的移动性是延长老年人独立生活时间,从而减小社会养老成本的重要手段。公共交通是中国老年人较长距离出行的最主要交通方式,但已有研究对公交移动性的关注较少。论文从季节时空分异的角度出发,利用安徽省芜湖市智能公交卡数据,分析不同季节老年人公交移动性静态空间集聚特征以及季节变化条件下移动性变化值的空间集聚特征。结果表明：① 老年人公交移动性空间集聚明显,呈现圈层式分布的特征。不同季节、不同移动性指标在城市中心、城市中心外围和城市边缘的集聚现象存在较大差异。② 老年人公交移动性的时空分异现象是复合的,不同城市空间对季节变化的敏感程度存在差异,主要呈现出从城市中心向外递增的趋势。研究公交移动性的季节时空分异现象可以为老年友好型城市的规划建设提供更加适当的规划和灵活的政策建议。     

Regional Variation in Mobility Levels and Timing in the United States

The age patterns of U.S. internal migration, while examined extensively at the national level, have not been fully explored at the regional scale. This study examines, using 1985 - 1990 census data, the state-level variations in two aspects of lifecycle mobility: the mobility level, or the average number of moves made over the lifecycle, and the mobility timing, or the age at which half the lifetime moves are completed. It further delineates typologies of states based upon their age structure of mobility. The study found that regional patterns in the mobility level showed some evidence of the Snowbelt-Sunbelt patterns that characterized economic restructuring in the 1980s. Geographic patterns of mobility timing were less clear; however states in the West and the South showed somewhat more young distributions than the other regions. Further, there was a statistically significant relationship between mobility levels and timing: states with higher mobility levels also exhibited older mobility profiles, as a consequence of disproportionately high elderly mobility rates. The study highlights the regional differences in mobility behavior, and the interplay between the “how much” and the “when” of mobility.     

社区分异视角下建成环境对老年人日常休闲行为的影响——以合肥市为例

选取合肥市为案例地,基于问卷调查数据,运用有序Logistic回归模型,探究不同类型社区中建成环境对老年人休闲行为的影响。研究发现：1）不同类型社区中,老年人的休闲活动水平存在显著差异,居住在单位房社区的老年人休闲频率最高,公租房社区最低;大部分老年人休闲活动频率为每周≥3 d,且以散步、跳广场舞、打牌等低强度活动为主。2）在感知建成环境变量中,对社区整体步行环境的感知与单位房社区和商品房社区老年人的日常休闲行为存在正相关;而对社区治安的评价仅对居住在单位房社区的老年人表现出积极影响;居住在公租房社区中的老年人对社区交通便捷度的感知与其日常休闲行为间存在正相关。3）在客观建成环境变量中,土地混合利用度与老年居民日常休闲行为的关系在单位房社区表现为正相关,但在公租房社区呈现负相关;离最近公交站距离越远,商品房和公租房社区老年人的日常休闲行为频率越低;交叉路口的密度对老年人日常休闲行为的负向影响仅表现在单位房社区。4）建成环境对不同休闲频率的老年人表现出差异化影响,单位房社区中,社区治安、社区整体步行环境的满意度和土地混合利用度对中低休闲频率的老年人产生负向影响,对高休闲频率的老年人产生正向影响,而交叉路口密度的作用方向正好相反;商品房社区中,社区整体步行环境的满意度与低休闲频率的老年人呈负向关联,与高休闲频率的老年人呈正向关联,到最近公交车站的距离与二者的关系恰好相反;公租房社区中,低休闲频率的老年人与社区交通便捷度之间呈负相关关系,与土地混合利用度和到最近公交车站的距离呈正相关关系,而中等休闲频率的老年人正好相反,高休闲频率的老年人仅受到社区交通便捷度的积极影响。     

Challenges Of Elephant Conservation: Insights From Oral Histories Of Colonialism And Landscape In Tsavo,Kenya

Understanding the reasons for conflict between elephants and people who live adjacent to conservation areas remains key to recruiting them as allies in preserving elephant populations. The Tsavo region of Kenya has become a notable battleground for elephant conservation in East Africa, characterized by ivory poachers, crop damages by elephants in communities adjacent to parks, and electric fencing to control human and wildlife mobility. Oral histories of six ethnic groups reveal how such human‐elephant conflict emerged during colonial times through a landscape transformation process involving elephants, livestock, people, and vegetation. The general trend over the past two centuries involves a transition from a precolonial modality characterized by human and elephant mobility to their increasing immobility, spatial separation, and conflict. Understanding of the historical emergence of that conflict forces recommendation of a change in policy direction, from further reducing mobility to restoration of mobility and spatial reintegration of people in parks. Keywords: colonialism and landscape, East Africa, elephant conservation, historical political ecology.     

Regional Variation in Mobility Levels and Timing in the United States

The age patterns of U.S. internal migration, while examined extensively at the national level, have not been fully explored at the regional scale. This study examines, using 1985 ‐ 1990 census data, the state‐level variations in two aspects of lifecycle mobility: the mobility level, or the average number of moves made over the lifecycle, and the mobility timing, or the age at which half the lifetime moves are completed. It further delineates typologies of states based upon their age structure of mobility. The study found that regional patterns in the mobility level showed some evidence of the Snowbelt‐Sunbelt patterns that characterized economic restructuring in the 1980s. Geographic patterns of mobility timing were less clear; however states in the West and the South showed somewhat more young distributions than the other regions. Further, there was a statistically significant relationship between mobility levels and timing: states with higher mobility levels also exhibited older mobility profiles, as a consequence of disproportionately high elderly mobility rates. The study highlights the regional differences in mobility behavior, and the interplay between the “how much” and the “when” of mobility.     

老年人居住迁移的地理学研究进展

20世纪70年代以来,国内外有关老年人居住迁移的地理学研究在理论化、研究方法和实证研究方面取得了较大的进展。文章按照时间顺序和研究内容的逻辑关系提出了老年人居住迁移的研究框架,回顾了欧美、日本和中国地理学界对老年人居住迁移研究的成果和进程,以期为未来中国地理学的相关研究提供借鉴。     

THE COGNITION OF SHOPPING CENTERS BY THE CENTRAL AREA AND SUBURBAN ELDERLY: AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER INFORMATION FIELDS AND EVALUATIVE CRITERIA

This article reports an empirical analysis of the shopping center cognitions of subgroups of older urban consumers domiciled in (a) the central area and (b) two contrasting suburban distr' ts. Attention is focused on two behavioral constructs which underlie consumer spatial dec'sion-making: f (i) information field, and (ii) evaluative criteria. The data are based on a questionnairehterview survey of ambulatory elderly residents of Winnipeg, Manitoba. The findings disclose significant differences among the subgroups concerning both the magnitudes and compositions of their information fields. Additionally, the results of a resistanceto- change experiment reveal that each subgroup identifies "distance from home," "prices," and provision of a "grocery supermarket" as the most important of seventeen shopping center attributes. Significant differences among the levels of importance assigned to eight of the other attributes not only reflect the limited mobility of the central area elderly, but also the contextual effects of the local shopping resources of the three subgroups.     

老年人自评健康的能力-压力模型研究——以广州社区为例

基于能力-压力模型,运用多项logistic回归模型分析广州5个社区老年人个人能力与环境压力对其自评健康的影响,并对模型进行验证。结果表明：①社区共分为能力较高型、能力略高型、能力压力相当型和压力略高型4种类型。②能力较高型的中大社区位于边缘区,制约老年人自评健康的主要因素是退休前职业类型和受教育程度;能力略高型的龙口西社区位于最舒适区,促进老年人自评健康的主要因素是收入水平和住房质量;能力压力相当型的里仁洞村和耀华社区位于最大潜能区,制约老年人自评健康的主要因素是住房质量和社区绿化;压力略高型的新基村位于适应不良区,制约老年人自评健康的主要因素是月收入和有无独立卧室。③各类社区老年人能力压力状况与自评健康的关联性,符合能力-压力模型中老年人与环境适应分区。广州案例研究提供了老年人与环境适应理论研究的中国案例,有助于推进能力-压力模型的本土化探索。     

Gender analysis of fear and mobility in the context of ethnic conflict in Kayah State,Myanmar

Kayah State has faced prolonged conflict for the past six decades. The conflict has affected all the people of Kayah, though the nature and extent of the impact varies by age, gender and class. Caught between the ethnic armed groups and military and brutalized by both, the people of Kayah have struggled to survive. The conflict has further restricted the mobility of an already isolated people. This lack of mobility has affected every aspect of their lives including livelihood, access to education and markets, and religious and social networks. Women's mobility is more restricted than that of men, and the different levels of mobility have in turn led to different strategies to survive the conflict. While men can leave the area for work and education, women cannot. Staying in the conflict zone increases both their vulnerability and isolation. The increased isolation affects their position within the family and community, as they have less confidence, voice and decision‐making power. Women use silence and submissiveness to escape from both the military and the ethnic armed groups. However, such strategies, in the long term, continue to perpetuate women's subordinate position in society. They also reinforce women's powerlessness and maintain the current power structures and hierarchies.     

Residential mobility trajectories and integration in Douala and Bafoussam,Cameroon

Abstract

This study examines how migrant households relocate their homes in two Cameroonian cities over the course of lifetimes or even generations. The central claim is that homeownership is the ultimate sign of integration into city life. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods (218 interviews, 30 focus groups and a household survey, sample size 686), the study argues that three key factors explain why people move: the quality of housing they can affords, the proximity to a workplace and the potential for homeownership. Three residential model trajectories are identified. The first describes a journey from being a new migrant who is a guest of family or friends in the city centre to being a married family with kids owning a home in the urban periphery. The second model continues that journey by returning back to the city centre in pursuit of more convenient, high-status home location (if finances permit). A third model describes moves to sites all over the city later in life as older individuals seek to maximize family income in the way they use multiple properties. Understanding residential mobility patterns has the potential to lead to a better public policies and more effective private investments in the housing sector.     

Constraints of Housing Age and Migration on Residential Mobility

This paper investigates the role of housing age in constraining residential mobility, measured as the percent of households that have moved into their homes in the past 15 months. The leading explanation for why mobility rates differ so much among regions of the United States has been the overall level of growth. The present analysis shows that the growth effect operates through both the newness of population (migration) and the newness of housing available for occupancy by all local residents. The posited explanation for this housing age effect is that progressively older units contain increasingly settled occupants, yielding fewer opportunities for in-movers in areas with older housing. It is empirically demonstrated that households in older housing have lower likelihood of recent mobility even after controlling for age, tenure, migration status, and state location of residence. The analysis reveals the temporal interdependency of mobility, migration, person age, and housing age.