德兴式斑岩型矿床的构造-岩浆-成矿体系

论述了德兴式斑岩型矿床的构造－岩浆－成矿体系、德兴铜矿田是比较典型又独具特色的斑岩型Ｃｕ（Ｍｏ，Ａｕ）矿床，银山Ｃｕ，Ａｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ａｇ多金属矿区是比较典型的火山一次火山－斑岩成矿体系，三级断裂（裂隙）系统在不同尺度上控岩控矿、中酸性岩浆活动提供成矿元素、成矿热流体、成矿热驱动力和成矿空间，并合作围岩“矿源层”中的成矿物质经转移参与成矿，德 斑放床是构造作用－岩浆作用－成矿作用三位一体统一的地     

拉萨地块中北部晚白垩世(约90Ma)拔拉扎含矿斑岩地球化学特征及其成因

拉萨地块中北部形成于90~88Ma的拔拉扎含矿斑岩具有明显的埃达克质岩特征:高SiO₂(>69%)、Al₂O₃(平均为15.89%)、Sr (平均为354×10^-6),低Y(平均为12.97×10^-6)、Yb(平均为0.95×10^-6)含量,轻重稀土强烈分异((La/Yb)_N平均为19.8);同时它们有着高Mg^#(平均为65)、Cr(平均为107×10^-6)、Ni(平均为13×10^-6)含量。研究区这些具有埃达克质岩特征的含矿斑岩并非源于俯冲洋壳、底侵或加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物,也不是玄武质岩浆结晶分异的产物,而很可能是拆沉下地壳部分熔融的结果。另一方面,南向俯冲的Slainajap洋壳或班公湖-怒江洋壳的断离也可能诱发板片窗上部的壳幔物质发生部分熔融而形成研究区的含矿斑岩。     

关于岩浆热液矿床形成的几个问题——以斑岩型矿床为例

岩浆在其放气作用过程中能向地表释放出大量的金属元素，如Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ、Ａｕ，如果存在适当的富集机制，从而浆熔体中释入出来的成矿元素在一定的地质环境中聚集并沉淀就能够形成工业矿体。岩浆液态不混溶作用是导致分散于岩浆熔体中的成矿元素有效富集并最终形成工业矿体的重要机制。     

次火山岩型和斑岩型矿床地质对比

国内外资料表明,次火山岩型和斑岩型两类矿床在找矿标志和找矿方向上存在较大差别,在同时代的火山岩区,斑岩型铜矿化和次火山岩型铜矿化可以共存,但是,两者不是单一成矿阶段的产物,而是与同源多阶段侵入活动有关的不同成矿作用的产物。     

大别山北麓斑岩型钼矿床成矿地质条件及矿床成因

大别山北麓位于华北地块与扬子地块交接部位,属秦岭褶皱带东延部分。区内龟(山)—梅(山)断裂、桐(柏)—商(城)断裂与NE向断裂共同控制着大别山北麓地区岩体的分布,燕山期中酸性小岩体是斑岩型钼矿床的成矿母岩,不同物理化学性质的地层围岩在一定程度上影响矿化强度和矿床产出形式。通过典型矿床地质特征、成矿地质条件的剖析以及矿床成因的分析,认为大别山北麓地区斑岩型矿床具有相同的成因。钼矿床的成矿流体主要为高温、高盐度的流体,成矿物质来源于斑岩体,而成矿斑岩体为中国中东部伸展构造体制下岩石圈减薄、下地壳部分熔融的产物。在相同的构造-岩浆及成矿作用下,在不同的地质部位和空间环境中形成了多种型式的斑岩型铜钼矿床,成为中国东部中生代大规模金属成矿作用的一部分。     

阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿地质特征：区域成矿地质背景

阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿是乌兹别克斯坦共和国最大的铜矿床，也是世界上著名的超大型铜矿。它产于地壳深部地幔隆起区和地幔幼陷区过渡带，康氏面和费氏面隆起区边缘，前苏联中天山地地槽褶皱带中间地块南缘加里东－海构造－岩浆活化带东段，具多期构造－岩浆强烈活化特点。区域内正交断裂体系和斜交断裂体系强烈发育，并控制差区域矿产分布；区内加里东期和海西期岩浆活动强烈，而海西中、晚期广泛发育的富碱的安山岩－英安岩－流纹岩火     

斑岩型钨矿床研究进展

斑岩型钨矿床是全球第三重要的钨矿类型,但对其研究较为薄弱、零散.文章基于团队近年来对斑岩钨矿床的研究并系统搜集了全球的相关资料,然后对其进行梳理与总结.研究表明,斑岩型钨矿主要分布于环太平洋成矿带与阿尔卑斯—喜马拉雅成矿带,岩浆弧、板内及陆-陆碰撞等多种环境均有矿床产出.矿床绝大多数形成于中生代、少量形成于古生代.斑岩...     

瑞典北部古元代泰尔贝里斑岩型矿床的稳定同位素研究

泰尔贝里矿床位于瑞典北部谢莱夫特地区，是一个相当于显生宙斑岩型矿床的元古代矿床。矿化带位于恩花岗杂岩内，并与侵入的石英－长石斑岩有关。花岗质岩石与赋存块状硫化物矿床的长英质火山同期。     

氧化性和还原性斑岩型矿床流体成矿特征分析

目前已经广泛认同斑岩型Cu-Au(-Mo)矿床是在相对较高的氧化性含矿流体作用下形成的。但是随着研究的深入,逐渐发现了一系列具备还原性特征的斑岩型矿床,这些矿床往往不发育表征高氧逸度的原生磁铁矿和硫酸盐矿物。文中对几种与斑岩型矿化相关的花岗岩分类进行了分析讨论,并采用氧化型和还原型花岗岩分类方案,将对应的斑岩型矿床划分为氧化性斑岩型矿床(OPD)和还原性斑岩型矿床(RPD)。结合相关资料,认为还原性流体中所含有的CH4可能来自邻近的S型花岗岩的混染作用,但是不排除是经地球排气作用从地幔进入到地壳的可能性。结合实际还原性斑岩型矿床研究,文中给出了一个化学模型,认为CH4和SO2属于岩浆系统自生成分,在特定物理化学阶段发生反应,形成H2S和CO2,从而抑制了硫酸盐矿物的形成。这两类矿化系统的成矿流体来源、金属溶解-运移-沉淀以及成矿物质富集-分散-贫化等特征存在较为明显的差别。由于低氧逸度条件不利于成矿金属物质(Cu、Mo等)的迁移和富集,所以RPD矿化系统成矿潜力往往低于OPD矿化系统,但是可以发育次级斑岩型Au矿。结合实验分析结果,文中给出了OPD和RPD矿化系统流体成矿对比模式,认为如果原始岩浆中存在大量的成矿物质,RPD矿化系统可以形成"两端员矿化",即底部形成硫化物矿床,顶部形成次级斑岩型金矿床。     

西藏玉龙铜矿床成矿斑岩的厘定及地质意义

位于青藏高原东缘的玉龙铜矿是我国最大的斑岩铜矿之一,其形成一致认为与矿区中心产出的二长花岗质复式斑岩体有关,但成矿与复式岩体的确切关系并不清楚。本文通过详细的野外地质填图,特别是矿床8号勘探线12个钻孔的重新编录,在复式岩体中识别出一套花岗斑岩岩枝,岩枝中不规则状石英-钾长石脉广泛发育,同时还见有单向固结结构、粗晶及细晶结构,这些特征表明该岩浆中的流体曾经发生过饱和。同时结合矿床高品位(0.6%,质量分数)铜矿化紧密围绕花岗斑岩分布、含矿脉体自花岗斑岩向外围逐渐由高温石英-钾长石A脉过渡为中低温石英-硫化物脉、热液蚀变自花岗斑岩向外由高温钾硅酸盐化过渡为中低温石英-绢云母化的规律,最终确定这套花岗斑岩为玉龙矿床的成矿斑岩。玉龙铜矿成矿斑岩的厘定,较好地解释了矿床矿化类型及金属的分布规律,为进一步深入理解矿床形成过程提供了帮助。     

青藏高原南部拉萨地体的变质作用与动力学

拉萨地体位于欧亚板块的最南缘,它在新生代与印度大陆的碰撞形成了青藏高原和喜马拉雅造山带。因此,拉萨地体是揭示青藏高原形成与演化历史的关键之一。拉萨地体中的中、高级变质岩以前被认为是拉萨地体的前寒武纪变质基底。但新近的研究表明,拉萨地体经历了多期和不同类型的变质作用,包括在洋壳俯冲构造体制下发生的新元古代和晚古生代高压变质作用,在陆-陆碰撞环境下发生的早古生代和早中生代中压型变质作用,在洋中脊俯冲过程中发生的晚白垩纪高温/中压变质作用,以及在大陆俯冲带上盘加厚大陆地壳深部发生的两期新生代中压型变质作用。这些变质作用和伴生的岩浆作用表明,拉萨地体经历了从新元古代至新生代的复杂演化过程。(1)北拉萨地体的结晶基底包括新元古代的洋壳岩石,它们很可能是在Rodinia超大陆裂解过程中形成的莫桑比克洋的残余。(2)随着莫桑比克洋的俯冲和东、西冈瓦纳大陆的汇聚,拉萨地体洋壳基底经历了晚新元古代的(～650Ma)的高压变质作用和早古代的(～485Ma)中压型变质作用。这很可能表明北拉萨地体起源于东非造山带的北端。(3)在古特提斯洋向冈瓦纳大陆北缘的俯冲过程中,拉萨地体和羌塘地体经历了中古生代的(～360Ma)岩浆作用。(4)古特提斯洋盆的闭合和南、北拉萨地体的碰撞,导致了晚二叠纪(～260Ma)高压变质带和三叠纪(～220Ma)中压变质带的形成。(5)在新特提斯洋中脊向北的俯冲过程中,拉萨地体经历了晚白垩纪(～90Ma)安第斯型造山作用,形成了高温/中压型变质带和高温的紫苏花岗岩。(6)在早新生代(55～45Ma),印度与欧亚板块的碰撞,导致拉萨地体地壳加厚,形成了中压角闪岩相变质作用和同碰撞岩浆作用。(7)在晚始新世(40～30Ma),随着大陆的继续汇聚,南拉萨地体经历了另一期角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质作用和深熔作用。拉萨地体的构造演化过程是研究汇聚板块边缘变质作用与动力学的最佳实例。     

In Situ Stress Measurements in the Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau, China

Tectonic activities are frequent in the Lhasa terrane because of the ongoing collision between the India and Eurasia plates. Knowledge of the stress state is critical to evaluate the crustal stability and the design of underground excavations. Because of the limitations imposed by natural conditions,little research has been performed on the present crustal in situ stress in the Tibetan Plateau,and further study is imperative. In this study,hydraulic fracturing measurements were conducted in Nyching County(LZX) and Lang County(LX),Lhasa terrane to characterize the shallow crustal stress state. The results indicate that the stress state in the LZX borehole is markedly different from that in the LX borehole,in both magnitude and orientation. At the same measurement depths,the magnitudes of horizontal principal stresses in the LX borehole are 1.5–3.0 times larger than those in the LZX borehole. The stress regime in the LX borehole favors reverse faulting characterized by SHShSv,where SH,Sh,and Sv are maximum horizontal,minimum horizontal,and vertical principal stresses,respectively. The SH and Sh values are approximately three and two times greater than Sv. Fracture impression results reveal that SH in the LX borehole are predominantly N–S,while in the LZX borehole the maximum horizontal principal stress is mainly in the NNE-direction. The heterogeneity of the regional stress state might be a result of the population and distribution of local structures and seismic activities. The stress state in the LX borehole has exceeded the critical state of failure equilibrium,and there is an optimally orientated pre-existing fault near the borehole. It can be concluded that the optimally orientated fault is likely to be active when the stress has built up sufficiently to destroy the frictional equilibrium; it is suggested that research focus should be placed on this in future. The stress states in boreholes LZX and LX indicate uniformity of the regional stress field and diversity of the local stress fields resulting from the interactions among regional dynamic forces,tectonic stress field,and geological structures.     

Records of Indosinian Orogenesis in Lhasa Terrane, Tibet

Based on the deformation characteristics of the ductile shear zones in Sumdo (松多) Group, the quartz fabric by EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction), the data of muscovite 40Ar-39Ar geochronology (220-230 Ma) from ductile shear zones and the zircon SHRIMP U-Pb chronology (190 Ma) of granites in Snmdo region, Lhasa (拉萨) terrane is thought to have experienced an important Indosinian orogenic event at 220-230 Ma, which caused the closure of the paleo-Tethys Ocean along the tectonic zone of eclogite and the collision between northern part and southern part of the Lhasa terrane. The zircon SHRIMP U-Pb chronology of 190 Ma for biotite adamellite, with the distributing characteristics of the granite massif intruding in Sumdo Group, indicates that the biotite adamellitc should be the late orogenic or post-orogenic granite resulting from the lndosinian orogenesis. The discovery of Indosinian orogenic belt in Lhasa terrane expansed the southern boundary of lndosinian orogenic belt in Qinghai (青海)-Tibet plateau to Lhasa terrane from Qiangtang (羌塘) terrane, which changed the understanding about the distribution of Indosinian orogenic belt in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and extended the "T" type lndosinian orogenic belt in China. The study is very important for the formation and distribution of paleo-Tethys Ocean in Tibet. The ancient terrane framework and evolution of Qinghai-Tibet plateau need further research.     

Indosinian Orogenesis in the Lhasa Terrane,Tibet: New Muscovite 40Ar‐39Ar Geochronology and Evolutionary Process

Muscovite 40Ar-39Ar dating of muscovite-quartz schist, eclogite and retrograde eclogite indicates an Indosinian orogenesis occurred at 220–240 Ma in the Lhasa terrane, which is caused by the closure of Paleo-Tethyan ocean basin and the following collision of the northern Lhasa terrane and southern Gondwana land. This Indosinian orogenesis is further confirmed by the regional sedimentary characteristics, magmatic activity and ophiolite mélange. This evidence suggests that the Indosinian orogenic belt in the Lhasa terrane is widely distributed from the Coqen county in the west, and then extends eastward through the Ningzhong and Sumdo area, finally turning around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis into the Bomi county. Based on the evolutionary process, the geological development of Lhasa terrane from early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic can be divided into seven stages. All of the seven stages make up a whole Wilson circle and reveal a perfect evolutionary process of the Paleo-Tethys ocean between the northern Lhasa terrane and southern Gondwana land. The Indosinian orogenisis is a significant event for the evolution of the Lhasa terrane as well as the Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原拉萨地体北部的前寒武纪变质作用及构造意义

青藏高原南部拉萨地体中分布的角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质岩一直被认为是前寒武纪变质基底,但并没有获得可靠的年代学证据。本文运用原位锆石U-Pb定年方法,在拉萨地体北部那果地区的变质岩中获得了约720Ma的变质年龄,从而证明拉萨地体北部在新古元代经历了角闪岩相变质作用和近同期的岩浆作用。基于这一成果和在拉萨地体中、南部高级变质岩中陆续获得的中、新生代变质年龄,对拉萨地体变质作用的时、空变化及其成因进行了初步探讨。     

Geochemistry, Geochronology and Lu-Hf Isotopes of Peraluminous Granitic Porphyry from the Walegen Au Deposit, West Qinling Terrane

Walegen Au deposit is closely correlated with granitic intrusions of Triassic age, which are composed of granite and quartz porphyries. Both granite porphyry and quartz porphyry consist of quartz, feldspar and muscovite as primary minerals. Weakly peraluminous granite porphyry(A/CNK=1.10–1.15) is enriched in LREE, depleted in HREE with Nb-Ta-Ti anomalies, and displays subduction-related geochemistry. Quartz porphyry is strongly peraluminous(A/CNK=1.64–2.81) with highly evolved components, characterized by lower TiO_2, REE contents, Mg~#, K/Rb, Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf ratios and higher Rb/Sr ratios than the granite porphyry. REE patterns of quartz porphyry exhibit lanthanide tetrad effect, resulting from mineral fractionation or participation of fluids with enriched F and Cl. LAICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates quartz porphyry formed at 233±3 Ma. The ages of relict zircons from Triassic magmatic rocks match well with the detrital zircons from regional area. In addition, ε_(Hf)(t) values of Triassic magmatic zircons from the granite and quartz porphyries are -14.2 to -9.1(with an exception of +4.1) and -10.8 to -8.6 respectively, indicating a crustal-dominant source. Regionally, numerous Middle Triassic granitoids were previously reported to be formed under the consumption of Paleotethyan Ocean. These facts indicate that the granitic porphyries from Walegen Au deposit may have been formed in the processes of the closing of Paleotethyan Ocean, which could correlate with the arc-related magmatism in the Kunlun orogen to the west and the Qinling orogen to the east.     

西藏中冈底斯成矿带查个勒铅锌矿床含矿斑岩年代学及其地质意义

查个勒铅锌矿床是西藏中冈底斯成矿带中段新发现的一个大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,但其成岩成矿时代一直缺乏年代学约束。本文对该矿床含矿斑岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、辉钼矿Re-Os定年、主量和微量元素分析及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究,获得中冈底斯成矿带中段铜钼铅锌银矿化时代。含矿斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为64.6~62.9 Ma,代表岩浆的结晶年龄;辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(62.3±1.4)Ma,代表查个勒主成矿年龄,与其构造岩浆事件一致;结合区域林子宗群大规模火山活动(65~45 Ma)以及以亚贵拉铅锌矿床(68.6~ 65.0 Ma)为代表的成矿作用,表明在印度与欧亚大陆主碰撞过程中均可产生不同规模的成矿作用。查个勒含矿斑岩具富硅、富钾,贫钛、贫磷特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.12 ~ 1.60,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Zr等,与冈底斯成熟大陆地壳物质相比具相对高的ε_Nd(t)值(-6.64 ~ -5.79)和相对低的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值(0.711 813~0.717 307),并具不均一的锆石ε_Hf(t)值(-7.02~-1.27)以及古老的锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄(T^C_DM=1 093~1 419 Ma),属于过铝质S型花岗岩类。本文认为中冈底斯成矿带中段古新世岩浆活动和成矿作用,很可能与雅鲁藏布江洋盆闭合之后的印-亚大陆碰撞诱发幔源岩浆底侵导致的冈底斯地体古老地壳物质部分熔融有关,岩浆在上升过程中有不同程度的分离结晶。     

藏东玉龙斑岩铜矿地质特征及成矿模型

西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿是世界级超大型铜矿,从其发现开始迄今,众多学者对其展开了深入研究,积累了大量的资料.随着玉龙铜矿开发进入全面实质性阶段,迫切地需要对玉龙铜矿的研究成果进行系统的归纳总结,分析成矿地质特征以及成矿模式,以便指明玉龙铜矿的找矿方向,达到增加储量满足后续开发的需求.笔者利用Micromine软件建立了主要矿体的三维立体模型,分析了矿体以及矿石类型三维空间分布规律.通过总结常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素以及流体包裹体地球化学特征,分析同位素测年,厘定矿床成矿时代,建立出玉龙斑岩铜矿成矿模式.该模式的建立对于玉龙斑岩铜矿乃至三江地区斑岩铜矿床找矿突破和潜力评价具有重要的指导意义和应用价值.     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Tinggong Porphyry Copper Ore Deposit,Tibet

We have determined the ages of the ore-bearing Tinggong porphyries and the Eocene granites using the LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb method. Zircons from one adamellite porphyry and two diorite porphyries yield ages of 15.54±0.28 Ma, 15.02±0.25 Ma and 14.74±0.22 Ma, respectively. The ages of two granites are 50.48±0.71 Ma and 50.16±0.48 Ma. Light Rare Earth Elements(LREE) are enriched in the ore-bearing adamellite porphyries, which are high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous, while Heavy Rare Earth Elements(HREE) and Y are strongly depleted, indicating an adakitic affinity. The Large Ion Lithophile Elements(LILE) of the adamellite porphyries are highly enriched, whereas some High Field Strength Elements(HFSE) are depleted. The diorite porphyry in this study is chemically similar to the adamellite porphyries, except that the Mg# of the diorite porphyry is a little higher, demonstrating more mantle contamination. Four samples from different rocks are selected for in situ zircon Hf isotopic analyses. The samples show positive εHf(t) values and young Hf model ages, indicating their derivation from juvenile crust. However, the adamellite porphyry and diorite porphyry formed in the Miocene exhibit more heterogeneous Hf isotopic ratios, with lower εHf(t) values than the granites formed in the Eocene, suggesting the involvement of old Indian continent crust in their petrogenesis. The geochronology and geochemistry of the adamellite porphyries and the diorite porphyries indicate that they formed from the same source region in a post-collisional environment, but contaminated by crust and mantle materials in different ratios. The metallic minerals formed mainly during the older adamellite porphyry stage, but they were recycled and reactivated by the diorite porphyry intrusion.